Federal Court of Australia
FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA
Aldi Stores Ltd Partnership v Frito-Lay Trading
Company GmbH [2001] FCA 1874
TRADE MARKS – infringement – registered mark "TWISTIES" in respect of snacks of extruded cheese-flavoured kind – alleged infringer uses "CHEEZY TWISTS" in respect of similar product – primary judge found infringement – whether use of "CHEEZY TWISTS" as a trade mark or as a descriptor – whether inquiry as to deceptive similarity limited by reference to the particular finding of trade mark use made – whether primary judge determined question of deceptive similarity as a matter of his own impression – application of presumption that person attempting to create deceptive similarity by choosing particular mark has succeeded, recognised by Dixon J and McTiernan J in Australian Woollen Mills Ltd v FS Walton & Co Ltd (1937) 58 CLR 641 – whether primary judge entitled to decide issue of deceptive similarity exclusively by applying that presumption – whether trial judge entitled to draw inference of attempt to create deceptive similarity – whether deceptive similarity existed – defence under s 122(1)(f) of Trade Marks Act 1995 (Cth) – whether alleged infringer would have obtained registration of "CHEEZY TWISTS" – whether the "capable of distinguishing" test laid down in s 41 of the Act would have been satisfied
WORDS AND PHRASES – "capable of distinguishing" – "inherently adapted to distinguish" Trade Marks Act 1995 (Cth) ss 6 ("sign"), 41, 120
Top Heavy Pty Ltd v Killin (1996) 34 IPR 282 cited James Watt Constructions Pty Ltd v Circle-E Pty Ltd [1970] 3 NSWR 481 referred to Berzins Specialty Bakeries Pty Ltd v Monty's Continental Bakery (Vic) Pty Ltd (1987) 15 FCR 402 referred to JB Stone & Co Ltd v Steelace Manufacturing Co Ltd (1929) 46 RPC 406 (CA) referred to Bass, Ratcliff & Gretton Ltd v Nicholson & Sons Ltd (1932) 49 RPC 88 (HL) referred to Picot Ltd v Goya Ltd [1967] RPC 573 referred to Kolotex Glo Australia Pty Ltd v Sara Lee Personal Products (Australia) Pty Ltd (t/a Hilton Hosiery) (1993) 26 IPR 1 referred to The Shell Co of Australia Ltd v Esso Standard Oil (Australia) Ltd (1963) 109 CLR 407 referred to Johnson & Johnson Australia Pty Ltd v Sterling Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd (1991) 30 FCR 326 referred to Unilever Aust Ltd v Karounos [2001] FCA 1132 referred to British Sugar Plc v James Robertson & Sons Ltd [1996] RPC 281 distinguished Wrigley's (A'asia) Ltd v Lifesavers (A'asia) Ltd (1936) 37 SR (NSW) 9 referred to Pepsico Australia Pty Ltd v Kettle Chip Co Pty Ltd (1996) 33 IPR 161 referred to Sports Break Travel Pty Ltd v P & O Holidays Ltd (2000) 50 IPR 51 referred to Australian Woollen Mills Ltd v FS Walton & Co Ltd (1937) 58 CLR 641 discussed Wingate Marketing Pty Ltd v Levi Strauss & Co (1994) 49 FCR 89 referred to Berlei Hestia Industrial Ltd v The Bali Co Inc (1973) 129 CLR 353 referred to Marc A Hammond Pty Ltd v Papa Carmine Pty Ltd [1976] 2 NSWLR 124 referred to Polaroid Corporation v Sole N Pty Ltd [1981] 1 NSWLR 491 referred to Murray Goulburn Co-operative Co Ltd v New South Wales Dairy Corporation (1990) 24 FCR 370 (FC) referred to S & I Publishing Pty Ltd v Australian Surf Life Saver Pty Ltd (1998) 88 FCR 354 referred to Biogen Inc v Medeva Plc (1996) 36 IPR 438 referred to Campomar Sociedad, Limitada v Nike International Ltd (2000) 202 CLR 45 referred to Jones v Dunkel (1959) 101 CLR 298 referred to R v Burdett (1820) 4B & Ald 95 (106 ER 873) referred to Cooper Engineering Co Pty Ltd v Sigmund Pumps Ltd (1952) 86 CLR 536 referred to Pianotist Company Ltd's Application (1906) 23 RPC 774 referred to Saville Perfumery Ltd v June Perfect Ltd (1941) 58 RPC 147 referred to New South Wales Dairy Corporation v Murray Goulburn Co-operative Company Ltd (1989) 86 ALR 549 referred to CA Henschke & Co v Rosemount Estates Pty Ltd (2000) AIPC ¶91-640 referred to Mars GB Ltd v Cadbury Ltd [1987] RPC 387 referred to Conde Nast Publications Pty Ltd v Taylor (1998) 41 IPR 505 referred to Re London Lubricants (1920) Ltd's Application (1925) 42 RPC 264 referred to Unilever Australia Ltd v PB Foods Ltd (1999) 47 IPR 358 referred to Blount Inc v Registrar of Trade Marks (1998) 83 FCR 50 referred to Ocean Spray Cranberries Inc v Registrar of Trade Marks (2000) 47 IPR 579 referred to Clark Equipment Co v Registrar of Trade Marks (1964) 111 CLR 511 referred to Burger King Corporation v Registrar of Trade Marks (1973) 128 CLR 417 referred to Big Country Developments Pty Ltd v TGI Friday's Inc (2000) 48 IPR 513 referred to Registrar of Trade Marks v W & G Du Cros Ltd [1913] AC 624 referred to State Rail Authority of New South Wales v Earthline Constructions Pty Ltd (1999) 160 ALR 588 referred to W D & H O Wills (Australia) Ltd v Phillip Morris Ltd (1997) ATPR 41-590 referred to Mark Foys Pty Ltd v TVSN (Pacific) Ltd (2000) 104 FCR 61 referred to Windsor Smith Pty Ltd v Dr Martens Australia Pty Ltd (2001) 49 IPR 286 referred to Esso Australia Resources Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation (1998) 84 FCR 541 referred to Biogen Inc v Medeva plc [1997] RPC 1 referred to Members of the Yorta Yorta Aboriginal Community v Victoria (2001) 180 ALR 655 referred to Designers Guild Ltd v Russell Williams (Textiles) Ltd [2000] 1 WLR 2416 referred to Norowzian v Arks Ltd (No 2) [2000] FSR 363 referred to Pro Sieben Media AG v Carlton UK Television Ltd [1999] 1 WLR 605 referred to Cross on Evidence (6th Austn ed, 2000) cited Shanahan, Australian Law of Trade Marks and Passing Off (2nd ed, 1990) referred to Blanco-White and Jacob, Kerly's Law of Trade Marks and Trade Names (12th ed, 1986) referred to
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