Bropho v Human Rights & Equal Opportunity Commission [2004] FCAFC 16

FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA

Bropho v Human Rights & Equal Opportunity Commission [2004] FCAFC 16 CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS – Human Rights – Racial Vilification – artistic work – likely to offend – insult, humiliate or intimidate – whether published 'reasonably and in good faith' – onus of proof with respect to exemption –whether subjective or objective test or combination – 'reasonably' – 'good faith' – newspaper cartoon – satirising indigenous conflict with respect to return of 19th century Aboriginal leader's head from England to Western Australia – whether covered by artistic work exemption – public discussion and comment exemptions STATUTORY INTERPRETATION - exemptions and provisos – burden of proof – relevance to exceptions or provisos involving characterisation or normative judgments WORDS AND PHRASES - 'reasonably', 'good faith' Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth) s 18C, s 18B, s 18D Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 (Cth) s 5 Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) s 10 Bryant v Queensland Newspapers Pty Ltd [1997] HREOCA 23 cited Bryl & Kovacevic v Nowra and Melbourne Theatre Company (1999) (Commissioner Johnston, 21 June 1999, Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission) cited Vines v Djordjevitch (1955) 91 CLR 512 cited Cannane v J Cannane Pty Ltd (In Liquidation) (1998) 192 CLR 557 cited Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen (1982) 153 CLR 168 cited Toben v Jones (2003) 199 ALR 1 discussed Hagan v Trustee of Toowoomba Sportsground Trust [2000[ FCA 1615 cited Creek v Cairns Post Pty Ltd (2001) 112 FCR 352 cited Handyside Case European Court of Human Rights(1976) Ser A No 24) 1 EHRR 737 cited Waters v Public Transport Corporation (1991) 173 CLR 349 cited Bonnard v Perryman [1891] 2 Ch 269 cited R v Metropolitan Police Commissioner; Ex parte Blackburn (No 2) (1968) 2 All ER 319 cited Wheeler v Leicester City Council (1985) 2 All ER 151 cited Attorney General v Guardian Newspapers Ltd [1990] 1 AC 109 cited Brown v Classification Review Board (1998) 82 FCR 225 cited Potter v Minahan (1908) 7 CLR 277 cited Bropho v Western Australia (1990) 171 CLR 1 cited Coco v R (1994) 179 CLR 427 cited R v Secretary of State for Home Department; Ex parte Simms (2000) 2 AC 115 cited R v Jarvis (1756) 1 EAST 643; 102 ER 247 cited Dowling v Bowie (1952) 86 CLR 136 cited Banque Commerciale SA, en Liquidation v Akhil Holdings Ltd (1990) 169 CLR 279 cited Chugg v Pacific Dunlop Ltd (1990) 170 CLR 249 cited Avel Pty Ltd v Multicoin Amusements Pty Ltd (1990) 171 CLR 88 cited Secretary, Department of Education, Employment, Training and Youth Affairs v Prince (1997) 152 ALR 127 cited Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Adler (No 3) (2002) 30 ACLC 576 cited Strickland v Minister for Lands for Western Australia (1998) 85 FCR 303 cited Walley v Western Australia (1999) 87 FCR 565 cited Brownley v Western Australia (No 1) (1999) 95 FCR 152 cited R v Hickman; Ex parte Fox and Clinton (1945) 70 CLR 598 cited WAFV v Refugee Review Tribunal (2003) 125 FCR 351 cited Renard Constructions (ME) Pty Ltd v Minister for Public Works (1992) 26 NSWLR 234 cited Alcatel Australia Ltd v Scarcelli (1998) 44 NSWLR 349 cited Hughes Aircraft Systems International v Air Services Australia (1997) 76 FCR 151 cited Burger King Corporation v Hungry Jacks Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 187 cited Mid Density Developments Pty Ltd v Rockdale Municipal Council (1993) 44 FCR 290 discussed Tony J Boulos v BP Australia Ltd (1999) 88 FCR 282 cited Western Aboriginal Legal Service Limited v Jones [2000] NSWADT 102 cited Kazak v John Fairfax Publications Ltd (2000) NSWADT 77 cited Wilde v Spratt (1986) 13 FCR 284 cited Minister for Immigration & Multicultural & Indigenous Affairs v Yusuf (2001) 206 CLR 323 cited Collector of Customs v Pozzolanic (1993) 43 FCR 280 cited Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Wu Shan Liang (1996) 185 CLR 259 cited N Green, 'Aborigines and White Sellers in the 19th Century' in Stannage (ed) A New History of Western Australia (UWA Press 1981) JS Battye, Western Australia – A History from its discovery to the Inauguration of the Commonwealth, Oxford Clarendon Press 1924 TRS Allan, 'The Common Law as Constitution: Fundamental Rights and First Principles' in Saunders (ed) Courts of Final Jurisdiction – The Mason Court in Australia, Federation Press 1996) J Stone and WAN Wells, Evidence – Its History and Policies, Butterworths (1991) J Stone, Legal Systems and Lawyers Reasonings, Maitland Publications (1968) Finn, Fiduciary Duties, Law Book Co, (1976) Mason, Contract, Good Faith and Equitable Standards in Fair Dealing (2000) 116 LQR 66 Carlin, The Rise and Rise (And Fall?) of Implied Duties of Good Faith in Contractual Performance in Australia (2002) 25 NSW Law Journal 99 Peden, The Meaning of Contractual 'Good Faith' (2002) 22 Australian Bar Review 25 Carter and Peden, Good Faith in Australian Contract Law (2003) 19 Journal of Contract Law 155 EA Farnsworth, 'Good Faith in Contract Performance', Beatson and Friedmann eds) Good Faith and Fault in Contract Law, Clarendon Press Oxford (1995) Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edition, West Group (1999)