CATCHWORDS Criminal Law - Appeals from sentences - Whether sentencing judge erred in finding that accused did not show genuine contrition - Whether sentences excessive - Whether sentencing judge erred in imposing cumulative sentences - Whether a single non-parole period should be fixed where a number of sentences imposed - Whether judge may have regard to remissions and reductions under New South Wales legislation. Crimes Act, 1900 (N.S.W.) in its application to the Australian Capital Territory, ss.33, 63, 76, 90A, 97 Parole Ordinance 1976 (A.C.T.), s.7 KAYASITH VIENGKHAM v. THE QUEEN (ACT G341 of 1984) ROHIT NARAYAN v. THE QUEEN (ACT G342 of 1984) Neaves, Beaumont and Wilcox JJ 13 February 1986 Canberra Counsel for Viengkham: Mr B. J. Salmon and Ms M Perrett Solicitors for Viengkham: MacPhillamy Cummins and Gibson Counsel for Narayan: Mr A. Gillies Solicitors for Narayan: Legal Aid Office (A.C.T.) Counsel for respondent: Mr K. J. Hempenstall Solicitor for respondent: Director of Public Prosecutions Date of hearing: 30 October 1985 IN THE FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY DISTRICT REGISTRY GENERAL DIVISTON ) ) ) ) No. ACT G 341 of 1984 ) ) ) ON_APPEAL FROM THE SUPREME: COURT OF THE AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY BETWEEN : KAYASITH VIENGKHAM Appellant AND: THE QUEEN Respondent JUDGES MAKING ORDER: Neaves, Beaumont and Wilcox JJ. DATE OF ORDER WHERE MADE 13 February 1986 Canberra MINUTE OF ORDER THE COURT ORDERS THAT: 1. The orders made by the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory on 13 November 1984 be varied by setting aside the non-parole periods fixed therein and in lieu thereof fixing the period of eight years as the period within which Kayasith Viengkham is to be ineligible for parole, Otherwise the appeal be dismissed. Note: Settlement and entry of orders is dealt with in Order 36 of the Federal Court Rules. IN THE FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY No. ACT 342 of 1984 DISTRICT REGISTRY wee GENERAL DIVISION ON APPEAL FROM THE SUPREME COURT OF THE AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY BETWEEN : ROHIT NARAYAN Appellant AND: THE QUEEN Respondent JUDGES MAKING ORDER: Neaves, Beaumont and Wilcox JJ. DATE OF ORDER 3 13 February 1986 WHERE MADE 3 Canberra MINUTE OF ORDER THE COURT ORDERS THAT: 1. The appeal be allowed. 2. The orders made by the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory on 13 November 1984 be varied - (a) by setting aside the order that the sentence of imprisonment for one year imposed in respect of the offence against s.76 of the Crimes Act, 1900 (N.S.W.) in its application to the Australian Note: (b) Capital Territory be served cumulatively upon the sentences of imprisonment imposed in respect of the offences against ss.90A, 63 and 97 of the said Act andin lieu thereof order that the said sentence of imprisonment for one year be served concurrently with those other sentences; and by setting aside the non-parole periods fixed therein and in lieu thereof fixing the period of six years as the period within which Rohit Narayan is to be ineligible for parole. Settlement and entry of orders is dealt with in Order 36 of the Federal Court Rules. IN THE FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY ) ) ) ) No. ACT G 341 of 1984 DISTRICT REGISTRY ) ) ) GENERAL DIVISION QN APPEAL FROM THE SUPREME COURT OF THE AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY BETWEEN : KAYASTTH VIENGKHAM Appellant AND: THE QUEEN Respondent IN THE FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY No. ACT G 342 of 1984 DISTRICT REGISTRY ~~ eee ww GENERAL DIVISION ON APPEAL FROM THE SUPREME COURT OF THE AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY BETWEEN : ROHIT NARAYAN Appellant AND: THE QUEEN Respondent CORAM : Neaves, Beaumont and Wilcox JJ. DATE : 13 February 1986 2. REASONS FOR JUDGMENT THE COURT: These are appeals against the sentences imposed on the appellants, Kayasith Viengkham and Rohit Narayan, by the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory (Kelly J.) on 13 November 1984. The offences for which the appellants were sentenced were committed by them in company on the night of 23/24 April 1984. Set out hereunder in summary form in respect of each of the offences for which Kayasith Viengkham was sentenced are the substance of the offence, the statutory provision creating it, the sentence imposed and the non-parole period fixed - 1. That he took away a young woman with intent to hold her for his and Rohit Narayan's advantage, namely to rob her (section 90A of the Crimes Act, 1900 (N.S.W.) in its application to the Australian Capital Territory) - Imprisonment for five years with a non-parole period of three years. 2. That he took away a young man with intent to hold him for his and Rohit Narayan's advantage, namely to rob him (ibid.) - Imprisonment for five years to be served concurrently with the above sentence, with a non-parole period of three years. 3. That he raped the young woman (s.63 of the said Act) - Imprisonment for seven and a half years to be served concurrently with the above sentences, with a non-parole period of five years. 10. 3. That, when armed with an offensive weapon, an axe, he assauited the young woman and robbed her of $3, a wallet containing personal papers and a Commonwealth Bank Key Card (s.97 of the said Act) ~ Imprisonment for four years, to be served concurrently with the above sentences, with a non-parole period of two and a half years. That, when armed with an offensive weapon, an axe, he assaulted the young man and robbed him of a wallet containing personal papers and a Westpac Key Card (ibid.) ~ Imprisonment for four years, to be served concurrently with the above sentences, with a non-parole period of two and a half years. That he indecently assaulted the young woman (s.76 of the said Act) - Imprisonment for two and a half years to be served cumulatively upon the above sentences, with a non-parole period of eighteen months. That he maliciously wounded the young woman with intent to do her grievous bodily harm (s.33 of the said Act) - Imprisonment for ten years to be served cumulatively upon the above sentences, with a non-parole period of six years. That he maliciously inflicted grievous bodily harm upon the young woman with intent to do her grievous bodily harm (ibid.) - Imprisonment for ten years, to be served concurrently with the sentences for the other offences against s.33 of the said Act, with a non-parole period of six years. That he maliciously wounded the young man with intent to do him grievous bodily harm (ibid.) - Imprisonment for ten years, to be served concurrently with the sentences for the other offences against s.33 of the said Act, with a non-parole period of six years. That he maliciously inflicted grievous bodily harm upon the young man with intent to do him grievous bodily harm (ibid.) - Imprisonment for ten years, to be served concurrently with the sentences for the other offences against s.33 of the said Act, with a non-parole period of six years. The appellant Kayasith Viengkham was, therefore, effectively sentenced to imprisonment for a total period of twenty years. The appellant Rohit Narayan was sentenced on charges in similar terms, save for necessary adjustments, to those laid against the appellant Kayasith Viengkham except that, in each of the charges of robbery, Narayan was alleged to be armed with a knife. On each of two charges under section 90A of the Crimes Act, 1900 (N.S.W.) in its application to the Territory - offences similar to those set out as 1 and 2 above in relation to Viengkham - Narayan was sentenced to imprisonment for four years, with a non-parole period of two and a half years. In respect of the charge of rape (see 3 above), he was sentenced to imprisonment for six years (non-parole period four years). On each of two charges of robbery (see 4 and 5 above) he was sentenced to imprisonment for three years (non-parole period one and a half years). The above sentences were directed to be served concurrently. On the charge of indecent assault (see 6 above), aterm of imprisonment of one year to be served cumulatively was imposed (non-parole period six months) and on each of _four charges under section 33 of the Crimes Act, 1900 (N.S.W.) in its application to the Territory (see 7 - 10 above), the term of imprisonment imposed was eight years (with a non-parole period of four years in respect of each charge),those four sentences to be served concurrently as between themselves but cumulatively upon the sentences for the other offences. Thus, Narayan was sentenced to imprisonment for a total period of fifteen years. The learned sentencing judge summarised the events surrounding the commission of the various offences in the following way - "At about 11.10 p.m. on 23 April 1984, the young man and woman, the victims of the crimes, left the Canberra Workers' Club intending to meet the young man's girlfriend. They had gone about 200-300 yards from the Club when the two prisoners suddenly appeared in front of them. Mr Viengkham used the pretext that the young man had 'bashed up' his brother and forced the couple to go with him and Mr Narayan. I am satisfied that the prisoners had been lurking in the vicinity of the Club so that they might rob someone. The prisoner Viengkham was armed with a small axe, of the type commonly called a tomahawk, while the prisoner Narayan was armed with a knife. Viengkham uttered threats, 'I'l1i kill you', 'I'1l split you open', 'Keep to the dark and keep walking or I''ll smash your backs in' and 'TI have a gun. You can't see it, but I do have a gun'. The couple went in fear of death. At one stage they were ordered to sit down and did so while the prisoners talked but could not be overheard. Both prisoners then said, 'Take us somewhere dark'. When all four arrived at a fairly dark spot where there were some trees at the rear of the Asian Studies building near the Australian Rules oval on the campus the prisoners ordered the couple to stop and separated them. Viengkham made the young man crawl along the ground for about 15 yards and then lie face down flat on the ground. Viengkham then said to Narayan, 'Do what you want with her'. Holding the knife in his hand, Narayan first tried to take the young woman's upper garment off and then told her to take her clothes off. She did so and was pushed backwards on to the ground. Narayan 6. knelt beside her and forced her to engage in fellatio with him. He then raped her, effecting substantial penetration but not, so far as the evidence goes, ejaculating within her. He then stood up. Viengkham took his place and twice forced the youna woman to engage in fellatio with him. He forced her to sit on top of him and then raped her. Again he made her engage in fellatio with him at the same time performing acts of serious indecency upon her. Meantime Narayan had gone back to the young man and, after holding his knife, so the young man believed, against the right side of his neck, asked him where his wallet was. The young man gave Narayan the wallet together with cash amounting to $4 which does not form the subject of any charge. I mention it merely as part of the circumstances. Narayan returned the wallet. He then made the young man crawl across to the young woman where the prisoner ordered him to have intercourse with her. The young man said, 'What?' Viengkham repeated the command and told the young man to remove his clothing. The couple simulated intercourse. The young woman overheard the prisoners talking. She noted that they had her Commonwealth Bank Key Card and the young man's Westpac Key Card. He and she gave the numbers of the cards when asked for them. During the simulated intercourse the prisoner Narayan scratched the young man's bare back with his knife in a fairly extensive but random pattern. The scratches were not serious. Threats were made against the couple to enforce their silence about what had been and was happening to them. The prisoner Viengkham then kicked the young man and tried to render him unconscious by striking him with the back of the tomahawk on the back of the head. He did not cause the young man to become unconscious and directed Narayan's attention to that fact. Narayan moved the young man's body with his foot, thus causing his shoe to be stained with the young man's blood. I am not satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that Narayan struck either of the young couple with the tomahawk although I am satisfied beyond reasonable doubt in all the circumstances that his plea of guilty to the charges in respect of those assaults was properly made. In addition to all the circumstances I think it proper to take into account the admissions necessarily implicit in the pleas of guilty. Despite repeated blows the young man was never rendered unconscious. The prisoner Viengkham also struck the young woman with the back of the tomahawk and I am satisfied that he caused her head and back injuries and broke a finger. I am satisfied, too, that he influenced Narayan to cause her serious injury by twice stabbing her. Thereafter the prisoners ran away. After using the young man's Key Card to obtain $200 from his account they left for the south coast of New South Wales where they were subsequently arrested at Narooma." The young man suffered a severe contusion to the back back with abrasions and scratches. The young woman was much more seriously injured. suffered - (a) lacerations to the scalp, front and back, requiring stitching; (b) gross bruises on her back; (c) haematuria suggesting renal contusion; (d) a stab wound in the midline of the epigastrium; (e) another stab wound slightly to the left of the umbilicus; (£) fractures of the transverse processes of the first and second lumbar vertebra on the right side and the transverse process of the third lumbar vertebra on the left side; of the head, laceration of the scalp and severe bruising of the She (gq) a fracture across the mid-shaft of the proximal phalanx of the right index finger and a fracture of its middle phalanx without displacement; and {h) continuing psychological sequelae. The sentencing judge was satisfied that the young woman suffered not only severe physical injury but, understandably, deep degradation and humiliation at what had happened to her when there could be not the slightest suggestion that anything she had said or done played any part in the actions of her assailants. Those actions resulted in, amongst other things, her hospitalisation for nearly two weeks during which surgery was performed to repair the damage caused by the stab wounds which, as his Honour found, came within millimetres of causing very serious, possibly fatal, consequences. Appeal by Kayasith Viengkham In sentencing Viengkham, Kelly J. said: "The prisoner Viengkham migrated to Australia in 1976 with his mother and two of his sisters. They came, sponsored by his uncle, an Australian citizen, from a refugee camp in Thailand to which they had fled some two years before from Laos where the prisoner had been born. His father and other members of his family later migrated to the United States and he has not seen his father since. His background is both complex and disturbed and is set out in detail in a welfare report tendered in evidence. Annexed to that report is a statement made by his uncle which sets out in considerable detail Mr Viengkham's family background and history. Much of it would ordinarily be inadmissible but in the circumstances I accept it 9. as of assistance in attempting to deal justly with Mr Viengkham. He 1s said to have displayed unacceptable tendencies and to have been guilty of violence. This may well be so but I am not satisfied that there 1s sufficient evidence of past unlawful actions for me to take the allegation properly into account. Only once has he previously been before a Court and that in the Children's Court in respect of three charges of maliciously using fire alarms. The offences took place four and a half years ago and I put them out of consideration. I take into account Mr Viengkham's disturbed background. I have taken particular note of what was said on his behalf by Dr Knox, a consultant psychiatirst. I note in his favour that he pleaded guilty to all charges, thereby sparing the young man and woman the further humiliation of having to give evidence in Court. I note also that he cooperated with the police in their inquiries. Nevertheless, I think he is tobe deait with severely, not least because he seems to have been the ringleader in the offences although, in my opinion, Mr Narayan was not far behind." His Honour said that he also took into account that the prisoner had been in custody since his arrest in April 1984 and continued: "I have refrained from setting out all the details of the crimes to which the prisoners have pleaded guilty. I should add that I have accepted as accurate the version of the events of the evening given by the Crown except to the extent indicated above although I have not set out every detail of those events. Nor have I attempted to describe them by any particular epithet. The recital set out above is enough to establish their character. It is enough to establish that these are offences which must be dealt with severely for the proper protection of society. Those who commit such offences must be punished severely. Those who would consider committing such offences must be deterred by the expectation that heavy sentences will be imposed upon them. The rehabilitation of the prisoners and their youth and, in the case of 10. Mr Narayan, his contrition, must all yield, in my opinion, to the need for the protection of society. Any woman is entitled to walk the streets of this city without fear that she will be subjected to such degradation as was the lot of the young woman in this case. No man should have to fear such treatment as was meted out to the young man in this case. Where there are many offences arising broadly out of one set of circumstances, it may be proper to sentence an offender to concurrent terms of imprisonment in respect of each offence. It seems to me that in these cases, however, it is proper to deai with the offences so that some consecutive sentences may be imposed. The abduction, rapes, robberies and indecent assaults seem to me to form one set of offences but the indecent assaults were ef such a nature as to warrant a consecutive sentence. The malicious woundings with intent and the malicious infliction of grievous bodily harm with, in each case, intent to do grievous bodily harm, seem to me to constitute another set for they were carried out with the intention, however 1ll-advised, of preventing detection of the other crimes. Before proceeding to pass sentence, I think I should point out that Ido not accept that Mr Viengkham shows genuine contrition for what he did on the night of 23/24 April. I am satisfied that he obtained from his actions on that night a degree of pleasure in effecting the degradation of two human beings over whom he was exercising what he conceived to be some form of power." At the time of the commission of the offences, Viengkham was four months short of his nineteenth birthday. The grounds of appeal relied upon are: (a) that the learned sentencing judge erred in finding that the appellant did not show genuine contrition; (b) that his Honour erred in fixing cumulative sentences; ll. (c) that the sentences imposed are excessive; (d) that his Honour erred in according too much significance to deterrence and retribution and too little weight to the subjective factors of the appellant; (e) that his Honour, in fixing the period during which the appellant was not to be eligible for parole, erred in taking into account likely or possible remissions and, in fixing cumulative non-parole periods, acted otherwise than in accordance with s.7 of the Parole Ordinance 1976 (A.C.T.) In relation to the first ground of appeal, there was before the sentencing judge a report dated 26 October 1984 as to the appellant's antecedents which had been prepared by Detective Senior Sergeant Ronald Edward McMah. That report contained the following statements: "The accused has not expressed remorse for the crime he has committed - in fact when interviewed he stated 'What's happened has happened, just sorry I got caught'. It is obvious from speaking with him that he believes that every Australian owes him something and he definitely has no respect for Australian women." Detective Senior Sergeant McMah was cross~examined in a manner indicating that the appellant challenged the correctness of that part of his report set out above. It was suggested to the witness that the report did not accurately reflect either the appellant's attitude or the conversation which the witness had with him. 12. Counsel for the appellant pointed to the absence of any reasons given by the sentencing judge for his conclusion that the appellant had not shown genuine contrition notwithstanding that the matter had been raised as an issue. It was submitted that the only evidence to support his Honour's conclusion was that of Detective Senior Sergeant McMah and that that evidence was contradicted by the evidence given by the appellant. It was further submitted that, even if the evidence of Detective Senior Sergeant McMah were accepted, there was a preponderance of evidence supportive of a finding that the appellant was contrite. That evidence was so strong, so it was argued, as to justify this Court, in the absence of detailed reasons being given by the sentencing judge, setting aside his Honour's finding. Reference should be made to the other evidence upon which the appellant relied. It was the evidence of Mr Roger Donald Peacock, an officer of the Department of Foreign Affairs, and of Mr James Broughton Boydell, a social worker employed in the Welfare Branch of the Department of Territories and Local Government and the material contained in two reports dated 6 July and 25 October 1984 made to the appellant's solicitors by Dr William Knox, Consultant Psychiatrist. Mr Peacock, who is married to a sister of the appellant's mother, gave evidence that he had known the appellant since shortly after the latter's arrival in Australia in 1976. He gave the following evidence: "0. A. 13. Are you able to form a view about the prisoner's attitude to these offences? Yes. That attitude changed or perhaps not his attitude changed but his ability to express it changed from the initial contact with him where the word perhaps confusion understates his presentation to me. Could you do any better than that? Trance would overstate it but it is something like an inability to communicate adequately and that was when I first - the first two visits I made to him which were, I think - the first one was about two or three days after his arrest and the second one was later the following weekend. What has happened since then? In the subsequent visit quite an unusual Occurrence, unusual in the sense that' the relationship that I have had with Kayasith over the years in that he is as Mr Boydell has referred to him, or about him, often presents a fairly, I use the word tough, attitude towards life, an appearance of somebody who can cope, who can deal with his environment and in that regard is something of a fantasy assessment of his own abilities when on about the fourth visit he shed most of that defensiveness, most of that tough image and perhaps for the first time, no, in fact the first time, I saw him break down andcry. I must say that I have very mixed feelings about what has happened and did not know at that time whether to accept this as something that was not a variation of his choice of reacting to people or whether in fact it was something that he meant. In a subsequent meeting, after I was able to obtain a contact visiting arrangement with him we had quite a long session in which he explored very fully, very deeply, the feelings he had about not only the victims and the enormity of what he had done but also explored some of the causal aspects of why he thinks he had done them. However, I must say that more latterly, and I say largely again because I think of the contact he has had with some of his peer group, he has from time to time, and partly because of his adjustment to the remand centre, tried to be a little bit tougher. But there is no doubt in my mind that on those two occasions when he broke down that was what he really felt." 14. Mr Boydell made a lengthy welfare report dated 5 November 1984 dealing with such matters as the appellant's family background and education, his activities after completing his studies, the events leading to the offences and the appellant's attitude to those offences. It is a most instructive and informative report which is too lengthy to be set out in these reasons. The part of the report upon which the appellant relies is as follows: "In discussion with Detective Sergeant McMah, he told me that Kayasith showed no sorrow for what he had done, while his uncle told me that on two occasions with him, Kayasith had completely broken down emotionally with remorse. To me, Kayasith expressed regret and sorrow for what he had done. He stated that he had thought what it would he like it if happened to him, and for the couple , concerned. He expressed concern for the future, and wondered if he would be able to survive incarceration." In his oral evidence Mr Boydell explained that the second last sentence in the quotation from his report as set out above was intended to read: "He stated that he had thought what it would be like 1f it happened to him, and he expressed sorrow for the couple concerned." It is clear from a reading of Mr Boydell's report as a whole that there were contradictions in the various statements 15. which the appellant had made to him in the course of his investigation. He was asked about these in cross-examination: "Q. You referred to a certain degree of contradiction in the versions that you have been given by the prisoner? A. Yes, that 1s correct. Q. Did you form the view that that showed a lack of frankness or something else? A. Yes. I really formed the view 1t showed a lot of confusion on his part and that he answers in a way that depends on his judgment of the person he is talking to. His judgment of me, I think, changed over time and so his answers did. Q. On that matter about which you were just asked by my learned friend, that is, the degree to which he has contrition or remorse, what is your own view, after these several interviews, about the degree to which he does. suffer remorse for these events? A. When he is by himself I would suspect he is completely confused and then it depends on, again, who he is talking to as to sort of the image he will present to then. So if he thinks you are a friend he will be real friendly and if he think you are not, he will not be. He will be aggressive. Q. Well, assume that - to what extent is he able to verbalise his own feelings? A. If he trust you, a lot. If he does not he will shut you out completely and be aggressive towards you. Q. Did you feel that towards the end of your own interviews there had developed a degree of trust. A. Yes, a degree of trust." _Of particular significance in the present context are two statements in Mr Boydell's report. The first is that the appellant "discussed events surrounding the offences openly and largely unemotionally, but the actual rape and assaults he 16. described hardly at ail." The second, under the heading "Attitude to Sex" 1s as follows: "Kayasith stated that he had sexual relations with many women, and described many of them almost in terms of rape and with contempt for the women involved. He saw sex purely in terms of self gratification." The first of Dr Knox's reports to the appellant's solicitors, that dated 7 July 1984, was prepared following an interview with the appellant for a period of ninety minutes on the preceding day. For the appellant, reliance was placed ona paragraph towards the end of the report in the following terms: "While your client now genuinely regrets the events of that evening, at the time he had no sense at all of the inappropriateness of his behaviour. Your client in fact gained considerable pleasure from the events of that evening in a sadistic manner." Earlier in his report Dr Knox said: "When questioned concerning the events of 23 April 1984 your client told me that 'What I've done has hurt me a lot'. He further told me that he has been angry at himself and feeling considerable sadness as a consequence of his behaviour toward the man and woman whom he assaulted. Your client told me that at the time of the incidents he had experienced considerable 'fun' _from this behaviour. He told me, 'Overpowering them gave me a good feeling'. He further said, 'All my life I've been under people'." 17. Reference should also be made to the following opinion which Dr Knox formed: "I believe that if your client's lifestyle is to continue at the very poor level of recent years that ECsic] under future conditions of frustration he may again act inappropriately and without control." Dr Knox's second report was prepared following four sessions of counselling with the appellant. He reported: "I have found Mr Viengkham a very empty individual emotionally and spiritually. He has very little capacity to take an overview of his present dilemma and plan usefully for the future." Counsel for the appellant also referred, as some evidence of contrition, to the fact that the appellant had co-operated with the police after his arrest, that he had made a complete confession and that he had pleaded guilty to the charges both at the committal stage and when the matter came before the Supreme Court. The principles which guide an appellate court in determining whether it is appropriate to interfere in the sentencing process are now well understood. Where, as here, the question is whether the sentencing judge erred in finding that, whatever degree of contrition there may have been on the appellant's part, it was not sufficient to be weighed in his favour in the sentencing process, the onus upon the appellant is 18. a heavy one. The question whether the appellant had shown contrition and remorse for the crimes he had committed, and thus provided a foundation for rehabilitation, required a consideration and evaluation by the sentencing judge of the whole of the material before hin. As Wells J. said in The Queen v. Shannon (1979) 21 S.A.S.R.442 at p.454: "No one sign invariably demonstrates remorse or any other state of mind and emotion: the circumstances as a whole must be surveyed in order to reacha safe conclusion." We are ieft in no doubt that the sentencing judge gave appropriate consideration to all of the material before him. The evidence relating to the issue of contrition was equivocal. Under such circumstances, the opportunity of seeing the appellant give evidence in the witness-box, and of observing his demeanour, was of particular benefit to the sentencing judge in evaluating the evidence he gave. That is a benefit denied to this Court. Notwithstanding the argument so ably put to the Court by Mr Salmon, who advanced all that could properly be said for the appellant, we are unable to conclude that his Honour fell into error in reaching the conclusion he did. There was ample evidence to support it. We turn to the second ground of appeal. It was submitted on behalf of the appellant that the offences arose out of the same set of circumstances and were so connected in time, 19. space and nature that to impose cumulative sentences was unfair. He referred to the following passage in the judgment of Bray C.J. in The Queen v. Carey (1975) 11 S.A.S.R. 571 at p.577: "It is, I think, now accepted that when a man is convicted of several offences arising out of the same facts the sentences should normally be concurrent; when the offences are distinct they should normally be cumulative. Of course, there is room for debate about whether the various offences do arise out of the same set of facts. But there is no hard and fast rule either way: see Reg. v. Costas (1967) 52 Cr. App. R. 115." In the circumstances of this case, and notwithstanding that the events all took place within a comparatively short space ef time and as a continuous course of conduct, we are satisfied that the sentencing judge was entitled to take the view that, having committed the abduction, the rapes, the sexual assaults and the robberies charged, the appellant and his co-accused embarked on a separate course of conduct designed to assist their escape from the scene and to aid in their avoiding apprehension for the crimes already committed. So viewed, it was quite properly open to the sentencing judge, having imposed sentences in respect of the crimes of abduction, rape, sexual assault and robbery, to impose sentences in respect of the charges under s.33 of the Crimes Act, 1900 (N.S.W.) in its application to the Territory to be served concurrently as between themselves but cumulatively upon the sentences for those other offences. The sentencing judge also imposed a cumulative sentence in respect of the offence of indecent assault on the young woman 20. on the basis, not that the indecent assault charge did not form part of a set of offences consisting in the abduction, rape, robberies and indecent assault, but that the indecent assault was of itself of such a nature as to warrant a consecutive sentence. The indecent assault charge against the appellant V.iengkham consisted in forcing the young woman to engage in fellatio with him on three occasions, in licking her vagina with his tongue and putting his fingers in her vagina. Having considered carefully the whole of the circumstances in which the indecent assault charged took place, we are satisfied that it was open to the sentencing judge to exercise the discretion vested in him in the way in which he did. We are unable to conclude that the exercise of his discretion miscarried. The third and fourth grounds of appeal may conveniently be dealt with together. Counsel for the appellant rightly called attention to the evidence before the sentencing judge showing that the appellant had had a very deprived background. The history of his family was set out at length in a memorandum prepared by Mr Peacock, the appellant's uncle by marriage, and also in Mr Boydell's report to which reference has already been made. We need not set out the material here but we have given careful consideration to the whole of it. It is clear from the remarks on sentencing that his Honour had regard to the whole of the material concerning the 21. appellant's family background and history. Notwithstanding this, his Honour considered that the appellant had to be dealt with severely and it is abundantly plain that his Honour regarded the enormity of the crimes committed on two young people who had done nothing to encourage the appellants or to provoke the attack upon them as demanding, in the public interest, very long custodial sentences. As his Honour said: "It is enough to establish that these are offences which must be dealt with severely for the proper protection of society. Those who commit such offences must be punished severely. Those who would consider committing such offences must be deterred by the expectation that heavy sentences will be imposed upon them. The rehabilitation of the prisoners and their youth and, in the case of Mr Narayan, his contrition must all yield, in my opinion, to the need for the protection of society." In so concluding we cannot think that his Honour fell into error. We do not regard the sentences he imposed on Viengkham for the various offences, considered separately or in their totality, as otherwise than a proper exercise of the discretionary power reposed in him. Having regard to the proved circumstances, we do not think they are out of accord with the general moral sense of the community in relation to such crimes committed in such circumstances. We are unable to agree with counsel for the appellant that the totality of the sentences passed is manifestly excessive. We should, perhaps, mention that counsel for the appellant sought to gain support for his argument that the 22. totality of the sentences was excessive by reference to statistics published by the Institute of Criminology as to the period of time that offenders sentenced to life imprisonment have in fact served. It is sufficient to say that we have not found these statistics of any assistance in this case. The remaining ground of appeal concerns the fixing of the period during which the appellant was to be ineligible for parole. The sentencing judge fixed a head sentence and specified a non-parole period in relation to each charge. In R. v. Waghorn (July 1985 - unreported) a Full Court of this Court held that, in a case such as the present, the sentencing judge, having decided that the case was an appropriate one in which to specify a non-parole period, should have fixed only one non-parole period pursuant to sub-s.7(1) of the Parole Ordinance 1976 (A.C.T.). The fixing of separate non-parole periods, therefore, discloses error. Further, in fixing the non-parole periods, the sentencing judge said that he had regard to the current New South Wales legislation which aliows for remissions on non-parole periods fixed by the courts. In so doing his Honour also fell into error: R. v. Paivinen (1985) 60 A.L.R. 155. ~ Accordingly, this Court should now fix a non-parole period within the limits of a reasonable exercise of discretion such as will formulate a duly proportioned and properly balanced sentence appropriate to meet all the circumstances of the case 23. (Anderson v. R. (1977) 19 A.L.R. 212). The Court should specify as the non-parole period the minimum period of imprisonment to be served because this Court considers that the crimes committed call for such detention (Power v. R. (1973) 131 C.L.R. 623 at p.628). Applying that principle, we fix a non-parole period of eight years. The orders made by the Supreme Court should be varied accordingly. Otherwise the appeal should be dismissed. Appeal by Rohit Narayan In the notice of appeal filed on his behalf, the only grounds of appeal relied upon by Rohit Narayan were grounds related to the fixing of the non-parole period, grounds which must succeed having regard to what has been said in relation to the appeal by Viengkham. However, during the course of the hearing of his appeal, the Court granted leave to the appellant to add a further ground of appeal that the sentencing judge had erred in fixing cumulative sentences. For the reasons given above in relation to the appeal of Viengkham, we are satisfied that it was properly open to the sentencing judge, having imposed sentences in respect of the crimes of abduction, rape, indecent assault and robbery, to impose sentences in respect of the charges under s.33 of the 24. Crimes Act, 1900 (N.S.W.) in its application to the Territory to be served concurrently as between themselves but cumulatively upon the sentences for the other offences. In the case of Narayan, as in the other case, the sentencing judge imposed a cumulative sentence in respect of the offence of indecent assault on the young woman. His Honour did this on the same basis as in the case of the co-accused. In his sentencing remarks his Honour drew no distinction between the nature of the indecent assault perpetrated by each of the accused; although, of course the difference between the respective head sentences reflected his Honour's view that the indecent assault by Viengkham was more serious than that of Narayan. In Narayan's case the indecent assault charged consisted in forcing the young woman to engage in a single act of fellatio with him as a preliminary to the offence of rape. With all due respect to the sentencing judge, we do not think that it was appropriate to impose a consecutive sentence in respect of that single act of fellatio. Although a circumstance of aggravation, that act was truly part of the assault which culminated in the act of rape. The case of Narayan may be contrasted with that of Viengkham; the third fellatio required by the latter being a renewed assault after the rape by him had been completed. We consider that, in the case of Narayan, the sentence imposed in respect of the offence of indecent assault should have been ordered to be served concurrently with the rea 25. sentences for the offences of abduction, rape and robbery. The orders of the Supreme Court should be varied accordingly. We have also considered what period we should fix as an appropriate non-parole period in accordance with the principle to which we have already referred. Applying that principle, we fix a non-parole period of six years. The appeal by Rohit Narayan should, therefore, he allowed and the orders of the Supreme Court varied by - (a) setting aside the order that the sentence of imprisonment for one year imposed in respect of the offence against s.76 of the Crimes Act, 1900 (N.S.W.) in its application to the Territory be served cumulatively upon the sentences for the offences of abduction, rape and robbery and in lieu thereof ordering that that sentence be served concurrently with those other sentences; and (b) by setting aside the non-parole periods fixed therein and in lieu thereof fixing the period of six years as the period during which the appellant Narayan is to be ineligible for parole. I certify that this and the preceding 24 pages are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment herein.of the Jeng Associate Dated: 13 February 1986