FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA Quirk v Construction, Forestry, Maritime, Mining and Energy Union [2021] FCA 1587 File numbers: NSD 1344 of 2017 NSD 1027 of 2018 NSD 1028 of 2018 Judgment of: PERRAM J Date of judgment: 17 December 2021 Catchwords: INDUSTRIAL LAW – registered organisations – where First Respondent registered under Fair Work (Registered Organisations) Act 2009 (Cth) – where Applicants elected organisers of First Respondent – where Divisional Executive of First Respondent voted to remove Applicants for 'gross misbehaviour' under Rule 11 of Divisional Branch rules – where Applicants criticised Respondents in media and alleged serious misconduct and mismanagement – whether Rule 11 invalid – whether 'gross misbehaviour' included Applicants' conduct – appropriate standard of review INDUSTRIAL LAW – adverse action – whether Applicants' removal adverse action – whether Applicants' conduct in speaking to media exercise of a 'workplace right', 'industrial activity' or 'political opinion' – whether adverse action taken 'because' of those matters STATUTES – Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) – interaction between s 363 and word 'because' in ss 340, 346 and 351 – where adverse action taken by vote – meaning of 'political opinion' in s 351 CONTRACTS – implied term that employment coextensive with Applicants' elected office – whether joint employment by First and Second Respondents – whether contract repudiated – appropriate relief Legislation: Constitution s 117 Acts Interpretation Act 1901 (Cth) s 15A Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) ss 12, 97, 340, 341, 342, 346, 347, 351, 361, 363, 386 Fair Work (Registered Organisations) Act 2009 (Cth) ss 5, 9, 140, 141, 142, 164, 164A, 164B Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 (NSW) Equal Opportunity Act 2010 (Vic) s 6 Workers Compensation Act 1987 (NSW) s 151A Cases cited: Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223 Australian Workers Union v Bowen (No 2) (1948) 77 CLR 601 Blackadder v Ramsey Butchering Services Pty Ltd [2002] FCA 603; 118 FCR 395 Butler v Setches [2017] FCA 1538 Carrier Australasia v Hunt (1939) 61 CLR 534 Christie v Agricultural Societies Council of New South Wales Ltd [2015] NSWSC 1118 Comcare v PVYW [2013] HCA 41; 250 CLR 246 Construction, Forestry, Maritime, Mining and Energy Union v Australian Building and Construction Commissioner (The Bay Street Appeal) [2020] FCAFC 192; 282 FCR 1 Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union v Endeavour Coal Pty Ltd [2015] FCAFC 76; 231 FCR 150 Director-General of Education v Suttling (1987) 162 CLR 427 ET-China.com International Holdings Ltd v Cheung [2021] NSWCA 24 Fair Work Ombudsman v Foot & Thai Massage Pty Ltd (in liquidation) (No 4) [2021] FCA 1242 Fire & Rescue New South Wales v Public Service Association [2018] NSWIRComm 1066 Gould v Isis Club Incorporated [2015] QSC 253; [2016] 1 Qd R 363 Hill v Compass Ten Pty Ltd [2012] FCA 761; 205 FCR 94 Jarratt v Commissioner of Police for New South Wales [2005] HCA 50; 224 CLR 44 Katter v Melhem [2015] NSWCA 213; 90 NSWLR 164 Kop v The Home for Incurables [1970] SASR 139 Lamont v University of Queensland (No 2) [2020] FCA 720 Lane v Australian Workers' Union (1938) 39 CAR 322 Lasarewitch v The Australian Railways Union (1955) 82 CAR 14 Luck v Chief Executive Officer of Centrelink [2015] FCAFC 75 Mahony v White [2016] FCAFC 160; 262 IR 221 Manns v Kennedy [2007] NSWCA 217; 37 Fam LR 489 McPaul v Williams (1990) 34 IR 288 Minister for Immigration and Citzenship v Li [2013] HCA 18; 249 CLR 332 Minister for Local Government v South Sydney City Council [2002] NSWCA 288; 55 NSWLR 381 Mohazab v Dick Smith Electronics Pty Ltd (No 2) (1995) 62 IR 200 Murray Irrigation Ltd v Balsdon [2006] NSWCA 253; 67 NSWLR 73 Mylan v Health Services Union NSW [2013] FCA 190 NAKX v Minister for Immigration & Multicultural & Indigenous Affairs [2003] FCA 1559 Patty v Commonwealth Bank of Australia [2000] FCA 1072; 101 FCR 389 PIA Mortgage Services Pty Ltd v King [2020] FCAFC 15; 274 FCR 225 Porter v Dugmore (1984) 3 FCR 396 Rumble v The Partnerhsip trading as HWL Ebsworth Lawyers [2019] FCA 1409; 289 IR 72 Sayed v Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union [2015] FCA 27; 327 ALR 460 Shea v TRUenergy Services Pty Ltd (No 6) [2014] FCA 271; 314 ALR 346 Tripp v Australasian Society of Engineers (1953) 78 CAR 149 Twist v Randwick Municipal Council (1976) 136 CLR 106 United Firefighters' Union of Australia v Metropolitan Fire and Emergency Services Board [2003] FCA 480; 123 IR 86 Wiseman v Professional Radio and Electronics Institute of Australasia (1978) 20 ALR 545 Wishart v Australian Builders Labourers' Federation (1960) 2 FLR 298 Division: Fair Work Division Registry: New South Wales National Practice Area: Employment and Industrial Relations Number of paragraphs: 364 Date of last submissions: Applicants: 27 October 2021 Respondents: 12 November 2021 Date of hearing: 9-26 March 2020 30 March 2020 2-3 June 2020 31 August 2020 Counsel for the Applicants: Mr M Seck with Ms B Byrnes Solicitor for the Applicants: McArdle Legal Counsel for the Respondents: Mr B Walker SC with Mr B Docking Solicitor for the Respondents: Taylor & Scott Lawyers ORDERS NSD 1344 of 2017 BETWEEN: ANDREW QUIRK First Applicant BRIAN MILLER Second Applicant AND: CONSTRUCTION, FORESTRY, MARITIME, MINING AND ENERGY UNION First Respondent DAVID NOONAN Second Respondent FRANK O'GRADY (and others named in the Schedule) Third Respondent order made by: PERRAM J DATE OF ORDER: 17 December 2021 THE COURT ORDERS THAT: 1. The parties confer and, by 21 January 2022, submit agreed short minutes of order giving effect to these reasons for judgment. 2. The parties file and serve written submissions limited to 1,000 words each, on the question of costs, by 21 January 2022. Note: Entry of orders is dealt with in Rule 39.32 of the Federal Court Rules 2011. ORDERS NSD 1027 of 2018 BETWEEN: BRIAN MILLER Applicant AND: CONSTRUCTION, FORESTRY, MARITIME, MINING AND ENERGY UNION First Respondent CONSTRUCTION, FORESTRY, MINING AND ENERGY UNION (NEW SOUTH WALES BRANCH) Second Respondent order made by: PERRAM J DATE OF ORDER: 17 December 2021 THE COURT ORDERS THAT: 1. The parties confer and, by 21 January 2022, submit agreed short minutes of order giving effect to these reasons for judgment. 2. The parties file and serve written submissions limited to 1,000 words each, on the question of costs, by 21 January 2022. Note: Entry of orders is dealt with in Rule 39.32 of the Federal Court Rules 2011. ORDERS NSD 1028 of 2018 BETWEEN: ANDREW QUIRK Applicant AND: CONSTRUCTION, FORESTRY, MARITIME, MINING AND ENERGY UNION First Respondent CONSTRUCTION, FORESTRY, MINING AND ENERGY UNION (NEW SOUTH WALES BRANCH) Second Respondent order made by: PERRAM J DATE OF ORDER: 17 December 2021 THE COURT ORDERS THAT: 1. The parties confer and, by 21 January 2022, submit agreed short minutes of order giving effect to these reasons for judgment. 2. The parties file and serve written submissions limited to 1,000 words each, on the question of costs, by 21 January 2022. Note: Entry of orders is dealt with in Rule 39.32 of the Federal Court Rules 2011. REASONS FOR JUDGMENT PERRAM J: I INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND MATTERS 1 Mr Quirk and Mr Miller were, until 17 April 2015, elected officials in and employees of the Construction and General Division of the Construction, Forestry, Maritime, Mining and Energy Union ('the CFMMEU'). On 16 October 2014 Mr Quirk and Mr Miller appeared on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's ('ABC') 7.30 program during which they accused the CFMMEU of corruption. Around the same date, although there is a debate about this in Mr Miller's case, both men made similar remarks to a journalist from the Sydney Morning Herald which then published the remarks. Neither had sought nor obtained approval from the CFMMEU before speaking to the media. On 17 April 2015 a meeting of the Divisional Executive of the Construction & General Division was held to consider internal charges against Mr Quirk and Mr Miller arising from their actions. They had received notice of the meeting and were invited to appear before the Divisional Executive to answer the charges. Before the meeting, both men forwarded medical certificates indicating that they were not well enough to attend and sought to have the hearing adjourned. At the meeting on 17 April 2015, the Divisional Executive considered the adjournment request but declined it. It then moved to determine the charges and concluded that both were guilty of gross misbehaviour within the meaning of Rule 11 of the rules of the Construction and General Division of the CFMMEU ('C&G Division'). As such the Divisional Executive removed them from office. As elected organisers Mr Quirk and Mr Miller were required by the rules to be employees of the C&G Division. Upon their removal from office as organisers, the effect appears to have been that their employment with the C&G Division also ended although there is a dispute about this. The Litigation in the Federal Circuit Court 2 Mr Quirk and Mr Miller then commenced proceedings in the Federal Circuit Court against the CFMMEU seeking compensation and the imposition of pecuniary penalties under the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) ('FW Act'). They claimed that they had been denied procedural fairness by the Divisional Executive, that they could not be guilty of gross misbehaviour within the meaning of Rule 11, and that the CFMMEU had terminated their employment for unlawful reasons, principally but not solely, because they expressed political opinions and engaged in protected industrial activity. The CFMMEU took the position that there had been no termination of any relationship of employment but rather that Messrs Quirk and Miller's positions as elected officers had simply ceased by operation of law upon their removal under Rule 11. The Litigation in the Federal Court 3 Mr Quirk and Mr Miller then commenced a proceeding in this Court seeking to have Rule 11 declared invalid on a number of bases including that it infringed the constitutionally guaranteed implied freedom of expression on political matters (this bifurcation was necessary because the Federal Circuit Court lacks jurisdiction to hold a rule of a registered organisation invalid). Subsequently, the case in the Federal Circuit Court was transferred to this Court and the two cases were heard together. The trial was heard over 16 days between 9 March 2020 and 31 August 2020. The trial straddled the commencement of the first lockdown imposed in New South Wales in response to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Indeed, this case was the first case in Australia to be heard virtually. Consequently, the state of the digital court book and the evidence is somewhat disordered. The parties are not to be blamed for this. The transfer from a paper hearing in a court room on the Friday to a digital hearing the following Monday occurred in circumstances of considerable stress for all parties. To put it in context, the weekend in which the parties did this was the weekend that all of the toilet paper in Sydney disappeared. Whilst, with hindsight, it is plain that the court book would now be prepared in a different way I do not think that criticism can be validly laid at the feet of the parties. To the contrary, they are to be congratulated on rising to the occasion. The state of the evidence has, however, made the preparation of these reasons far more challenging than is usual. I make these remarks chiefly for the benefit of any appellate court that comes afterwards. Ultimately, responsibility for the state of the trial materials lies with the trial judge. Terminology 4 It is useful now to note something about terminology. There presently exists a federally registered union known as the CFMMEU which I shall refer to as the 'Federal Union'. Formerly it was known as the CFMEU but a recent merger with the federal Maritime Union has resulted in the addition of an 'M'. The Federal Union is the net result of the merger of several unions over the years. Although merged, those former unions continue to exist in the form of divisions within the Federal Union (for example, the 'F' is the former federal Forestry Union). Largely, those divisions are managed separately from each other. 5 This litigation is concerned with the Construction and General Division which essentially represents the interests of persons working in the construction industry. I will refer to it as the 'C&G Division' where necessary. However, because everything in this case involves the C&G Division reference to it is largely unnecessary and I will avoid referring to it save where it is unavoidable. Although the CFMMEU is prominent in national affairs, that prominence is largely driven by the C&G Division (which is the 'C') and not the FMMEU (although one or other of the 'M's is also frequently mentioned in dispatches). Because the C&G Division is part of a national union, it too is further divided into divisional branches for some of the States. This case is largely concerned with the NSW branch of the C&G Division. Only the CFMMEU has legal personality, however, which is why it is named as the First Respondent to each of the three proceedings presently before the Court. In practical terms, however, the overarching Federal Union has little to do with this case which is really about events within the NSW branch of the C&G Division. For reasons which shortly become apparent I am going to refer to it as the 'Federal C&G Division (NSW)'. The affairs of the national office of the Federal C&G Division are also involved in this case. I will refer to it as 'the National Office'. However, as I have said I will largely avoid using this confusing nomenclature and will refer, as often as possible, to the Federal Union. 6 The clumsy nomenclature is necessary because there also exist in most States unions with the same name registered under State industrial laws. In New South Wales this union is known as the CFMEU (one less 'M') which is, no doubt, confusing. It too has a Construction and General Division. I will refer to the state registered CFMEU as the 'State Union' to distinguish it from the Federal Union. I will refer to its C&G Division as the 'State C&G Division'. The State Union is the Second Respondent to proceedings NSD 1027 of 2018 and NSD 1028 of 2018. Who employed Mr Quirk and Mr Miller? 7 Although considerable time at trial was devoted to the issue of whether Mr Quirk and Mr Miller were jointly employed by the Federal Union and State Union, by the end of the trial it became apparent that both sides agreed that they were. In final submissions, Mr Seck said that on this issue both parties were 'singing from the same hymn sheet' and Mr Walker SC did not mention the topic in his closing address. In his opening, Mr Walker registered an objection to the use of the technical label 'joint employment', an expression apparently laden with baggage from United States labour law, but conceded that the evidence could support a finding that both unions employed Mr Quirk and Mr Miller, as joint or concurrent employers. 8 The convergence on this point was a surprising although relieving turn of events. Previously the State Union had vociferously resisted being joined to the proceeding as the joint employer of Mr Quirk and Mr Miller because as Mr Docking of junior counsel for the State Union told me in no uncertain terms at the time, there was no such thing as joint employment in Australian law: Quirk v Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union (No 2) [2019] FCA 44 at [23]. By the time of the trial the Respondents' position, at least as reflected in their opening written submissions, had begun to resemble Dr Strangelove and his disobedient hand. For example, at [10] of those opening submissions, the author opened with this war-like contention: 'The Applicants have still not adequately particularised any claim for joint employment…' but then went on to say in as few words as possible 'The federal registered union and State registered union accept joint employment'. Having said that through gritted teeth the submission then suggested that to accept such a thing 'would have significant ramifications' which sounds like a suggestion that I ought not to accept what the Respondents had just told me they were accepting. I was told 'this Court has previously reasoned that this US labour law concept has not been the subject of decisive consideration by an Australian court and it is far from clear that the concept has anything to do with the common law'. In the Respondents' closing written submissions (which I declined to entertain since both parties flagrantly ignored the page limit) it is interesting to note that the Respondents' proposed position was that the employer was the State Union contrary to its opening submission. It included an even longer dissertation on joint employment. 9 It is hard to know what to make of any of this. At the end of the day the Respondents did not seek to persuade me that I should act otherwise than in accordance with the approach adopted by the Applicants. That approach is also consistent with the evidence of Ms Rita Mallia, the State President of both the Federal C&G Division (NSW) and the State C&G Division as well as the Senior Vice President of the State Union, who explained at T918-919 that: (a) the existence of a state and a federal union in the same industry generated overlapping areas of authority. For persons such as organisers who needed to enter building sites it was necessary for them to hold positions in both unions so that rights of access could be exercised under both the federal and state regimes; and (b) at the times relevant to this litigation, the way the administrative arrangements worked as between the Federal Union and State Union meant that the State Union processed all the payments to organisers even though 'apart from the public sector organiser, all the other organisers were really servicing and recruiting members in the Federal system'. 10 It is nevertheless important to identify how a relationship of employment came about. There are several steps to this. First, it is not in dispute that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller were both members of the Federal C&G Division (NSW) and the State C&G Division. Secondly, Mr Quirk and Mr Miller had at various times both been employed as organisers by the Federal Union. These positions were obtained not pursuant to any election to office but by entry into ordinary contracts of employment. I accept that these contracts of employment had been joint ones with the State Union. Thirdly, much ink was spilled on who was paying Mr Quirk and Mr Miller. However, since there is no dispute that they were jointly employed by both unions, I do not think it would be useful to spill any more ink on that issue, beyond noting Ms Mallia's evidence on that topic to which I referred above. 11 Fourthly, in 2012 Mr Quirk was elected in the Federal C&G Division (NSW) to the position of a Divisional Branch Organiser. Mr Quirk thought this happened in 2008 but the Australian Electoral Commission ('AEC') return he said made good this proposition suggests that the election was held on or prior to 11 October 2012. However, whether Mr Quirk was elected in 2012 or 2008 does not matter. 12 Mr Miller came to be an organiser of the Federal C&G Division (NSW) by a slightly different road. He had held positions with predecessor union bodies in the 1980's and 1990's and then, in around 2000, was elected a Divisional Branch Organiser of the Federal Union. He was repeatedly re-elected to that position, most recently on 11 October 2012 – i.e., at the same election as Mr Quirk. 13 Fifthly, the Federal C&G Division has a set of rules which are registered under the Fair Work (Registered Organisations) Act 1996 (Cth) ('the FW(RO) Act'). These governed the conduct of the division and established State divisions. Rule 37(i) provided that the officers of the Federal C&G Division (NSW) would consist of a number of positions including 'such Organisers as may be deemed necessary and as the Divisional Branch Council or Divisional Branch Management Committee from time to time determine'. Consequently, an organiser was an officer under Rule 37(i). The return of the Australian Electoral Commission suggests that 14 organisers were elected in 2012 from which it may inferred that one of these bodies so determined. 14 Sixthly, however, an organiser was not per se a member of the Divisional Branch Council or the Divisional Branch Management Committee. The Divisional Branch Council was the highest governing body for each divisional branch (here the Federal C&G Division (NSW)): Rule 40(1). It consisted of a number of identified positions which did not include organisers. The same may be said of the Divisional Branch Management Committee: Rule 42. In any event, the point is that neither Mr Quirk nor Mr Miller was a member of either body by virtue of his election as an organiser or by reason of election to any other office. 15 Seventhly, whilst the number of organisers was to be determined by the Divisional Branch Council or the Divisional Branch Management Committee, their election was governed by Rule 38. It provided a qualifying requirement that both Mr Quirk and Mr Miller satisfied: one year's continuous membership. Rule 38(b) provided that each elected position, including that of an organiser, was for a continuous period of 4 years commencing on 2 January in the year following the election. In this case, because the election was held on or prior to 11 October 2012, it follows that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller commenced the relevant term of office on 2 January 2013 and would, in the ordinary course of events, have remained in office until the end of 1 January 2017. 16 Eighthly, the duties of an organiser were set out in Rule 48(1): 48 – (1) Duties of Organisers (a) They shall be under the control and supervision of the Divisional Branch Management Committee and shall carry out their duties within the provisions of the Rules. (b) They shall visit shops and jobs where members of the Divisional Branch and other workers eligible to join are employed and endeavour to enrol new members. They shall co-operate with all Shop and Job Stewards and District Secretaries, and carry out organisational work in any part of the State or Territory as directed by the Divisional Branch Management Committee. (c) Nothing in this rule affects the right of an organiser elected, in accordance with the rules of the Divisional Branch, as a member of either the Divisional Branch Management Committee or the Divisional Branch Council. 17 Lastly, officers – including organisers – who were elected to a full-time position were said to be employed in the service of the relevant divisional branch (here, the Federal C&G Division (NSW)). Rule 49(a) provided: A member who has been elected to any positions in a full-time capacity shall be employed full time in the service of the Divisional Branch and be paid such weekly wage as shall be determined at a properly constituted meeting of the Divisional Branch Council; provided however, that the rate fixed shall not be less than the leading hand rate in the highest major Award for carpenters in the building industry. 18 Since the Federal C&G Division (NSW) had no separate legal personality from the Federal Union the words 'in the service of' suggest that the employment relationship erected by this rule was between the Federal Union and Mr Quirk and Mr Miller, and that each man was to work in the service of the non-existent legal person which was the Federal C&G Division (NSW). Neither party made any submissions about this quibble and I will say no more of it. The parties also accepted that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller's positions were full-time ones. 19 What was the effect of Rule 49(a)? Chapter 5 of the FW(RO) Act provides that industrial associations such as the Federal Union must have rules (s 140). By s 164 a member of an organisation may apply to this Court for an order that a rule be performed. Mr Quirk and Mr Miller's entitlement under Rule 49(a) was to be employed as an organiser for the period 2 January 2013 to 1 January 2017. Correspondingly, Mr Quirk and Mr Miller were bound by Rule 48 and s 164 to perform their duties as an organiser once employed as such under Rule 49(a). 20 One possible view of Rule 49(a) is that it gave rise to an employment relationship by itself. However, neither party suggested that this was the case. There are practical reasons for this. By itself the rule did not specify any of the usual matters which a contract of employment would specify such as, for example, leave entitlements. I therefore read the rule not as creating a relationship of employment but as requiring the Federal Union to enter into a contract of employment with a person who was elected as an organiser. One consequence of that interpretation of events is that while a person remained an elected organiser the Federal Union remained obliged to employ them. This cuts both ways. The effect of Rule 48 was that an elected organiser could not cease performing the duties of an organiser whilst remaining in the elected office. However, in my view, both of these sets of obligations existed outside the contract of employment which they both envisaged. 21 In the case of Mr Miller and Mr Quirk, both had already been employed by the Federal Union as organisers (and as the parties agree, jointly by the State Union). In my view, upon their election as organisers a new contract of employment came into existence under which the Federal Union and State Union employed them as elected organisers in the service of the Divisional Branch. An implied term of that contract was that the employment was coterminous with the holding of the office to which they had been elected: Mylan v Health Services Union NSW [2013] FCA 190 ('Mylan') at [26] per Buchanan J ('I have no doubt that any employment which Mr Mylan may have held with the union was co-extensive with holding office in the union and depended on that circumstance.'). It is apparent from Mylan that Buchanan J accepted that this conclusion rested upon the existence of an implied term. I respectfully agree with his Honour that such a term would be implied into the contract of employment. If such a term were not implied an elected officer would remain employed as such even if he or she failed to be elected at the next election. 22 The effect of Rule 49(a) was that whilst Mr Quirk and Mr Miller remained in office their employment could not be terminated without breaching that rule. In practical terms, Rule 49(a) made the acquisition of a position as an elected organiser more attractive than the position of an ordinarily contracted one. It provided a limited form of tenure subject only to the whimsy of election and Rule 11. 23 On the other hand, the effect of the implied term was that if an elected organiser ceased to hold office the employment contract would be at an end. In practical terms, there would appear to be four ways an elected officer might cease to be such. These are: (a) losing an election; (b) all of the offices of a union being vacated upon the appointment of an administrator to manage its affairs (as occurred in Mylan with the Health Services Union); (c) being removed from office under Rule 11; and, (d) resignation. The events leading to Mr Quirk and Mr Miller's public statements 24 In 2012, Mr Quirk says he became concerned that the CFMMEU (by which he meant the C&G Division of the CFMMEU) was associating with criminals. These concerns related to Mr George Alex although they were not limited to him. They included concerns too about Mr Mick Gatto. He raised these concerns internally but without any action being taken on them. This was a long and stressful period for Mr Quirk which resulted in him writing a letter on 2 October 2013 to Mr O'Connor, then the National Secretary of the Federal Union, outlining in detail his concerns over the affairs of the previous 12 months. Mr Quirk says that he was experiencing stress and anxiety by reason of the response that the raising of his concerns had engendered in his workplace. Eventually, he took sick leave and in around October 2013 he applied for workers compensation on the basis of anxiety and stress arising from what he felt was a cover up. 25 Subsequently, the Federal Union set up an internal inquiry into the allegations made by Mr Quirk which was to be conducted by a barrister, Mr Slevin. Mr Quirk was concerned about Mr Slevin's independence because he had formerly worked as the national legal officer for the Federal Union prior to his call to the bar. Mr Seck, for the Applicants, also submitted that at the time Mr Slevin wrote the independent report for the Federal Union he had been retained by it to appear in its interests in the Royal Commission into Trade Union Governance and Corruption ('Royal Commission'). Mr Quirk met with Mr Slevin and others on 23 November 2013. He met with him again on 12 December 2013 and conveyed further concerns he had about Mr Alex and other matters. 26 Until 1 January 2014 Mr Quirk had been on 'gardening leave' but had run out of it on that day. Thereafter he remained away from work taking sick leave. On 9 July 2014 Mr Quirk was given a copy of Mr Slevin's report ('the Slevin Report'). Mr Quirk was dissatisfied with the report and did not think that Mr Slevin had adequately investigated the allegations he had made. 27 Mr Miller's concerns were largely the same as Mr Quirk's, namely, the infiltration of the CFMMEU by alleged criminal figures such as Mr Alex and Mr Jim Byrnes. As in the case of Mr Quirk his concerns extended beyond this, however. They included, inter alia, the way in which Mr Quirk was being treated. Mr Miller was also concerned that he was being victimised for making these views known. In August 2014, he complained to Mr Parker, then the State Secretary of the Federal C&G Division (NSW) and Mr Hanlon, then the Assistant Secretary, that he was being overworked. On 18 September 2014 Mr Miller went on sick leave and lodged a workers compensation claim. Shortly afterwards, he sent a letter dated 29 September 2014 outlining his views on the problems with the union including its relations with Mr Alex and Mr Byrnes. He also complained that, as he saw it, Mr Quirk was being bullied. He was emailed after this by Ms Mallia who invited him to a meeting of the Divisional Branch Management Committee which he declined. The public statements of Mr Quirk and Mr Miller 28 On 2 October 2014 Mr Miller was quoted in an article which appeared in the Sydney Morning Herald. The comments attributed to him were these: In a letter sent on Monday to Mr Parker, Mr Miller raises serious allegations, including claims that: • A union lawyer was asked to participate in potentially 'illegal dealings'. • The union engaged in fundraising activities that may have been 'fraudulent'. • CFMEU officials have been attacked for supporting union whistle-blowers Brian Fitzpatrick and Andrew Quirk, who previously raised concerns about alleged corruption and the union's association with Mr Alex. … Mr Miller also reveals another union employee was 'on workers compensation because of the attacks he was getting at work'. 'He [the staff member] told me he refused to be involved in any illegal dealings that he was being asked to do … [including] signing documents for other people that he was not authorised to do.' Mr Miller states union whistleblower Andrew Quirk and one of his supporters were called 'dogs' in union meetings, while 'Terry Kesby is on the outer because of his letter of support for Brian Fitzpatrick.' 'Organisers have spoken to me as well about their disgust about union tactics, and told me I'm wasting my time complaining to the leadership as they will do nothing,' Mr Miller writes. 29 Mr Miller says that he did not speak to the journalist before this article was run. 30 On 16 October 2014 Mr Quirk spoke with a journalist at the Sydney Morning Herald, Mr Nick McKenzie, about his concerns. On the same day it published an article entitled 'CFMEU's Brian Parker set to be recalled before union royal commission'. The article quoted Mr Quirk in terms which he accepts were correct. These quotations were: Details of Mr Parker's recalling come as two more CFMEU officials, Brian "Jock" Miller – a 29-year veteran of the union and senior organiser, Andrew Quirk, have gone public to call for the leaders of Australia's labour movement to act. Both want senior ALP and Australian Council of Trade Union leaders to seek an urgent briefing from law enforcement on the alleged "overlap" between certain CFMEU officials and organised crime figures. … 'There has been a pretty catastrophic failure of governance in the CFMEU from the level of the management committee [in NSW] to the top of the union', Mr Quirk told Fairfax Media. Mr Quirk and Mr Miller, who are also due to appear on the ABC 7.30 program on Thursday night, urged the ALP and the ACTU to speak out against the victimisation of whistleblowers in the union. Mr Quirk said those who speak out were being 'forced out of their jobs and their careers'. 'The silence is deafening. If people are really concerned, the way they say that they're concerned within the union movement and within the labour movement about corruption in the labour movement, then why don't the relevant people in the senior ranks of the ACTU and the Labor Party go and seek the relevant briefing from the relevant security authorities and from the relevant police authorities on the state of play?' Mr Quirk said. 'At what stage is somebody going to get up and act like a mature, responsible grown up, and recognise that dealing with criminals … has nothing to do with the labour movement?'. … The pair decided to speak out after the royal commission recently revealed evidence, including phone taps, that appeared to show CFMEU NSW secretary, Mr Parker, supporting a business owned by Mr Alex. … Mr Quirk has alleged that Mr O'Connor failed to investigate several allegations he made about the infiltration of criminals into the union in NSW and Victoria. 'I'm saying to Michael, look … you've got a problem in Melbourne and you've got a problem in Sydney, mate, right? There's no good running away from this.' 31 Mr Miller was also quoted in these terms: Mr Miller said figures in the CFMEU 'seem to be protecting other people just to save their jobs instead of telling the truth'. 'We've got a problem and we need to fix it. Either that or the union is going to be decimated,' he said. 32 Mr Miller says that he did not speak to Mr McKenzie before this story was run. 33 On or about the same day Mr Quirk and Mr Miller appeared on the ABC's 7.30 program. Ms Leigh Sales introduced the story with these remarks: For the past two months, sensational allegations of corruption, rorting and intimidation have featured at the Royal Commission into unions. At the centre of much of the scandal has been the construction union, the CFMEU. Its leaders have consistently denied any wrongdoing. But tonight, two whistleblowers go public on what they allege was endemic organised criminal infiltration of the union that was ignored by officials. 34 The story was then played. It had been put together by ABC journalist, Mr Dylan Welch. It was unflattering to the CFMMEU. Both Mr Quirk and Mr Miller were interviewed for the story. The relevant parts of the transcript of the program which record Mr Quirk's remarks are as follows: Dylan Welch: You've been a construction worker since your mid-teens. Andrew Quirk: Yeah. Dylan Welch: Your dad was a plumber, a unionist. You've been a unionist pretty much your whole life. Andrew Quirk: Yeah. Dylan Welch: Your life is the union? Andrew Quirk. Well, it was. It's not a union anymore. …. Andrew Quirk: There have been reports of corruption, association with murderers, association with gangsters, association with terrorists, money being paid to union officials, union officials intimidating other union officials, union officials being forced out of their jobs and their careers and the silence is deafening. … Andrew Quirk: In 25 years as a delegate and a union official this company, I have never seen anything like what happened with George Alex. He was eight months behind, nothing happened. … Andrew Quirk: We've got two murders going on here. We've got enormous amounts of money, death threats, coverups, people being sacked for trying to speak out of turn. Dylan Welch: On October 2, Quirk sent a letter to the union's national secretary, Michael O'Connor. Andrew Quirk: It's on page one: the CMFEU in New South Wales is now at risk of becoming a front for criminal figures for the first time since the early 60s. Dylan Welch: O'Connor ordered an internal investigation. Andrew Quirk: I write the letter and then I get back a series of terms of reference. The terms of reference include everything in the letter that I'd wrote, apart from to what extent the national office had contributed to the mess. … Andrew Quirk: I gave Michael specific information that George Alex and a organised crime figure from Melbourne had co-invested in a Sydney company. Right? And I'm saying to Michael, 'Look, you've got a problem, here. You've got a problem in Melbourne here and you've got a problem in Sydney, mate.' Right? 'There's no good running away from this. We're not talking about, you know, stealing the tuckshop money here.' Right? … Dylan Welch: … After blowing the whistle, Quirk says he was treated like an outcast within the union. Andrew Quirk: It seeps into your life. Bit by bit, it overwhelms your life. Bit by bit, it consumes you. Um – and, you know, this is all taking place against the backdrop of, you know, going to work every day and dealing with people at your workplace who are pretty experienced thugs, who, you know, are plainly sizing you up to see which leg they want to break first. …. Dylan Welch: In recent months, the Royal commission has heard compelling evidence of crime and corruption in and around the CMFEU. It's brought little satisfaction to Quirk. Andrew Quirk: Look, there has been a pretty catastrophic failure of governance in the CMFEU from the level of the management committee to the top of the union, to the very top. 35 As can be seen, Mr Quirk and Mr Miller both made a number of statements about the CFMMEU which were not flattering. 36 The full transcript is annexed at the end of these reasons as Annexure A. For present purposes, the key points are that Mr Quirk said that the CFMMEU was 'now at risk of becoming a front for criminal figures for the first time since the early 60s' and that there had been 'a pretty catastrophic failure of governance in the CFMEU from the level of the management committee to the top of the union, to the very top.' 37 Mr Miller did not actually say very much during the story. He was quoted only as follows: Dylan Welch: Another union official, Jock Miller, watched as Quirk was treated like a pariah. Jock Miller, Union Official: As soon as he went into bat for Brian Fitzpatrick, that was the end of it. They just – they were just trying to get him out the door. He'd get abused when he was at organisers' meetings and I think that was affecting him and then he's been there a reasonable amount of time and he's tried his best and he's, you know, he's getting hammered just now, you know. I mean – and, you know, he's struggling. Dylan Welch: When Miller stood up for Quirk and Fitzpatrick, he says he too became a target of harassment by union colleagues. Jock Miller: Yeah, I've had sleepless nights because of it. Just can't believe that, you know, they're treating me like this. For 29 years as an organiser and, you know, I've been pretty loyal and done the best I can for the members and this is the way you get treated. 38 There is in my opinion no doubt that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller had agreed to speak with 7.30 in order to make public their grievances about the way in which the CFMMEU was being conducted. I did not understand the contrary to be suggested by either party. Because it will be presently relevant I will record at this stage my opinion that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller's statements were plainly expressions of dissent from the manner in which the Federal Union was being conducted. They were also plainly political in nature. At the time the remarks were made the Royal Commission was ongoing. The Royal Commission was actively and publicly examining the relationship between the Federal Union and criminal elements. The subject matter of Mr Quirk and Mr Miller's observations to the media intersected directly with what was taking place before the Royal Commission. Of the Royal Commission there were two views: (a) that it was a long overdue exposure of corruption within the union movement; or (b) that it was a witch hunt launched by the government of the day for political purposes. It is not necessary to express any opinion about which of those views was correct. What does matter, however, is that the debate into which Mr Quirk and Mr Miller fatefully injected themselves was one of the most heated political debates of the day. The events leading to the removal of Mr Quirk and Mr Miller from office 39 On 5 November 2014 Mr Miller received a summons from Mr David Noonan, the Secretary of the Federal C&G Division. It required him to attend a meeting of the Divisional Executive of the Federal C&G Division to be held at the offices of the Federal C&G Division in Clarence Street in Sydney at 1 pm on 18 November 2014. The Divisional Executive was in effect the national executive body for the Federal C&G Division. As such it included officials from several States. At that meeting Mr Miller was to answer a charge of gross misbehaviour which Mr Noonan had laid against him. The charge was attached to the summons. Two days later he received a bundle of documents which he was told formed the basis of the charge. 40 The summons was in the following terms: I, David Noonan have charged you under rule 11(a)(ii) of the Rules of the Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union, Construction and General Division and Construction and General Divisional Branches with gross misbehaviour. The charge is set out in the attachment to this summons. You are hereby summoned to attend a meeting of the Divisional Executive of the Construction & General Division of the Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union at 1.00 pm on Tuesday 18 November 2014 at level 11 215-217 Clarence St, Sydney, NSW. At that meeting the Divisional Executive will consider the charge and afford you the opportunity to reply to it. You will also be afforded an opportunity of being heard in your own defence including an opportunity to cross examine and to give and call evidence. Rule 11 permits the Divisional Executive to remove you from the office of Branch Organiser if you are found guilty of the charge. 41 The charge was in the following terms: I, David Noonan, charge Brian Miller with gross misbehaviour. The particulars of the charge are as follows: On or around 16 October 2014 Brian Miller who is a Divisional Branch Officer in the NSW Branch acted in a manner that amounts to gross misbehaviour. Particulars: a) On or around 16 October 2014 Mr Miller spoke to a journalist at the Sydney Morning Herald and program without authorisation of the union and purported to speak as a union officer about matters relating to the union. Mr Miller is quoted in that article as saying: i. Figures in the union were protecting other people just to save their jobs instead of telling the truth. ii. That the union has a problem and it needs to fix it or the union is going to be decimated. The statement that there are figures in the union not telling the truth to protect others is unsubstantiated, it is damaging to the union and it had not been raised within the union by Mr Miller before it was raised publicly. The statement that the union has a problem, which it needs to fix or be decimated is not substantiated, it is damaging to the union and it had not been raised within the union by Mr Miller before it was raised publicly. b) On 16 October 2014, Mr Miller appeared on the ABC 7.30 program without authorisation of the union and purported to speak as a union officer about matters relating to the union. During that appearance he made comments which were false and/or adverse to the union. During that appearance Mr Miller: i. Falsely alleged that the union was trying to get rid of Mr Quirk for supporting Mr Fitzpatrick. ii. Falsely alleged that Mr Quirk was being mistreated by the union. iii. Alleged that he had been mistreated by the union. Mr Miller's allegations had not been raised by him within the union before he appeared on national television. The allegations were damaging to the union. 42 Mr Quirk received a similar summons on 7 November 2014, this time contemporaneously accompanied by the supporting documentation. He was to attend the same meeting as Mr Miller and to face the same charge. His summons was not materially different to that which had been given to Mr Miller. The annexed charge was different, however. It was in these terms: I David Noonan, charge Andrew Quirk with gross misbehaviour. The particulars of the charge are as follows: On 16 October 2014 Andrew Quirk who is a Divisional Branch Officer in the NSW Branch acted in a manner that amounts to gross misbehaviour. Particulars: a) On 16 October 2014 Mr Quirk appeared on the ABC 7.30 program without authorisation of the union and purported to speak as a union officer about matters relating to the union. During that appearance he made comments which were false and/or adverse to the union. b) During his appearance on the ABC 7.30 program on 16 October 2014 Mr Quirk falsely stated that the union had been silent about reports of corruption, association with murderers, association with gangsters, association with terrorists, money being paid to union officials, union officials being forced out of their jobs and their careers. The union has inquired into those reports, deliberated upon them at a number of levels and made public statements about them. Mr Quirk's public statement that the union had been silent about those reports was false and it was damaging to the union. c) During his appearance on the ABC 7.30 program on 16 October 2014 Mr Quirk falsely stated that the union had done nothing about arrears associated with the George Alex companies. The union did not do nothing about those arrears. The NSW Branch recovered over $1.6 million in arrears from companies associated with Mr Alex in the period May 2012 to August 2014. Mr Quirk's public statement that the union had done nothing to recover worker's entitlements was false and it was damaging to the union. d) During his appearance on the ABC 7.30 program on 16 October 2014 Mr Quirk made adverse comment about the National Secretary by falsely stating that the terms of reference of the National Office Inquiry into allegations made by Mr Quirk about the NSW Branch in October 2013 failed to include an allegation that the National Office had contributed to the matters the subject of investigation. The terms of reference of the investigation did include Mr Quirk's allegation about the involvement of the National Office. Mr Quirk's public statement that the National Secretary failed to investigate his allegation about the National office was false and it was damaging to the National Secretary and the union. e) During his appearance on the ABC 7.30 program on 16 October 2014 Mr Quirk made false claims about other Officers and employees of the union stating that he went to work every day and dealt with experienced thugs who were sizing him up to assault him. Mr Quirk's public statement that the union officers and employees he worked with were experienced thugs who wanted to assault him was false and damaging to those officers and employees and the union. 43 Mr Quirk and Mr Miller attended the meeting on 18 November 2014 and submitted to the Divisional Executive that they were not in a position at that stage to answer the charges. They then left the meeting. The Divisional Executive adjourned consideration of the matter. There was subsequent correspondence between the parties and some further adjournments. The details of those adjournments is relevant to the allegation that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller make that they were denied procedural fairness. I deal with the detail of the adjournments when I arrive at that issue. 44 Finally, the matter was adjourned to 17 April 2015. By their solicitors, Mr Quirk and Mr Miller sought to have this meeting adjourned too and did not attend. On that day, the Divisional Executive decided to proceed in their absence. Both were found guilty of gross misbehaviour. The Divisional Executive decided to remove them from office pursuant to Rule 11 of the Federal C&G Division rules. It provides: 11 – REMOVAL OF OFFICERS (a)(i) Any Divisional or Divisional Branch Officer may be removed from office by majority decision of the Divisional Executive of the Division in which the Officer holds office, provided that such officer shall not be dismissed from office unless the officer has been found guilty, in accordance with the Rules of the Union, of misappropriation of funds of the Union or a substantial breach of the Rules of the Union or gross misbehaviour or gross neglect of duty or has ceased according to the Rules of the Union to be eligible to hold office. (a)(ii) An officer may be charged by any member of the Division with the offences referred to l l(a)(i) above, whether the offence occurred before or after this sub-rule came into effect, and where the Divisional Executive is to consider whether or not any Divisional or Divisional Branch Officer is to be removed from office under sub-paragraph (i) herein, the procedure to be adopted shall be as follows: a) The officer is to be summoned to attend the meeting at least 7 days prior to the meeting, b) Notice of the charge or allegation is to be given sufficient to enable a reply, c) The officer is to be afforded an opportunity of being present at the hearing and of being heard in his/her own defence, including an opportunity to cross-examine and to give and call evidence. (b) Should any officer be removed from office the Divisional Executive may appoint a member to fill the vacancy until the next elections are held and a successor takes office in accordance with the rules, but no person shall be appointed to an office, otherwise than temporarily, where the remainder of the term of office is twelve (12) months or three quarters of the term whichever is the greater. (c) Any officer so removed from office shall have the right of appeal to the Divisional Conference and therefrom to the National Executive or National Conference. In the event of the appeal being upheld the Divisional Conference, National Executive or National Conference may order reinstatement to apply on such conditions as it considers the circumstances warrant. (d) In the event of the re-election of an Officer removed from office under this rule, such officer shall be reimbursed by a payment of monies that represent the difference between such salary that would have received had the officer not been removed from office and the amount of salary the officer received during the period that the officer was removed from office. 45 The minutes of the Divisional Executive record that present at the meeting were ten of its members. These were David Noonan, Frank O'Grady, John Setka, Joe McDonald, Elias Spernovasilis, Shaun Reardon, Dean Hall, Jade Ingham, Aaron Cartledge and Mick Buchan. 46 The minutes are annexed to these reasons as Annexure B. 47 It will be noted that Mr Noonan, as the person laying the charges, did not participate in the decision. The termination of Mr Quirk and Mr Miller's employment as organisers 48 On 20 April 2015 the Federal Union wrote separate letters to Mr Quirk and Mr Miller informing them that they had been removed from office under Rule 11. The letters did not purport to terminate their contracts of employment. On 27 April 2015 Ms Mallia wrote to both Mr Quirk and Mr Miller referring to the fact that they had been removed from office and observing: 'A consequence of your removal from office is that your employment with the Branch ceases on the same date.' Ms Mallia's evidence about this was at §64-65 of her affidavit: It was my view that there was no way that the employment of Mr Quirk or Mr Miller with the State Union or the NSW Divisional Branch could continue after they lost office. This was for a number of reasons. First, my view was that the Federal registered union rule meant that being removed from office removed the basis of the underlying employment contract with the federal registered union, and therefore the NSW Divisional Branch of the federal registered union. The second reason was that, even if there was some employment contract that legally may have subsisted with either the State Union or the NSW Divisional Branch after Mr Quirk and Mr Miller lost office, that contract was frustrated from being performed. The loss of office meant that neither Mr Miller nor Mr Quirk could perform the tasks of an organiser for the members of the State and federal registered unions. 49 I agree with Ms Mallia's understanding of the position with the Federal Union. As I have explained, the implied term discussed in Mylan had the consequence that upon being removed from office Mr Quirk and Mr Miller ceased to be employed by the Federal Union. I do not agree with Ms Mallia that contracts of employment with either the State Union or the Federal C&G Division (NSW) were frustrated. Rather, as I have explained, the relationship of employment (in this case, joint employment by both the Federal Union and State Union) was coterminous with the holding of office as an organiser of the Federal Union and came to an end with the termination of that office. Consequently, Mr Quirk and Mr Miller ceased to be employed by the Federal and State Union as organisers at the moment that their offices were vacated under Rule 11 (if they were validly removed under that rule – a matter of considerable debate between the parties). II THE RULES CASE 50 The rules case was based on Rule 11 of the Federal Union's rules which is set out above. 51 There were two limbs to the case. First, it was said that the Applicants had not been afforded an opportunity of being present at the hearing on 17 April 2015 contrary to the requirement of Rule 11(a)(ii). Broadly speaking, this was because they had not been medically fit to attend on that day and had provided medical evidence to that effect to the Divisional Executive. The Applicants argued that the Divisional Executive had been wrong to reject their medical evidence and should have acceded to the request for an adjournment. I refer to this below as the 'procedural fairness case'. 52 Secondly, it was said that the conduct with which they were charged could not constitute 'gross misbehaviour' within the meaning of Rule 11. As will be seen, this limb took in a wide compass of arguments that relied upon, among other matters, the requirements of the FW(RO) Act and the constitutionally implied freedom of political communication. The procedural fairness case Mr Quirk 53 As I have already indicated, the first return of the summonses on 18 November 2014 was adjourned after Mr Quirk and Mr Miller left the meeting having indicated that they were not yet ready to meet the charges. Following that, Mr Quirk received a letter dated 19 November 2014 requiring him to attend before the Divisional Executive on 5 December 2014 for the hearing of the charge against him. 54 On 2 December 2014 Mr Quirk instructed his solicitor to write to the Federal Union to indicate that he was unfit to attend the meeting on 5 December 2014. His solicitor wrote to the union on the same day. The letter claimed that Mr Quirk, by reason of his medical condition, remained unable to participate in a meeting, and sought an adjournment until such time as Mr Quirk was in a fit state. The letter also sought further particulars of the charge. In support of the request for an adjournment the letter relied upon and annexed a medical certificate from Mr Quirk's treating psychologist, Dr Alison Smith, dated 28 November 2014, and a medical certificate from Dr James Best dated 2 December 2014. 55 Dr Smith's report was in these terms: I have seen Mr Quirk intermittently over the last year. Our most recent session occurred on 28/11/2014. On that occasion, Mr Quirk presented with extremely severe levels of depression, anxiety and stress as assessed by interview and by the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale. He met criteria for a Major Depressive Episode (DSM-5, 2013). As a consequence of his levels of depression, anxiety and stress, he is unable to concentrate or sleep and he is overwhelmed and fatigued. These symptoms make it impossible for him to read and respond to complicated documents and to consider and answer charges at a meeting scheduled for 05/12/2014. Consequently, I support an extension of time for the hearing of misconduct brought against him. 56 Dr Best's certificate was in these terms: Mr Andrew Quirk of [address] is undergoing medical treatment from 24/11/2014 to 25/12/2014 (inclusive) and is unfit to perform any duties related to his workplace or the current disciplinary hearings and Royal Commission. 57 On 4 December 2014 the Federal Union wrote to Mr Quirk's solicitor and denied any obligation to provide the requested particulars. It doubted that Mr Quirk's medical condition warranted an adjournment but one was nevertheless granted until 17-19 March 2015. On 5 March 2015 Mr Quirk was notified that the hearing would take place on 17 March 2015 but on 13 March 2015 he was told the meeting would now not take place on that date but would be postponed to a date to be determined. On 30 March 2015, he was served with a fresh summons requiring him to attend a meeting on 17 April 2015. Thereafter he consulted Dr Smith once more as a result of which she produced a certificate dated 14 April 2015. This certificate was annexed to Dr Smith's affidavit of 22 November 2019 and was in these terms: I have seen Mr Quirk today. In my opinion Mr Quirk is extremely depressed and stressed. I believe that he is unable to attend the disciplinary hearing scheduled for 17 April 2015 because of his psychological condition. 58 Mr Quirk also consulted Dr Henry Nowlan who produced a certificate dated 14 April 2015. It was in these terms: Mr Andrew Quirk of [address] is undergoing medical treatment and is unable to attend any meeting on 17/04/2015. Clinical psychologist Dr Alison Smith supports this decision. 59 Mr Quirk then wrote to the Federal Union noting that particulars had not been provided and seeking the postponement of the meeting on the basis of the certificate of Dr Nowlan. 60 The Divisional Executive met on 17 April 2015 at which time Mr Quirk did not attend. It declined the adjournment he had sought. Its reasons for doing so are set out in the minutes annexed to these reasons as Annexure B. The reason appears to have been because of a perceived inconsistency between Dr Nowlan's certificate and a Workcover certificate, the former indicating that he could not attend the meeting, and the latter that he was available for work three days per week. 61 The Workcover certificate in question is dated 9 April 2015 and is signed by Dr Samuel Cheng. From Dr Cheng's certification it does not appear that he was Mr Quirk's treating doctor although he did certify that he had examined Mr Quirk. In Part B which was headed 'Medical Certification' the diagnosis was recorded as an anxiety disorder which was diagnosed on 17 May 2013 and was caused by ongoing stress-inducing issues in the workplace. In the section headed 'Management Plan for this Period' Dr Cheng said: Requires further psychological therapy from Alison Smith (psychologist) – has seen as of 09/04/2015 and finding beneficial to recovery. Requires this treatment prior to return to work at CFMEU provided suitable duties are provided in safe working environment consistent with the legal obligations of the CFMEU with the relevant state and federal health and safety legislations. 62 In the section headed 'Capacity for Employment' Dr Cheng indicated that Mr Quirk had some capacity for work for 8 hours per day for 3 days per week for the period 9 April 2015 to 7 May 2015. This view was subject to a further stipulation: Following psychological therapy, will be fit for return to work at CFMEU provided suitable duties are provided in safe working environment consistent with the legal obligations of the CFMEU with the relevant state and federal health and safety legislations. 63 I do not agree that Dr Nowlan's certificate is inconsistent with Dr Cheng's. The former was discussing Mr Quirk's attendance at a meeting of the Divisional Executive in which he was to answer in person a charge of gross misbehaviour, the latter was discussing his ability to perform 'suitable duties in [a] safe working environment'. 64 I should say for completeness, that both sides spent some energy on the topic of whether Mr Quirk was in fact fit to attend the meeting. This is irrelevant. The question of procedural fairness is to be judged by the material before the Divisional Executive. Mr Miller 65 Following the adjournment of the first return of the summons on 18 November 2014, Mr Miller received a letter from the Federal Union requiring him to attend a further meeting of the Divisional Executive on 5 December 2014. He retained a firm of solicitors to act on his behalf and on 1 December 2014 those solicitors wrote to Mr Noonan. The letter informed Mr Noonan that Mr Miller was 'unfit and unable to give due and proper consideration to the disciplinary charges'. It enclosed a certificate from Dr John Nguyen dated 27 November 2014 and a report of a psychologist, Emily Peterson, also dated 27 November 2014. Ms Peterson was the psychologist appointed in relation to Mr Miller's workers compensation claim. 66 The certificate of Dr Nguyen was in these terms: This is to certify that Brian was examined on 27.11.2014. In my opinion he is suffering from severe psychological injury. He was/will be unfit for work or to attend any meetings in relation to work from 27/11/2014 to [undiscernible date] inclusive. 67 The report of Ms Peterson was in these terms: Brian Miller is a client of Professional Psychological Services under Work Cover. He is currently off work until the 4th January 2015. He is currently receiving psychological treatment for his Work cover claim. Attending work or work related meetings will negatively affect Brian's psychological state due to increased stress. 68 In addition to enclosing the medical reports and seeking an adjournment of the hearing on 5 December 2014, the letter also sought extensive particulars of the charge. On 4 December 2014 Mr Noonan replied, disputing the unfitness of Mr Miller to attend on 5 December 2014 but nevertheless agreeing to an adjournment to a range of dates between 17-19 March 2015. The request for particulars was denied on the basis that there was no provision in the Rules for such a request. 69 On 3 March 2015 the Federal Union wrote to Mr Miller with a fresh summons requiring him to attend a meeting of the Divisional Executive on 17 March 2015. However, on 13 March 2015 Mr Miller was informed that this meeting had been postponed to a date to be determined. On 30 March 2015 Mr Miller was issued with a fresh summons requiring him to attend a meeting of the Divisional Executive to be held on 17 April 2015. 70 Mr Miller consulted Ms Peterson on 13 April 2015 who produced a report of the same date. It was in these terms: This is to state that Brian Miller is suffering from Adjustment disorder with anxious and depressed mood due to a work incident in September 2014. Due to the ongoing psychological distress Brian is suffering from he is, in my opinion, unfit to attend a summons or further work meetings from 13/04/2015 till 13/06/2015. 71 Mr Miller also saw Dr Nguyen on the same day who issued a further certificate. It was as follows: This is to certify that Brian is suffering from adjustment disorder with anxious and depressed mood since 12/9/2014, after a work incident. He suffers from severe anxiety, depression, insomnia and poor concentration. He is unfit to attend a summons from 13/4-13/6/2015 inclusive. 72 The next day Mr Miller himself wrote to the Federal Union enclosing Dr Nguyen's certificate. He requested that the meeting be adjourned on the basis of it and also because the Federal Union had not provided the particulars he had sought. It seems that Ms Peterson's report was also enclosed with the letter, although the body of the letter did not refer to it. 73 The Divisional Executive met on 17 April 2015. Mr Miller did not attend the meeting. It determined not to grant the adjournment he had sought. The reasons it took that course are set out in the minutes at Annexure B to these reasons. In essence it thought that the requested particulars had been provided and that the medical evidence provided by Mr Miller was inconsistent with the 'Workcover certificate'. It seems clear that the particulars had not been provided because the Federal Union had said on 4 December 2015 that it was under no obligation to provide them. In any event, this does not matter as the procedural fairness case does not turn on any alleged failure to provide particulars. 74 This certificate was entitled 'WorkCover NSW – Certificate of Capacity'. It had several sections. Part A was to be completed by Mr Miller. He had signed this part on 18 September 2014. Part B was to be completed by a nominated treating doctor. The doctor was Dr Nguyen, i.e. Mr Miller's doctor. In section B, Dr Nguyen recorded a diagnosis of an adjustment disorder with depressed and anxious mood, which was the same diagnosis he had given in the certificate he provided to Mr Miller dated 13 April 2015 and which Mr Miller had forwarded to the Federal Union. 75 Under a section entitled 'Capacity for Employment' Dr Nguyen indicated that Mr Miller had 'capacity for some type of employment' from 24 March 2015 to 24 April 2015 and this was for normal hours on normal days. Dr Nguyen's more recent certificate of 13 April 2015 had been specific in saying that he was unfit to attend the return of the summons between 13 April 2015 and 13 June 2015. 76 Under the heading 'Capacity', Dr Nguyen made this stipulation: mediation to take place before recommencing work, avoid contact with people involved, suitable duties are provided in a safe working environment consistent with the legal obligations of the CFMEU with the relevant state and federal health and safety legislation. 77 Finally Dr Nguyen indicated that there should be another review of Mr Miller's condition on 24 April 2015. He signed the form on 24 March 2015. 78 I do not think there was any inconsistency between Dr Nguyen's Workcover certificate of 24 March 2015 and his certificate of 13 April 2015. One was addressed to Mr Miller's fitness to attend the return of the summons, the other to Mr Miller's fitness to attend work. These are different topics. 79 One can generate inconsistency only if one characterises the meeting of the Divisional Executive as part of Mr Miller's work. Making the assumption in favour of the Respondents that Mr Miller's attendance at the meeting is to be characterised as part of his duties, the effect of Dr Nguyen's certificate is that work could not occur until a mediation had taken place and that he was, in any event, to avoid contact with the people involved. The meeting of the Divisional Executive on 17 April 2015 satisfied neither requirement. There had been no mediation and I struggle to see how a hearing into gross misbehaviour can be described as 'suitable duties … provided in a safe working environment'. 80 I do not therefore regard the Divisional Executive's reasoning for refusing the adjournment as compelling. It is possible to imagine other reasons why the adjournment might have been refused. For example, Mr Setka and Mr Spernovasilis gave affidavit evidence that they thought Mr Miller must have been fit to participate in the meeting if he had been fit to speak to the media. And Mr Noonan in his letters of 4 December 2014 had made the point that Mr Miller and Mr Quirk were well enough to instruct lawyers. But even if such other reasons had been compelling, there is no basis to conclude that they represented the reasons of the Divisional Executive as a whole when it voted to proceed to determine the charges. In this respect, I prefer the minutes of the meeting as a contemporaneous record of the reasoning of the Divisional Executive: ET-China.com International Holdings Ltd v Cheung [2021] NSWCA 24 at [25] per Bell P, Bathurst CJ and Leeming JA agreeing. The minutes disclose only the perceived inconsistency between the Workcover certificates and the medical certificates provided by Mr Miller and Mr Quirk. As I have just explained, I do not accept that such an inconsistency existed. Was Rule 11(a)(ii) complied with? 81 Mr Quirk and Mr Miller's case was put on the basis that the failure to adjourn the summonses meant that the subsequent decision to find them guilty of gross misbehaviour was afflicted by a want of procedural fairness. Mr Seck submitted that the situation was akin to that in Minister for Immigration and Citzenship v Li [2013] HCA 18; 249 CLR 332 ('Li'). I do not accept that submission. Li was concerned with the public law question of whether a decision to refuse an adjournment was unreasonable and the content of any requirement for an administrative decision-maker to determine adjournment requests reasonably. It has nothing to do with the operation of Rule 11. He also referred to other public law cases concerned with a failure to grant an adjournment: NAKX v Minister for Immigration & Multicultural & Indigenous Affairs [2003] FCA 1559 at [6] per Lindgren J and Luck v Chief Executive Officer of Centrelink [2015] FCAFC 75 at [49] per Collier, Griffiths and Mortimer JJ. As with Li, I do not accept that any of these cases have any bearing on the present situation. 82 The real question is whether Rule 11(a)(ii)(c) was complied with. That requires one to ask whether they were 'afforded an opportunity of being present at the hearing and of being heard in his/her own defence, including an opportunity to cross-examine and to give and call evidence'. In my view, the opportunity the rule requires is a reasonable opportunity. If a person is not sufficiently well to attend the hearing then to proceed in their absence will mean that they have not been afforded the 'opportunity of being present'. 83 The question of whether Rule 11(a)(ii)(c) has been complied with is a question for this Court. So much flows from the power of the Court to enforce the rule under s 164 of the FW(RO) Act. To determine whether Rule 11(a)(ii)(c) was complied with by the Divisional Executive this Court must therefore form its own view on the material which was before the Divisional Executive. 84 I accept Mr Seck's submission that there was no contradiction between the Workcover certificates and the medical opinions obtained by Mr Quirk and Mr Miller. They simply dealt with different topics. Once that is appreciated, the only material before the Divisional Executive touching upon the fitness of Mr Quirk and Mr Miller to attend the hearing was the evidence they had presented that they were not. 85 This is not to say that the Divisional Executive was obliged to adjourn the matter indefinitely. If it were of the opinion that it doubted the correctness of Mr Quirk and Mr Miller's medical evidence, the proper course was for it to obtain its own medical opinion on the matter by requiring Mr Quirk and Mr Miller to attend upon some independent medical expert. Such a practice is well-known in disciplinary proceedings: Blackadder v Ramsey Butchering Services Pty Ltd [2002] FCA 603; 118 FCR 395 at 411 [67]-[70] per Madgwick J; Fire & Rescue New South Wales v Public Service Association [2018] NSWIRComm 1066. It seems, however, that it was not well-known to the members of the Divisional Executive, for when Mr O'Grady was asked about this during cross-examination, this exchange eventuated (at T624.9-14): Mr Seck: Did you consider seeking to appoint your own independent medical expert to determine whether or not Mr Miller and Mr Quirk were capable of appearing at the hearing and defending the charges? Mr O'Grady: You mean like asking them to come before a – someone we appointed? Mr Seck: Yes? Mr O'Grady: What, independently? No, we didn't consider that. 86 It follows that I accept that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller were denied a reasonable opportunity to be present at the hearing as required by Rule 11(a)(ii). Consequently, the Divisional Executive breached Rule 11 by proceeding to deal with the substance of the matter. 87 It is not strictly necessary in that circumstance to consider Mr Seck's further submission that once the medical certificates were tendered Rule 49(e) permitted them to be absent from work which included the hearing. Rule 49(e) provides: Should any full-time officer through illness or any other physical disability be unable to carry out the duties as prescribed by the Rules, the officer shall furnish a medical certificate to the Divisional Branch Management Committee within seven days of becoming unable to carry out the duties setting out the nature of the disability, and the duration of such incapacity so far as the same can be estimated, and before resuming duties the officer shall furnish to the Divisional Branch Management Committee a medical certificate setting out that he/she has recovered and is capable to carry out the duties in accordance with the Rules. 88 Mr Seck submitted that the word 'duties' in Rule 49(e) was to be construed broadly as extending to all matters connected with work citing Kop v The Home for Incurables [1970] SASR 139 ('Kop') at 143. Further, he submitted that it was within the lawful authority of an employer to require an employee to participate in a disciplinary process: Patty v Commonwealth Bank of Australia [2000] FCA 1072; 101 FCR 389 ('Patty') at [94]-[97]; Murray Irrigation Ltd v Balsdon [2006] NSWCA 253; 67 NSWLR 73 at [19]-[20] ('Murray'). 89 I do not think that Kop assists. It was a workers compensation case where a nurse at a home for incurable patients suffered an injury during a voluntary outing with a patient whilst in the nurse's time off duty. The majority of the Full Court (Chamberlain and Wells JJ) concluded the injury did not arise from the nurse's duties. In dissent, Bray CJ at 143 (the passage upon which Mr Seck relies) concluded that the accident occurred in the course of her duties 'in the more extended sense' (at 144). Since this was a dissent, I do not think it advances the argument. 90 As to Patty and Murray, the fact that an employer may require an employee to take part in a disciplinary process says nothing about whether a person who in their capacity as an elected official is summoned to appear before a disciplinary tribunal does so as part of their duties as an employee. In other words, not every right or obligation the person has qua elected organiser is a right or duty they have qua employee. 91 The duties referred to in Rule 49(e) are the duties 'prescribed by the Rules'. This directs attention to the duties imposed on an elected organiser by the Rules. These appear in Rule 48(1). They do not include attending before the Divisional Executive on a charge of gross misbehaviour. Consequently, the presentation of a medical certificate did not have the effect of permitting them not to attend the meeting. 92 Mr Seck pursued a variant of this argument based on the proposition that they both had accrued personal carer's leave (i.e. sick leave): FW Act s 97(a). As with the Rule 49(e) argument, I do not think this goes anywhere because their appearance before the Divisional Executive was not part of their duties as employees. 93 Nevertheless, as I have said, I accept the submission that the Divisional Executive failed to comply with Rule 11(a)(ii). Was it open to the Divisional Executive to remove Mr Quirk and Mr Miller for gross misbehaviour under Rule 11(a)? 94 The rule allowing for removal of officers for gross misbehaviour (Rule 11) is authorised in the case of 'officers' by s 141(1)(c)(iii) of the FW(RO) Act which provides that the rules of an organisation 'may provide for the removal from office of a person elected to an office in the organisation only where the person has been found guilty, under the rules of the organisation, of:…(iii) gross misbehaviour or gross neglect of duty'. 95 There is a debate between the parties as to whether Mr Quirk and Mr Miller were 'officers' within the meaning of the FW(RO) Act. Mr Quirk and Mr Miller asserted they were whilst the Respondents submitted that they were not. The significance of this debate is minor and obscure. It arises from: (a) the Applicants' contention (dealt with later in these reasons) that the meaning of 'gross misbehaviour' in Rule 11 is constrained by the meaning it bears in s 141(1)(c)(iii) of the FW(RO) Act; (b) the Respondents' initial contention that s 141(1)(c)(iii) only applies to 'officers' under the FW(RO) Act; and, (c) their companion submission that neither Mr Quirk nor Mr Miller was such an officer. 96 In terms, Rule 11 does not apply to officers under the FW(RO) Act but only to 'Divisional or Divisional Branch Officers'. It is not in dispute that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller were Divisional Branch Officers or that Rule 11 applies to them. The Respondents' point was that Rule 11 is capable of applying to persons who whilst Divisional Branch Officers within the meaning of Rule 11 are not 'officers' under the FW(RO) Act. This was then said to provide a reason for not reading 'misbehaviour' in Rule 11 as affected by the meaning of the same word in s 141(1)(c)(iii). I reject this argument. The meaning of the word 'misbehaviour' in Rule 11 does not vary depending on whether the Divisional Branch Officer charged happens to be an 'officer' within the meaning of the FW(RO) Act or not. The one word has the same meaning in both cases. If it is required to have a particular meaning as a result of s 141(1)(c)(iii) in the case of 'officers' (a topic to which I will return) then it has the same meaning in relation to all Divisional Branch Officers. In his final address Mr Walker appeared to accept that this was so but the parties persisted in their debate as to whether Mr Quirk and Mr Miller were officers within the meaning of 141(1)(c)(iii). So far as I can see that debate has no continuing relevance. 97 Lest I have failed to understand what was being put, I will nevertheless record my conclusion that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller were not officers within the meaning of s 141(1)(c)(iii). The definition of an officer for the purposes of that provision appears in s 9: 9 Meaning of office (1) In this Act, office, in relation to an organisation or a branch of an organisation means: (a) an office of president, vice president, secretary or assistant secretary of the organisation or branch; or (b) the office of a voting member of a collective body of the organisation or branch, being a collective body that has power in relation to any of the following functions: (i) the management of the affairs of the organisation or branch; (ii) the determination of policy for the organisation or branch; (iii) the making, alteration or rescission of rules of the organisation or branch; (iv) the enforcement of rules of the organisation or branch, or the performance of functions in relation to the enforcement of such rules; or (c) an office the holder of which is, under the rules of the organisation or branch, entitled to participate directly in any of the functions referred to in subparagraphs (b)(i) and (iv), other than an office the holder of which participates only in accordance with directions given by a collective body or another person for the purpose of implementing: (i) existing policy of the organisation or branch; or (ii) decisions concerning the organisation or branch; or (d) an office the holder of which is, under the rules of the organisation or branch, entitled to participate directly in any of the functions referred to in subparagraphs (b)(ii) and (iii); or (e) the office of a person holding (whether as trustee or otherwise) property: (i) of the organisation or branch; or (ii) in which the organisation or branch has a beneficial interest. (2) In this Act, a reference to an office in an association or organisation includes a reference to an office in a branch of the association or organisation. 98 It is therefore necessary to identify some collective body upon which Mr Quirk and Mr Miller had an entitlement to vote or the functions of which Mr Quirk and Mr Miller were entitled directly to participate in: s 9(1)(b)-(d). Mr Seck submitted that they were entitled to participate in the divisional branch committee and divisional branch council. These bodies are erected under Rules 40, 41 and 42 which are very long and need not detain these reasons. It suffices to say that I accept that both bodies are collective bodies which fall within s 9(1)(b). However, I do not accept Mr Seck's submission that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller were entitled to participate in the affairs of either body, much less vote. His argument rested on Rule 48(1)(c): Nothing in this rule affects the right of an organiser elected, in accordance with the rules of the Divisional Branch, as a member of either the Divisional Branch Management Committee or the Divisional Branch Council. 99 But this rule did not make Mr Quirk and Mr Miller members of these committees. What it says is that the 'right' of an elected organiser who is elected as a member of either body is not affected by Rule 48. It is not clear to me what the 'right' being discussed is but what is clear is that the provision is talking of a situation where an elected organiser is elected to the Divisional Branch Management Committee or the Divisional Branch Council. It provides no support for Mr Seck's contention that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller were entitled to participate in the affairs of either body simply because they were elected organisers. Consequently, whilst the two bodies fall within the definition in s 9(1)(b), neither Mr Quirk nor Mr Miller were entitled to vote in the deliberations of those bodies. Consequently, they were not officers within the meaning of s 9(1)(b). However, as I have said, this does not matter in light of the conclusion I have recorded above. Proper construction of gross misbehaviour 100 Mr Seck submitted that the term 'gross misbehaviour' in Rule 11 should be interpreted in light of the meaning of gross misbehaviour in s 141(1)(c)(iii) since it was only the latter which authorised the making of the former. For his part, by closing address Mr Walker accepted that the phrase 'gross misbehaviour' in Rule 11 must import the same standard as the phrase 'gross misbehaviour' in s 141(1)(c)(iii). 101 In Mr Seck's submission, if there had been any rule of the Federal Union which had prohibited the conduct alleged against Mr Quirk and Mr Miller in the charges against them, that rule would have been invalid. Consequently, 'gross misbehaviour' in s 141(1)(c)(iii) could not as a matter of law include the conduct which was alleged against them. By a similar line of reasoning, it followed that 'gross misbehaviour' in Rule 11 also could not encompass the conduct alleged against them. 102 There were three branches to the argument. First, Mr Seck submitted that a long line of cases had established that the rules of a registered organisation could not include a rule which stifled political dissent within a union. Secondly, the FW(RO) Act expressly prohibited discrimination by a registered organisation between its members on the basis of political opinion. Thirdly, it was said that Rule 11 could not authorise the taking of steps which constituted adverse action within the meaning of Part 3-1 of the FW Act. Political dissent within Registered Organisations 103 The case law concerning the validity of rules which stifle political dissent within a registered organisation rests on a statutory underpinning which it is first necessary to note. 104 First, the Applicants submitted that the FW(RO) Act conferred a number of rights and special privileges on registered organisations that would not otherwise have been available to them. Principal among these was the right to initiate various proceedings, the right to enter workplaces, and the right to be involved in bargaining situations. The quid pro quo for the conferral of these rights was that registered organisations were subject to a higher level of external control both over their constitution and their governance. This quid pro quo was embodied in s 5(1)-(2) of the FW(RO) Act which provide: (1) It is Parliament's intention in enacting this Act to enhance relations within workplaces between federal system employers and federal system employees and to reduce the adverse effects of industrial disputation. (2) Parliament considers that those relations will be enhanced and those adverse effects will be reduced, if associations of employers and employees are required to meet the standards set out in this Act in order to gain the rights and privileges accorded to associations under this Act and the Fair Work Act. 105 The point of the standards referred to in s 5(2) was specified in s 5(3): (3) The standards set out in this Act: (a) ensure that employer and employee organisations registered under this Act are representative of and accountable to their members, and are able to operate effectively; and (b) encourage members to participate in the affairs of organisations to which they belong; and (c) encourage the efficient management of organisations and high standards of accountability of organisations to their members; and (d) provide for the democratic functioning and control of organisations; and (e) facilitate the registration of a diverse range of employer and employee organisations. 106 Mr Seck drew particular attention to (d) and submitted on the basis of it that one of the explicit purposes of the various standards specified by the FW(RO) Act was to provide for democratic functioning and control of registered organisations. He also drew attention to (b) and its encouragement of members to participate in the affairs of the organisations to which they belong. 107 Secondly, Mr Seck noted that these objects were given explicit operation in relation to the rules of a registered organisation. In particular, s 142(1)(c) prohibited rules which were oppressive, unreasonable or unjust having regard to those objects: The rules of an organisation…must not impose on applicants for membership, or members, of the organisation, conditions, obligations or restrictions that, having regard to Parliament's intention in enacting this Act (see section 5) and the objects of this Act and the Fair Work Act, are oppressive, unreasonable or unjust. 108 Mr Seck then submitted that there were a number of cases which had established that rules which stifled criticism of a union had been held invalid on the basis that they were oppressive, unreasonable or unjust under predecessor provisions. 109 The first of these was Wishart v Australian Builders Labourers' Federation (1960) 2 FLR 298 (a decision of the former Commonwealth Industrial Court). One of the disputes in that case concerned a rule authorising the union's Federal Council to expel a member if satisfied that the member had 'done any act calculated to weaken, injure or destroy the federation or its reputation or the confidence of its members in the federation, or has made any wilful false statement concerning the administrations of its affairs'. Of this Rule Joske and Eggleston JJ said (at 302): It is obvious that criticism of the officers or administration of the union may often be regarded as criticism of the union itself and it is in our opinion impossible to hold that criticism of union officials or of the administration of a union could not be regarded as conduct calculated (or designed) to weaken injure or destroy the confidence of its members in the federation. Under the provisions now being considered, a member may be exposed to punishment because he bona fide and reasonably expresses an opinion from which the committee of management subsequently differs. There is no definition or declaration of what acts will or will not weaken the confidence of members in the federation and the matter will generally remain to be determined ex post facto. If the provision were valid, a member who took action in a matter of union policy or union administration would do so at peril of being found guilty on a charge of doing an act calculated to weaken the confidence of members in the Federation. 110 The rule was held invalid (at 303). 111 In Lasarewitch v The Australian Railways Union (1955) 82 CAR 14, a decision of the former Commonwealth Industrial Court, one of the rules in dispute was Rule 108 which was in these terms: Any member who pursues any other course, or who makes any defamatory statement against the Union, its members, or its officers, or who issues or distributes, or causes to be issued or distributed any circular, address or other communication to the members or to the Press, which in the opinion of the Branch Council or Executive is likely to cause disaffection amongst the members or injury to the Union, shall be liable to be charged with such offence and shall be dealt with as laid down in these Rules number 20 to 24 inclusive, or as may be provided in any State Branch rules. 112 Of this rule, the Full Bench (Dunphy, Wright and Morgan JJ) said (at 18): A defamatory statement is not necessarily a libellous or slanderous statement. This part of the rule would in our view unduly stifle criticism by a member of the conduct of the union, its members or officers, and in our opinion is oppressive, and must be disallowed. Issuing or distributing or causing to be issued or distributed "any circular, address, or other communication to the members or to the Press, which in the opinion of the Branch Council or Executive is likely to cause disaffection amongst the members or injury to the Union." This part of the rule, which gives to those at any time constituting the Branch Council or Executive, the power to prevent criticism of their actions by individual members also appears to us to be oppressive, and is disallowed. 113 The whole of Rule 108 was therefore disallowed. 114 Wiseman v Professional Radio and Electronics Institute of Australasia (1978) 20 ALR 545 ('Wiseman') concerned Rule 15, which was in these terms: INJURIOUS REPORTS NOT TO BE CIRCULATED No official or member of the Institute shall circulate or cause to be circulated any report which may be considered by the Governing Council to be detrimental to the well-being of the Institute or calculated to injure any member thereof. 115 Rule 16 authorised the imposition of penalties on members who breached Rule 15. The majority (Evatt and Northrop JJ) concluded that Rule 15 was invalid in these terms (at ALR 555-556): In our opinion, r 15 imposes upon members of the Institute, conditions, obligations or restrictions which, having regard to the objects of the Act, are oppressive and unreasonable. Members of the Institute are to be encouraged to participate fully in the affairs of the Institute and its democratic control. A member may be opposed to a policy adopted by the Governing Council. He may try to persuade other members that the Governing Council has adopted a policy detrimental to the well-being of the Institute. In either of these circumstances, if the member circulates a report stating his policy and containing criticisms of the policy being enforced by the Governing Council, the Governing Council may consider the report detrimental to the well-being of the Institute and, having formed this opinion, cite the member to appear before it and then sit in judgment of the member so cited … No objective standards are laid down to describe conduct which may be detrimental to the well-being of the Institute and thus there are no standards by which a member is able to decide whether his proposed activity is contrary to the provisions of r 15. The standards, if any, are purely subjective to the members of the Governing Council. Further, the Governing Council is both prosecutor and judge. The proscribed conduct is so vague and uncertain that it is impossible for a member to know in advance whether he is committing an offence or not. In this manner the rule is oppressive in the sense of its ordinary meaning of unjustly burdensome or harsh. Further the rule is unreasonable in the sense that it goes beyond what is fair or equitable. 116 McPaul v Williams (1990) 34 IR 288 concerned not a rule of a registered organisation but instead a resolution of the committee of management of a branch. That resolution was as follows: The branch committee of management (BCOM) noting that pursuant to r 30(e) and 32(f) of the Rules of the Transport Workers' Union of Australia that sub-branch officers shall be subject to the control and direction of the branch committee of management as expressed through the branch secretary RESOLVES as follows – … (e) That no member of the State branch of the union shall assist in the distribution of any publication whether it be the 'New Transporter' or any other journal or publication unless it is a publication that has been first approved by this branch in writing. 117 The resolution was supported by the express powers of the committee of management. However, Gray J reasoned at 294 that if the resolution had been a rule it would have been invalid by applying Wiseman. Mr Seck placed reliance on this passage of Gray J's reasons which is worth noting: If an express rule enabling particular action would be in contravention of the Act, a general rule, relied on as the source of power to carry out the same action, will be construed so as not to enable that action. 118 Mr Seck also relied upon Tripp v Australasian Society of Engineers (1953) 78 CAR 149 and Lane v Australian Workers' Union (1938) 39 CAR 322. Both are examples of cases in which rules that apparently stifled political activity within a union were struck down. The reasoning is somewhat brief, however, and I do not think that these decisions add much for present purposes. 119 However, I accept the basic thrust of Mr Seck's submission. The Rules of the Federal C&G Division could not lawfully prohibit a member from expressing dissent about the manner in which it was being managed. That proposition has been repeatedly accepted in the authorities. Further, as I have said earlier, it is clear that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller's conduct constituted dissent over the way in which the Federal Union was being conducted. Consequently, if Rule 11 authorised their removal for engaging in that conduct it would be invalid to that extent and should, as Gray J identified in the passage quoted above, be construed so as not to have that invalid application. This is easily achievable by construing 'gross misbehaviour' as not including conduct which consists of dissent over the way in which a union is being run. 120 It follows that the conduct with which Mr Quirk and Mr Miller were charged could not be 'gross misbehaviour' within the meaning of Rule 11 and it was not open to the Divisional Executive to convict them of the charges. Discrimination on the grounds of political opinion 121 By s 142(1)(d) of the FW(RO) Act, the rules of a registered organisation: must not discriminate between applicants for membership, or members, of the organisation on the basis of race, colour, sex, sexual orientation, age, physical or mental disability, marital status, family responsibilities, pregnancy, religion, political opinion, national extraction or social origin. 122 Mr Seck submitted that the effect of this provision was that if a rule discriminated between members of a registered organisation on the grounds of political opinion it would be invalid and would be disallowed. In his submission, the stifling of criticism of a registered organisation was a species of discrimination on the basis of political opinion and s 142(1)(d) provided another reason why any explicit rule to that effect would be invalid. Consequently, he submitted that it provided another reason not to construe 'gross misbehaviour' in a manner which permits the stifling of dissent. 123 In view of the conclusion I have reached it is not necessary to express a view on this issue. The Code of Conduct 124 Mr Seck apprehended that the Respondents might rely on the proposition that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller had failed to comply with the Federal Union's Code of Conduct. The code applied to officers of the union. Clauses 4, 9, 10 and 12 were as follows: 4. Officers should refrain from casting damaging aspersions, starting rumours, gossip, innuendo or making comments about fellow officers either to other officers and staff or to persons outside of the Union. The spreading of such comments that is calculated to sully the reputation of fellow officials, or to in some other way cause damage to fellow officer is in breach of this policy. This does not extend to matters raised in accordance with Clause 3 of this policy. 9. It is expected of Officers to publicly defend other fellow Officers including Branch Management Committee members and State Councillors from verbal criticism and personal attack. Officers shall not make statements that impugn the character and integrity of fellow officers, except to raise concern to an executive officer, in accordance with Clause 3 above, where genuine concern exists about the performance or conduct of a fellow officer. 10. It is required that agreed policies of the Union will at all times be publicly promoted and upheld, irrespective of personal views. Criticisms and disagreements must be processed by internal democratic debate. 12. No literature other than union and other agreed literature is to be distributed by Officers of the Union unless authorised by the Secretary. Any comments or contact with the media shall be approved by an Executive officer. 125 There is no doubt that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller breached these clauses. Mr Seck's submission was, in substance, that what could not be achieved by an express rule – namely, the stifling of dissent – could not be achieved by means of a code proscribing dissent and then characterising the failure to comply with the code as gross misbehaviour. 126 I accept this submission. It is established that a resolution or policy of a union which is itself contrary to law is invalid: Porter v Dugmore (1984) 3 FCR 396 at 406-410 per Smithers J, Sheppard J agreeing at 425; Wiseman (above); McPaul v Williams (above). Because it is unlawful for a union to make a rule which stifles democratic dissent it is also unlawful for it to adopt a policy achieving the same outcome. To the extent that the Respondents relied upon Mr Quirk and Mr Miller having breached the code of conduct to establish that they had engaged in gross misbehaviour, I therefore accept Mr Seck's submission that the code itself was invalid to the extent that it applied to their conduct. 127 I therefore accept the submission made on behalf of Mr Quirk and Mr Miller that Rule 11 did not authorise their removal from office because they had criticised the union or suggested that it was corrupt. Further, whilst I accept that their conduct infringed the code of conduct I do not accept that the code of conduct, in so far as it prohibited their conduct, was lawful. It follows that the actions of the Divisional Executive in removing them from office were contrary to law. The Constitutional Freedom 128 Mr Seck also submitted that his construction of 'gross misbehaviour' in Rule 11 was supported by the implied constitutional freedom of communication in political matters for two reasons. First, by s 142(1)(a) of the FW(RO) Act, the rules of registered organisations were required not to be contrary to the FW(RO) Act, the FW Act, a modern award or an enterprise agreement, 'or otherwise be contrary to law'. He submitted that the constitutional freedom was part of the general law which was picked up by this reference. Consequently, if the conduct alleged against Mr Quirk and Mr Miller fell within the protection of implied constitutional immunity then s 142(1) operated to prevent a rule prohibiting or penalising that conduct. It was therefore another reason why 'gross misbehaviour' in Rule 11 could not include the conduct which was alleged against Mr Quirk and Mr Miller. A weaker version of this argument acknowledged that the implied constitutional freedom did not create rights in individuals but was only a fetter on legislative power. Nevertheless, Mr Seck submitted that it would still be a relevant consideration. 129 Secondly, he submitted that 'gross misbehaviour' in s 141(1)(c)(iii) also had to be interpreted within Commonwealth legislative power by reason of s 15A of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901 (Cth) which requires every enactment to be read and construed as valid 'so as not to exceed the legislative power of the Commonwealth'. If 'gross misbehaviour' were construed so that it included communications of political opinion protected by the implied constitutional freedom then s 141(1)(c)(iii) would exceed the legislative power of the Commonwealth. Consequently, s 15A required it to be read as not extending to communications of that kind. 130 I do not think it is necessary to reach a view on either of these arguments in circumstances where I have concluded that gross misbehaviour in Rule 11 does not include dissent over the way in which a union is being conducted. Adverse Action 131 For the same reasons, it is also not necessary to form a view on the Applicants' submission that Rule 11 ought not to be interpreted in such a way as to authorise the taking of adverse action within the meaning of Part 3-1 of the FW Act. Review of the Divisional Executive's decisions if Rule 11 did extend to expressions of dissent 132 It is also not necessary to reach a view on Mr Seck's alternate argument that even if Rule 11 did authorise the removal of Mr Quirk and Mr Miller nevertheless, on the facts of the case, the decision was one which lacked an evident or intelligible justification. Here Mr Seck (and Ms Byrnes) drew upon the decision of Kunc J in Christie v Agricultural Societies Council of New South Wales Ltd [2015] NSWSC 1118 to submit that the standard of review applicable to decisions of a union was the standard enunciated in Australian Workers Union v Bowen (No 2) (1948) 77 CLR 601 which was to be understood as being the same as the Wednesbury standard: Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223. That standard now had to be understood as the rationality standard explained by the High Court in Li: see e.g. [76] per Hayne, Kiefel and Bell JJ. Consequently, the relevant review standard involved asking whether the Divisional Executive's conviction of Mr Quirk and Mr Miller had an evident or intelligible justification. 133 What Dixon J (with whom Starke J agreed) said in Bowen was this (at 628): Members may act upon their own knowledge and upon hearsay if they are satisfied of the truth of what they so learn and if they give the member with whom they are dealing a proper opportunity of answering the charge and defending himself. The tests applied to juries' verdicts, namely, whether there was evidence enabling a reasonable man to find an affirmative or whether upon the evidence a finding was unreasonable, have no place in the examination of the validity of such a domestic tribunal's decisions. But the tribunal is bound to act honestly, that is to say it must have an honest opinion that what the member before it did amount to misconduct and its decision must be given in the interests, real or supposed, of the body it represents and not for an ulterior or extraneous motive. 134 As to the other members of the Court, Latham CJ thought that review was available only where there was an absence of good faith (at 609); Williams J thought review was available where the material before the tribunal was not such that honest persons acting bona fide could conclude the charge was established (at 634); and Rich J agreed with each of Latham CJ, Dixon J and Williams J's approaches which is not possible and does not, with respect, make sense but does not detract from the bona fide requirement whatever it means. 135 The standard enunciated by Dixon J has been applied to the review of decisions of registered organisations: see e.g., Butler v Setches [2017] FCA 1538 (at [24] per O'Callaghan J) and Gould v Isis Club Incorporated [2015] QSC 253; [2016] 1 Qd R 363 (at [11] per McMeekin J). 136 The question of whether the Wednesbury standard (and hence the Li standard) is to be applied to decisions of domestic tribunals is an interesting one which does not arise in this case. Rather, the question is the standard to be applied to registered organisations. Bowen directly deals with that question. I do not regard myself at liberty to depart from Bowen and to apply instead Li. 137 The passage above indicates that the appropriate test to be applied is the low threshold test of honest opinion given in the interests, real or supposed, of the registered organisation. It is explicit that it is not the test applied to jury verdicts. Hence I do not accept that posing the question in Li – i.e. whether there is an evident or intelligible basis for the decision – is the appropriate metric to be applied in this case. 138 However, because the question is a difficult one and because it is not beyond the realms of possibility that the Full Court or the High Court may ultimately take a different view to mine, I will make findings on both standards although it is the Bowen standard that I will apply. 139 It is convenient to structure this discussion by beginning first with the general submission made by the Applicants about the failure of the Divisional Executive to refer to the findings contained in an interim report produced by the Royal Commission. Secondly, I will then deal with some aspects of the cross-examinations of each member of the Divisional Executive insofar as it relates to Mr Seck's rationality arguments. Thirdly, I will examine the individual challenges which are made to the particulars to the charges. The Royal Commission interim report 140 Amongst the particulars to the charges against both Mr Quirk and Mr Miller were a number of matters which touched upon the correctness of what Mr Quirk and Mr Miller had said about the goings on at the Federal Union. Mr Seck made a general submission that it was irrational in the Li sense for the Divisional Executive to have embarked upon such an inquiry without considering the contents of the interim report of the Royal Commission. I reject this argument. Whilst the Divisional Executive could have considered the interim report if it wished to do so, I cannot see how it can be said that its conclusions lacked an evident or intelligible justification just because it did not. The challenge fails at the Li standard. It does not make it to the runway under Bowen. The Cross-examination of the members of the Divisional Executive 141 The cross-examination of the members of the Divisional Executive was done as an aid to the Applicants' case under Li (and to the adverse action case, to which I turn in Section III below). There was no submission mounted that its members had not made their decision honestly in pursuit of what they perceived to be the interests of the Federal Union. It was submitted that the cross-examinations showed essentially four matters. These were that: (a) some members proceeded on an assumption that the allegations made by Mr Quirk and Mr Miller had been investigated internally by the Federal Union (by means of the Slevin Report) and hence that the statements were untrue; (b) some members proceeded on an assumption that because it had not been shown that what Mr Quirk and Mr Miller had said was true, it followed that it was false; (c) some members were aware that not all of the statements made by Mr Quirk and Mr Miller were the subject of inquiry by Mr Slevin; and (d) some members did not look at the material which supported the charges to see for themselves whether the charges were made good. 142 I accept that the following witnesses gave evidence consistent with proposition (a): Mr O'Grady: T627.26-629.9; T630.37-39, T632.35-41 (concerning Mr Quirk), T645.11-21 (concerning both Mr Quirk and Mr Miller); Mr Buchan: T774.31-775.8, T781.25-38 (concerning both Mr Quirk and Mr Miller; also consistent with proposition (b)), T785.21-31 (concerning both Mr Quirk and Mr Miller); Mr Cartledge: T951.19-41 (concerning both Mr Quirk and Mr Miller); Mr Spernovasilis: T699.22-27 (concerning Mr Quirk); and Mr Ingham: T754.30-34 (concerning both Mr Quirk and Mr Miller; also consistent with proposition (b)). 143 I accept that the following witnesses gave evidence consistent with proposition (b): Mr Hall: T664.18-20, T665.34-36 (concerning Mr Quirk), T671.15-28 (concerning Mr Miller); Mr Ingham: T754.30-34 (concerning both Mr Quirk and Mr Miller; also consistent with proposition (a)); and Mr Buchan: T781.25-38 (concerning Mr Quirk; also consistent with proposition (a)). 144 I accept that Mr O'Grady gave evidence consistent with proposition (c): §58 of his affidavit of 12 September 2019; T630.13-35 (concerning Mr Quirk). 145 I accept that Mr Hall gave evidence consistent with proposition (d): T653.1-11 (concerning both Mr Quirk and Mr Miller; but cf. T653.13-23 where Mr Hall appeared to equivocate on this point), T660.22-23 (concerning Mr Quirk) and T673.1-9 (concerning Mr Miller). 146 Mr Setka stood in a different position. He believed that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller had lied in relation to unrelated matters concerning the Victorian branch of the Federal Union. Mr Setka thought they were liars for that reason and therefore accepted that they were lying on this occasion too. He also thought that if in substance the matter had been looked at by Mr Slevin this showed that they were lying. To the extent that Mr Slevin had not looked at some of the matters this was because they were not serious enough to investigate and this was further evidence that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller were making untrue statements. 147 Mr Reardon simply thought that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller's conduct was indefensible and that they had been motivated more by venom than substance. Probably, Mr Reardon's evidence can be regarded as consistent with proposition (b) (i.e. that the reason the conduct was indefensible was because the allegations were unsupportable) but this distinction is not important for present purposes: T880.33-40. 148 Mr McDonald, for his part, gave evidence that what Mr Quirk and Mr Miller said was untrue because, to his mind, they were motivated to 'destroy the union' by ventilating publicly internal squabbles in which they were involved: T836.8-10; T841.28-34. Mr Seck submitted that this approach, too, was illogical or irrational. 149 Although a lawyer might not be impressed by this style of reasoning, it is important to keep in mind that the Divisional Executive is not a court of law but a lay tribunal. I do not think that reasoning along the lines of (a) involved irrationality in the Li sense. Reading the Slevin Report with a lawyer's eye and comparing it to the charges one might detect a lacuna. However, I do not think it can be said that a decision on the basis of the Slevin Report lacked an evident or intelligible justification. Nor do I accept with this body that it was irrational in the Li sense to reason as in (b). I do not accept that reasoning along the lines of (c) and (d) was irrational in the Li sense either. In any case, the members of the Divisional Executive involved in reasoning along the lines in (c) and (d) amounted to two out of nine of those who voted to make good the charges and so the reasoning was in that sense immaterial to the outcome. 150 In any event, as I have explained, the appropriate standard is the Bowen standard and the cross-examination of the Divisional Executive did not come close to making good that standard. 151 Turning then to the individual particulars of the charges and dealing with Mr Quirk first: The particulars to the charges against Mr Quirk and Mr Miller 152 As explained above in Section I, the meeting of the Divisional Executive on 17 April 2015 considered and voted upon written charges of gross misbehaviour levelled against Mr Quirk and Mr Miller, which charges were supported by particulars. It is useful to consider each of the particulars in turn. 1. Mr Quirk – particular (a) 153 Particular (a) was in these terms: a) On 16 October 2014 Mr Quirk appeared on the ABC 7.30 program without authorisation of the union and purported to speak as a union officer about matters relating to the union. During that appearance he made comments which were false and/or adverse to the union. 154 Mr Seck submitted that there was no evidence before the Divisional Executive that Mr Quirk had not been authorised to appear on 7.30. I accept this is true. However, the Divisional Executive was entitled to form its own views on the matter. It is, with respect, obvious that Mr Quirk's appearance on 7.30 would not have been done with the authority of the Federal Union. It is also relevant to note that any authorisation would likely have been provided by, in the first instance, the State Secretary Mr Parker, or failing that, the Divisional Secretary Mr Noonan. Both Mr Parker and Mr Noonan were members of the Divisional Executive and therefore in a position to know whether or not authorisation had been given (although, it must be noted, Mr Parker did not attend the 17 April 2015 meeting and Mr Noonan, being the person laying the charges, did not vote in respect of them). The Divisional Executive was not limited in its consideration of the matter to the material which was before it but was entitled to take into account also the glaringly obvious. The glaringly obvious includes beneath its canopy the idea that the Federal Union would not have authorised one of its members to go on national television and accuse it of corruption. Nor, for that matter, would the State Union. This challenge fails both the Bowen and Li standards. 155 The balance of particular (a) serves as an umbrella allegation and, in my view, is to be treated as merely a signpost to the balance of the particulars. 2. Mr Quirk – particular (b) 156 Particular (b) was in these terms: b) During his appearance on the ABC 7.30 program on 16 October 2014 Mr Quirk falsely stated that the union had been silent about reports of corruption, association with murderers, association with gangsters, association with terrorists, money being paid to union officials, union officials being forced out of their jobs and their careers. The union has not been silent on such reports. The union has inquired into those reports, deliberated upon them at a number of levels and made public statements about them. Mr Quirk's public statement that the union had been silent about those reports was false and it was damaging to the union. 157 There were two challenges to this, first, it was said that the contention that the Federal Union had not been silent on the reports was not open to be accepted by the Divisional Executive; secondly, even if it was, it was not open to conclude that what Mr Quirk had said was false. 2.1 Silence by the Federal Union 158 The material before the Divisional Executive included letters from the Federal Union to the New South Wales and Victorian police services about the allegations, a letter to the members and the Slevin Report. These materials provide a rational basis for concluding that it was not correct to say that the Federal Union had done nothing about the matter. Mr Quirk accepted this but sought to counter it by submitting that these steps did not constitute 'meaningful action': T1009.45. Even accepting for the sake of argument that they do not, however, this does not entail that they do not provide an evident or intelligible justification for the conclusion that the Federal Union had not been silent. This challenge fails both the Bowen and Li standards. 2.2 Falsity 159 Mr Seck submitted that what Mr Quirk had actually said on 7.30 was that 'the silence has been deafening'. The first point was that this statement was not shown to be false merely because the Federal Union had taken the steps referred to in the preceding paragraph. I do not accept this argument. The words 'the silence has been deafening' provided an evident and intelligible basis for concluding that Mr Quirk had in substance accused the Federal Union of doing nothing. This challenge fails both the Bowen and Li standards. 160 Next Mr Seck submitted that 'false' meant not only that the statements were wrong but that Mr Quirk knew they were wrong. He submitted that there was no material before the Divisional Executive which would have permitted the Divisional Executive to conclude that Mr Quirk knew that his statements were false. Consequently, so it was submitted, it was necessary to attend with care to what it was that Mr Quirk had actually said. Only once one knew that could one begin to determine whether it had been said knowing it not to be true. 161 I accept this submission. False can mean wrong or knowingly wrong. In the context of an allegation of gross misbehaviour, it must mean knowingly wrong. As a matter of ordinary English, the making of a statement which is wrong although not known to be wrong would not be gross misbehaviour. 162 I do not accept, however, that it was not open to the Divisional Executive to conclude that Mr Quirk's statement was deliberately false. While I accept that the Slevin Report did not deal with every aspect of the matter, from the perspective of the Divisional Executive it was open to it to conclude that Mr Quirk's allegations had been looked into independently and found to be wrong. It was also relevant, from the perspective of the Divisional Executive, that Mr Quirk had been provided with the Slevin Report on 10 July 2014 under cover of a letter from Mr O'Connor, by way of response to the concerns that Mr Quirk had raised internally. That there are criticisms which can now be made of the Slevin Report does not detract from the fact that it was open to the Divisional Executive, given these matters, to conclude that Mr Quirk had said on 7.30 something that was false and that he knew to be false – i.e., that the union had done nothing in response to the matters about which he was concerned. 163 I therefore do not accept that the Divisional Executive's decision lacked an evident or intelligible justification for concluding that Mr Quirk was wrong in his assertions. Consequently, this challenge fails both the Bowen and Li standards. 3. Mr Quirk: particular (c) 164 Particular (c) was in these terms: c) During his appearance on the ABC 7.30 program on 16 October 2014 Mr Quirk falsely stated that the union had done nothing about arrears associated with the George Alex companies. The union did not do nothing about those arrears. The NSW Branch recovered over $1.6 million in arrears from companies associated with Mr Alex in the period May 2012 to August 2014. Mr Quirk's public statement that the union had done nothing to recover worker's entitlements was false and it was damaging to the union. 165 Mr Seck pursued three points. First, he argued that Mr Quirk had not said that the Federal Union had done nothing about the arrears of the George Alex companies; rather, what he had said was that the companies were eight months behind 'and nothing happened'. Hence, it was not open to the Divisional Executive to conclude that Mr Quirk had said that the Federal Union had done nothing about the arrears associated with the companies. Secondly, in saying the companies were eight months behind Mr Quirk was actually correct. Thirdly, even if what Mr Quirk said was wrong, it was not open to the Divisional Executive to conclude that Mr Quirk said it knowing it to be wrong. 166 As to the first point, I accept that what Mr Quirk said was that the companies were eight months behind and that 'nothing had happened'. I do not accept, however, that this means it was not open for the Divisional Executive at either the Bowen or Li standards to conclude that Mr Quirk had implied that the Federal Union was doing nothing about the arrears of the companies. 167 As to the second point, although Mr Seck devoted time during cross-examination to seeking to establish that the underpayments arose in September 2012 and were not acted on until June 2013, in fact, the Divisional Executive's concern was not with the eight month time period per se but rather with the statement 'and nothing happened'. Mr Noonan gave evidence that he understood Mr Quirk to be claiming that nothing had happened as at the time the 7.30 program went to air. Mr O'Grady gave evidence that, even assuming the focus should be directed to the September 2012 – June 2013 window, he could not accept that 'nothing had happened' in respect of the underpayments and that in fact payments may have been made during that period, noting that the Slevin Report drew attention to inaccuracies in the payment records. In my view, it was open to the Divisional Executive, on both the Li and Bowen standards, to take this approach to the statement 'and nothing happened' in particular (c). 168 As to the third point, I accept that there was no direct evidence before the Divisional Executive from which it could infer that Mr Quirk knew that the statement was false. I am unable to see how this would be a matter which the Divisional Executive could infer from its general knowledge or expertise. I therefore accept Mr Quirk's submission that there was no evident or intelligible basis for the Divisional Executive's conclusion that Mr Quirk made this statement knowing it was untrue. A challenge at the Li standard succeeds. However, a challenge on the Bowen standard fails. I am satisfied that the Divisional Executive honestly believed that Mr Quirk was telling untruths and that in forming its opinion it was actuated by its perception of where the interests of the Federal Union lay. 4. Mr Quirk: particular (d) 169 Particular (d) was in these terms: d) During his appearance on the ABC 7.30 program on 16 October 2014 Mr Quirk made adverse comment about the National Secretary by falsely stating that the terms of reference of the National Office Inquiry into allegations made by Mr Quirk about the NSW Branch in October 2013 failed to include an allegation that the National Office had contributed to the matters the subject of investigation. The terms of reference of the investigation did include Mr Quirk's allegation about the involvement of the National Office. Mr Quirk's public statement that the National Secretary failed to investigate his allegation about the National office was false and it was damaging to the National Secretary and the union. 170 There were two points here. First, the copy of the terms of reference which had been provided to Mr Quirk did not include a referral to consider an allegation that the National Office had itself contributed to the matters the subject of the investigation. Secondly, there was no material from which it could be inferred that Mr Quirk's statement was knowingly wrong. 171 As to the first matter, the evidence about this is unclear. Although Mr Quirk gave affidavit evidence that the version of the terms of reference sent to him did not include a reference to the National Office, he did not provide a copy of that document. During the trial, however, Mr Docking showed Mr Quirk a letter from Mr O'Connor dated 28 November 2013 which enclosed a 'List of Concerns'. Mr Quirk confirmed that this was the letter containing the terms of reference to which he had referred in his affidavit. It was received into evidence as 'Exhibit 8'. 172 The List of Concerns (to wit, the 'terms of reference') was substantially reproduced on pages 3 and 4 of the Slevin Report, however certain of the allegations had been varied. Among other discrepancies, the Slevin Report records allegations 1(b)(iii) and 4(e) which are not found in the list enclosed with Mr O'Connor's letter. It is not clear why or how the List of Concerns changed between Mr O'Connor's letter and the Slevin Report however nothing turns on this for present purposes because neither version of the List of Concerns contains any issue about the involvement of the National Office. Support for this conclusion may also be found in the testimony of Mr Noonan who, when taken to Exhibit 8 under cross-examination, conceded that the List of Concerns did not disclose any allegation corresponding to the passage of Mr Quirk's letter which raised the issue: T551.6. 173 Likewise, although the charge refers to the fact that the inquiry did have as one of its terms of reference the role of the National Office, as I have just explained, I have been unable to locate in the Slevin Report such a term of reference. The matter is complicated, however, because Mr Slevin's report did briefly mention the role of the National Office. Indeed, Mr Slevin recorded a contention by Mr Quirk that the union's policies and structures prevented the proper investigation by senior officials in the National Office of the complaints raised about the conduct of the Branch in relation to Mr Alex. 174 I approach the matter on the basis of substance. Mr Quirk's complaint is that the Slevin Report was not required to look into the National Office issue. Whether it was required to do so or not, however, the fact is that Mr Slevin did give some brief attention to it. One must also keep in view the second paragraph of particular (d) which demonstrates that, insofar as the Divisional Executive was concerned, the basis of the charge was Mr Quirk's insinuation that this aspect of his complaint was not looked into when it was in fact addressed in the Slevin Report. In that circumstance, I accept that there was an evident and intelligible basis for concluding that Mr Quirk's insinuation was incorrect. I therefore reject both a Li and a Bowen challenge to this conclusion. 175 I also reject a submission made on behalf of Mr Quirk that Mr Slevin's brief treatment of the National Office was such that it could not be said that the matter had been investigated. It is true that Mr Slevin indicated that he did not think that the matter could be examined because of the state of the rules. However, this does not mean it was not open to the Divisional Executive to conclude that Mr Quirk's statement on 7.30 was incorrect. 176 Turning to the second challenge, that the material before the Divisional Executive could not sustain a conclusion that Mr Quirk knew what he was saying was wrong, I do not agree. It was open to the Divisional Executive to conclude that Mr Quirk knew just as well as they did that Mr Slevin had looked at the National Office issue. Whilst the Divisional Executive could have taken a different view on the basis of the perfunctory nature of Mr Slevin's treatment of the issue, I do not think that means that it was not open to them to infer that Mr Quirk must have known what he was saying was not correct. I therefore reject a Li challenge and consequently a Bowen challenge. 5. Mr Quirk: particular (e) 177 Particular (e) was in these terms: e) During his appearance on the ABC 7.30 program on 16 October 2014 Mr Quirk made false claims about other Officers and employees of the union stating that he went to work every day and dealt with experienced thugs who were sizing him up to assault him. Mr Quirk's public statement that the union officers and employees he worked with were experienced thugs who wanted to assault him was false and damaging to those officers and employees and the union. 178 Mr Quirk raised three points: first, the material did not justify the conclusion that he had actually said that the people he worked with were experienced thugs who wished to assault him; secondly, there was material which showed that what Mr Quirk had said was correct; thirdly, that it was not open to the Divisional Executive to conclude that the statement he had made was false. 179 As to the first issue, what Mr Quirk in fact had said on 7.30 was this: you know, going to work every day and dealing with people at your workplace who are pretty experienced thugs, who, you know, are plainly sizing you up to see which leg they want to break first. 180 Here the submission was that Mr Quirk had not actually mentioned employees or union officers. I do not accept that this means that the Divisional Executive lacked an evident or intelligible justification for its conclusion that the statement was false. It was plainly open to conclude that the people Mr Quirk was 'dealing' with were officers and employees of the Federal Union. Challenges under both Li and Bowen fail. 181 As to the second matter, it was submitted by Mr Quirk that the Slevin Report had not dealt with Mr Quirk's allegation concerning a death threat. Assuming that to be correct, I do not see how that means that it was not open to the Divisional Executive to conclude that Mr Quirk's statement just quoted was false. Mr Quirk's statement to 7.30 did not include any statement about a death threat. Nor (as I explain in more detail shortly) is it to the point in a Li analysis that the interim report of the Royal Commission had concluded a death threat had been made by Mr Greenfield to Mr Fitzpatrick or that Mr Brian Parker had threatened to assault Mr Mario Barrios. 182 As to the third matter (falsity), I accept that there was no rational basis on which the Divisional Executive could conclude that Mr Quirk's statement to 7.30 was false. I would uphold the Li challenge but would reject a Bowen challenge for the reasons I have mentioned under particular (c) above. 6. Mr Miller: particular (a) 183 Particular (a) was in these terms: a) On or around 16 October 2014 Mr Miller spoke to a journalist at the Sydney Morning Herald and program without authorisation of the union and purported to speak as a union officer about matters relating to the union. Mr Miller is quoted in that article as saying: i. Figures in the union were protecting other people just to save their jobs instead of telling the truth. ii. That the union has a problem and it needs to fix it or the union is going to be decimated. The statement that there are figures in the union not telling the truth to protect others is unsubstantiated, it is damaging to the union and it had not been raised within the union by Mr Miller before it was raised publicly. The statement that the union has a problem, which it needs to fix or be decimated is not substantiated, it is damaging to the union and it had not been raised within the union by Mr Miller before it was raised publicly. 184 Mr Seck argued that the decision of the Divisional Executive was unreasonable for four reasons. First, the particular did not accurately reflect the text of the article. Secondly, the papers which were before the Divisional Executive did not include the article of 16 October 2014 but instead an article dated 2 October 2014. Thirdly, that there was no rational basis for concluding that Mr Miller's statement was 'unsubstantiated'. Fourthly, there was no basis for concluding that Mr Miller had not raised the matter with the Federal Union prior to speaking to the Sydney Morning Herald. 6.1 Accuracy of particular compared to text of article 185 The particular alleged that Mr Miller had been quoted in the article as having said that 'figures in the union were protecting other people just to save their jobs instead of telling the truth'. But, according to Mr Seck, these were not the words which had been used by Mr Miller. What the article actually said was 'Figures in the union seem to be protecting other people just to save their jobs instead of telling the truth'. 186 I accept the text of the particular is different to the text of the article. However, I do not accept that the difference is material from the perspective of Li or Bowen. The difference is only the words 'seem to be'. Mr Seck made the point that those words convey an assertion of appearance rather than an assertion of objective fact and, of course, at a certain level of abstraction this may be accepted. But this is quite divorced from the substance of the charges or the Divisional Executive's approach to them; in that domain, the distinction is not a material one and does not alter my conclusion that the textual inaccuracy of the particular compared to the article does not make good the challenge under either Li or Bowen. 6.2 Wrong article in material before the Divisional Executive 187 Next it was said that the article which had been included in the papers provided to the Divisional Executive was not the article of 16 October 2014 but instead another article dated 2 October 2014. It was submitted that certain members of the Divisional Executive who gave evidence said that they had not actually read the 16 October 2014 article and had instead based their conclusions on the 7.30 program. 188 I am not persuaded that the fact that the wrong article was included in the papers is really of much moment. The charge concerned the 16 October 2014 article and the Divisional Executive was not limited in its consideration of the matter to the papers which were before it. As such, in order for this to have any significance under the Bowen or the Li standards, I would need to be persuaded that the members of the Divisional Executive, at the time they voted to uphold the charge against Mr Miller in respect of particular (a), had never actually read the article or been made aware of its contents. Mr Seck had the burden of proving this and that burden was not discharged. Only two of the nine members of the Divisional Executive who voted gave evidence that they had not read the 16 October 2014 article at any point prior to the meeting: Mr Ingham (at §27 of his affidavit) and Mr Cartledge (at §28 of his affidavit). In the case of Mr Cartledge, he gave evidence that he trusted and relied upon the explanation of the article which he received from Mr Noonan: T947.35-39. In the case of Mr Ingham, there is no evidence upon which to conclude that he was not made aware of the contents of the article prior to voting on the charge against Mr Miller. 189 Accordingly, I am not persuaded that the evidence of any members of the Divisional Executive assisted the Applicants on this issue. But even if the evidence of Mr Cartledge and Mr Ingham had assisted the Applicants, this would not have been material to the outcome given they comprised only two of the nine members who voted at the meeting. 6.3 Unsubstantiated? 190 It was submitted that it was not open to conclude that the allegation that Mr Miller's statement reported in the Sydney Morning Herald that 'figures in the union were protecting other people just to save their jobs' was unsubstantiated. 191 I accept that there was no formal proof of the absence of substantiation before the Divisional Executive. However, having regard to the nature of the Divisional Executive I do not think that it was limited to the material before it. It was entitled draw on its own knowledge and practical experience. Although a copy of the Slevin Report was omitted from the papers which were before the Divisional Executive in respect of Mr Miller, it was included amongst the papers before the Divisional Executive in respect of Mr Quirk. I am prepared to infer that the Divisional Executive was aware that the Slevin Report provided no basis for Mr Miller's assertions. Consequently, I do not think a conclusion that Mr Miller's statement was unsubstantiated was itself foreclosed to the Divisional Executive either at the Li or the Bowen standard. For completeness, I do not accept the faint suggestion that an argument based on Li can be cobbled together from the fact that the Divisional Executive did not consider the findings contained in the interim report of the Royal Commission. 6.4 Prior notice 192 It was also submitted that the charge that Mr Miller had not raised the matter with the union before speaking to the Sydney Morning Herald was incorrect. In particular, it was said that Mr Miller had raised with the Federal Union both matters in charge (a)(i) and (ii) (i.e. the statements 'figures in the union were protecting other people just to save their jobs' and 'the union has a problem and it needs to fix it or the union is going to be decimated'). It was said that Mr Miller had raised these matters in a letter sent to Mr Parker. The version of this letter which was in evidence does not bear a date but it is evident that it was sent before the Sydney Morning Herald article was published. Having read that letter, I do not accept that it raises the two matters in (a)(i) and (ii). 7. Mr Miller: particular (b) 193 Particular (b) was in these terms: b) On 16 October 2014, Mr Miller appeared on the ABC 7.30 program without authorisation of the union and purported to speak as a union officer about matters relating to the union. During that appearance he made comments which were false and/or adverse to the union. During that appearance Mr Miller: i. Falsely alleged that the union was trying to get rid of Mr Quirk for supporting Mr Fitzpatrick. ii. Falsely alleged that Mr Quirk was being mistreated by the union. iii. Alleged that he had been mistreated by the union. Mr Miller's allegations had not been raised by him within the union before he appeared on national television. The allegations were damaging to the union. 194 Here there were 7 points: first, that the charge did not reflect what Mr Miller had actually said on 7.30; secondly, that it was not correct that Mr Miller had not raised the matter with the Federal Union prior to the 7.30 program being aired; thirdly, that it was not open to the Divisional Executive to conclude that Mr Miller's appearance on 7.30 had been done without the authority of the Federal Union; fourthly, that it was not open to conclude that Mr Miller had said that Mr Quirk had been mistreated by the Federal Union; fifthly, that even if that was open, it was not open to conclude that the statement was false; sixthly, that it was not open to conclude that Mr Miller had said that he himself had been mistreated by the Federal Union; and, lastly, that even if that was said, it was not open to conclude that that statement was false. 7.1 What Mr Miller said 195 The particulars of the charge were that Mr Miller had said 'the union was trying to get rid of Mr Quirk for supporting Mr Fitzpatrick'. In fact what Mr Miller said on 7.30 was this: As soon as he went into bat for Brian Fitzpatrick, that was the end of it. They just – they were just trying to get him out the door. He'd get abused when he was at organisers' meetings and I think that was affecting him and then he's been there a reasonable amount of time and he's tried his best and he's, you know, he's getting hammered just now, you know. I mean – and, you know, he's struggling. 196 I do not think it was irrational in the Li sense for the Divisional Executive to conclude that this sustained the allegation that Mr Miller had said that the Union was trying to get rid of Mr Quirk for supporting Mr Fitzpatrick. I also reject a challenge at the Bowen standard. 7.2 Whether Mr Miller raised the matter beforehand 197 Here it was said that the aspect of charge (b)(i) that Mr Miller had not raised Mr Quirk's mistreatment with the Federal Union beforehand could not be made good because of the letter Mr Miller had sent Mr Parker. This letter was before the Divisional Executive. The relevant passage in the letter is in these terms: Andrew Quirk has been bullied at one of the organisers meeting. He was called a 'dog' and there was a dog smell in the room. He is now on workers compensation. I have heard stories in the office which seem untrue about other workers who are absent from work. 198 Whilst I accept that it would have been open to the Divisional Executive to reject the allegation against Mr Miller on the basis of this statement, I do not think that it was bound to do so. It was equally open to it not to accept the letter's evidentiary value. Consequently, a Li and a Bowen challenge both fail. 7.3 Was Mr Miller authorised by the Federal Union to appear on 7.30? 199 I reject the submission for the reasons I have given above at [154] in relation to Mr Quirk. 7.4 Open to conclude that Mr Miller said that Mr Quirk had been mistreated? 200 Next it was said that what Mr Miller had said on 7.30 could not sustain the charge that he had said that 'Mr Quirk had been mistreated by the union.' I do not accept at the Li or the Bowen standards that it was not open to conclude on the basis of those words that Mr Miller had said that Mr Quirk had been mistreated by the union. 7.5 Falsity 201 On the other hand, there does not appear to have been any material before the Divisional Executive which could have sustained the conclusion that Mr Miller had made the statement knowing it to be untrue. I accept that a challenge on the basis of Li succeeds but not on the basis of Bowen. 7.6 Open to conclude that Mr Miller had said that he had been mistreated? 202 The relevant portion of the interview was in these terms: Yeah, I've had sleepless nights because of it. Just can't believe that, you know, they're treating me like this. For 29 years as an organiser and, you know, I've been pretty loyal and done the best I can for the members and this is the way you get treated. 203 I do not accept that it was not open at the Li or the Bowen standards to conclude that this passage sustained the allegation that Mr Miller had said that he had been mistreated by the union. 7.7 Falsity 204 On the other hand, I accept at the Li standard that it was not open to conclude that Mr Miller had made the statement knowing it to be untrue. However, at the Bowen standard, the submission fails. Conclusions on challenges to the decisions to remove Mr Quirk and Mr Miller under Rule 11 205 Mr Quirk and Mr Miller were removed from office under Rule 11 but in breach of it. Their actions in speaking to 7.30 and in Mr Miller's case, the Sydney Morning Herald, fell squarely within clearly established authority holding that dissent of the kind in question cannot be prohibited by the rules of a registered organisation. The phrase 'gross misbehaviour' is to be read accordingly to save the rule from invalidity. If that conclusion is wrong so that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller's actions in appearing on 7.30 and speaking to the Sydney Morning Herald were capable of falling within Rule 11, however, I reject the Applicants' argument that it was not open under Rule 11 to have convicted them. 206 If I am wrong in applying the Bowen standard and the matter is instead to be determined on the basis of the Li standard I would conclude that in most cases the Divisional Executive had no rational basis (that is, no 'evident and intelligible justification') for concluding that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller had made knowingly false statements since there was no material from which the Divisional Executive could rationally draw inferences to that effect. 207 I deal with relief later in these reasons. III THE EMPLOYMENT CASE 208 The Applicants' case on employment was threefold. First, it was said that the Federal Union had infringed s 346 of the FW Act by taking 'adverse action' against them on account of their having engaged in industrial activity. Secondly, it was submitted that the Federal Union had contravened s 351 of the FW Act by taking adverse action against them because of their political opinion. Thirdly, it was said that the Federal Union had contravened s 340 by taking adverse action against them because they had exercised a workplace right. 209 The first question to be determined is whether any adverse action was taken against either Mr Quirk or Mr Miller. Secondly, it is necessary to identify the three activities in respect of which the Applicants allege the adverse action was taken against them and to determine whether they fall within the protected attributes erected by the FW Act (engaging in industrial activity (s 346), having a political opinion (s 351), and exercising a workplace right (s 340)). Thirdly, it is necessary to determine whether the Federal Union took the adverse action 'because' of any of those attributes (the word 'because' appearing in each of ss 340, 346 and 351). Adverse action Relevant provisions 210 The Applicants identified the adverse action which had been taken against them as the laying of the charges against them by means of the summonses, their removal from the office of elected organiser and the concomitant termination of their employment. The relevant prohibitions on the taking of adverse action are found in ss 340, 346 and 351. By way of example, s 346(b) relevantly provides: A person must not take adverse action against another person because the person: … (b) engages, or has at any time engaged or proposed to engage, in industrial activity within the meaning of paragraph 347(a) or (b) Note: This section is a civil remedy provision (see Part 4-1). 211 This provision employs two concepts, adverse action and the engaging in of industrial activity (of which I say more later). The former is defined in a table set out in s 342(1). The table is long and characteristically impenetrable but the Applicants rely only on items 1 and 7. For their part, the Respondents rely on subsection (3). Items 1 and 7 of s 342(1) and s 342(3) are as follows: Item 1: Adverse action is taken by an employer against an employee if the employer: (a) dismisses the employee; or (b) injures the employee in his or her employment; or (c) alters the position of the employee to the employee's prejudice; or (d) discriminates between the employee and other employees of the employer. Item 7: Adverse action is taken by an industrial association, or an officer or member of an industrial association, against a person if the industrial association, or the officer or member of the industrial association: (a) organises or takes industrial action against the person; or (b) takes action that has the effect, directly or indirectly, of prejudicing the person in the person's employment or prospective employment; or (c) if the person is an independent contractor—takes action that has the effect, directly or indirectly, of prejudicing the independent contractor in relation to a contract for services; or (d) if the person is a member of the association—imposes a penalty, forfeiture or disability of any kind on the member (other than in relation to money legally owed to the association by the member). … (3) Adverse action does not include action that is authorised by or under: (a) this Act or any other law of the Commonwealth; or (b) a law of a State or Territory prescribed by the regulations. 212 Insofar as item 1 is concerned the Applicants initially relied upon cll (a) to (d) but did not, in the end, press cl (d). Insofar as item 7 is concerned the Applicants rely upon clauses (b) and (d). Before turning to them I reject the Respondents' submission based in s 342(3) that because the Divisional Executive acted under Rule 11 it could be said that its actions had been authorised by the FW(RO) Act within the meaning of s 342(3)(a). There are two reasons for this. First, whilst the Federal Union was required to have rules by s 140 of the FW(RO) Act and those rules were required to have certain legal attributes by s 142, it does not follow that something done under such a set of rules was 'authorised' by or under a law of the Commonwealth. Secondly, the correctness of that conclusion is confirmed by item 7(d) of the table in s 342(1). Because an industrial association includes a registered organisation (s 12 definition of 'industrial association' cl (a)), item 7 cl (d) contemplates that the imposition of a fine or penalty by a registered organisation can be adverse action. Action by Divisional Executive taken to be action by Federal Union 213 It is first necessary to note s 363(1)(a) which says that action taken by the committee of management of an industrial association is taken to be action taken by the industrial association. The FW Act does not define the term 'committee of management'. However, the Rules of the Federal C&G Division do include such a definition: "C.O.M" (Committee of Management) or "Executive" shall be synonymous and shall mean in relation to a divisional branch the controlling and administrative body of such Divisional Branch. 214 Accordingly, I am satisfied that the Divisional Executive is a committee of management. It follows that the actions of the Divisional Executive are taken to be the actions of the Federal Union. Specific allegations of adverse action 215 It is then necessary to turn to items 1 and 7 to ascertain whether the Federal Union took adverse action within the meaning of s 342(1). Dismissal: item 1 cl (a) 216 The Dictionary in s 12 of the FW Act defines 'dismissed' as having the meaning set out in s 386. It provides that a person has been dismissed if 'the person's employment with his or her employer has been terminated on the employer's initiative'. A termination will be on the employer's initiative if the act of the employer directly or consequentially results in the termination: Mahony v White [2016] FCAFC 160; 262 IR 221 ('Mahony') at [22] citing Mohazab v Dick Smith Electronics Pty Ltd (No 2) (1995) 62 IR 200 ('Mohazab') at 205-206. 217 Mr Seck submitted that the actions of the Divisional Executive in removing the Applicants from the office of elected organiser was the principal contributing factor to the termination of the employment relationship. I have explained above in Section II that upon commencing in their positions as elected organisers a fresh contract of employment came into existence. It was an implied term of that agreement that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller's employment by the Federal Union was coterminous with their holding office: Mylan at [26] per Buchanan J. 218 The Applicants submitted that the act of the Divisional Executive in removing them from office under Rule 11 was the principal contributing factor to the termination of their employment. The Respondents, on the other hand, denied that the employment relationship had been terminated at all. In their submission, what had in fact happened was that the employment relationship had ended by operation of law on their removal from office. 219 A similar but not identical issue arose in Mylan. In that case Mr Mylan was elected to the position of Deputy General Secretary of the Health Services Union East Branch which, under the union's rules, entitled him to be employed in that position as well. A judge of this Court made orders that vacated all the elected offices of the East Branch and placed it in administration. The consequence of that order was that Mr Mylan ceased to be the Deputy General Secretary. Mr Mylan then brought various proceedings in which he alleged that his employment had been terminated. Buchanan J concluded that the union had not terminated Mr Mylan's employment which had instead come to an end by operation of law. The union had submitted that there was implied in Mr Mylan's contract of employment a term which made his employment coterminous with the holding of the office of Deputy General Secretary. Buchanan J accepted this at [26] and went on to say: Although I generally accept the submission of the union about the implication of terms and frustration, the position in my view is reasonably straightforward. I have no doubt that any employment which Mr Mylan may have held with the union was co-extensive with holding office in the union and depended upon that circumstance. When he ceased to hold office in the union by operation of the union rules, the position was no different than if he had been displaced at an election. The circumstances upon which any employment depended no longer existed. Any employment was at an end without any necessity for action by the union. In any event, Mr Mylan's office (and any employment) was lost by operation of law as a result of the Orders. 220 Particularly to be noted is his Honour's statement that the employment was 'at an end without any necessity for action by the union'. Of course, in that case the union had literally done nothing. All that had occurred was the making of an order by this Court which had the immediate legal consequence of vacating Mr Mylan's position as Deputy General Secretary. That is not quite the same as this case. It is true that if Mr Quirk and Mr Miller were validly removed from office under Rule 11 then, without any further action by the Federal Union, the employment relationship came to an end. However, it is not the case that the acts of the Federal Union in removing Mr Quirk and Mr Miller from office are of the same character as the orders made by this Court vacating Mr Mylan's office as Deputy General Secretary. In particular, whilst it can be said in Mylan that the union did not do any act which resulted in the ending of the employment relationship, it is not possible to say that in this case. Rather, it was the act of the Divisional Executive (which is the Federal Union's act: s 363(1)(a)) which caused the purported vacation (as to which see Section IV below) of the offices they held which in turn then resulted in the cessation of their employment when Ms Mallia repudiated their contracts of employment on 27 April 2015. The two cases are not, therefore, on all fours. 221 I do not think that it can be doubted that the actions of the Divisional Executive are directly linked in a causal sense to the ending of the relationship of employment. The question which arises is whether it can be said in terms of s 386(1) that the ending of the employment relationship in that way falls within the expression 'has been terminated on [the Federal Union's] initiative'. 222 It is established that the use of the passive verb 'terminated' does not require the legal event which ends the relationship to be the employer's. Thus in Mohazab, the employer accused the employee of the theft of an item of stock. It invited him to resign otherwise the police would be called in to investigate. The employee resigned. The question was whether the termination of the employment relationship was at the initiative of the employer. It was held, notwithstanding the fact that it was the employee who had brought the employment relationship to an end by resigning, that what had occurred was a termination of the employment at the initiative of the employer (and hence a dismissal). The correctness of this analysis was affirmed in a considered obiter dictum by the Full Court of this Court (Jessup, Tracey and Barker JJ) in Mahony at [21]. 223 The question at hand is the meaning of the word 'terminated' in s 386(1). What that provision requires is two things: (a) an initiative of the employer; that (b) results in the termination of the employment relationship. The provision does not require the employer to pull the trigger but only to load the gun. In my view, the provision is expressed in such a way that it is agnostic as to the precise means by which the employment relationship comes to an end. Its focus is upon, however it might have ended, at whose initiative this occurred. 224 I do not accept that a contract which comes to an end under its own terms cannot in any circumstance constitute a termination within the meaning of s 386 (although this issue does not strictly arise). If it does then the termination provisions contain a lacuna. For example, if a contract of employment made provision for the issue of a notice of termination by an employer in certain circumstances and a later provision saying that the employment relationship would come to an end 7 days after the issue of the notice then this would be an example of the employment relationship coming to an end by operation of law. The termination clause would take its effect upon the occurrence of a given factual circumstance but it is the operation of the contract and not the factual circumstance which would result in the termination of the employment relationship. 225 I therefore do not accept the Respondents' submission that there can be no termination of an employment relationship purely because the contract of employment came to an end by operation of law. Nor do I accept that Mylan stands in the way of that conclusion. As I have already indicated, the critical part of his Honour's reasoning is the statement that 'any employment was at an end without any necessity for action by the union'. I do not read his Honour's statement 'In any event, Mr Mylan's office (and any employment) was lost by operation of law as a result of the Orders' as a holding that in every case where a contract of employment ends by operation of law there can be no termination within the meaning of s 386. I would accept that Mylan is authority for the proposition that where a contract of employment ends by operation of law without any act by the employer then there will be no termination within the meaning of s 386. But I do not accept that his Honour intended to say, or did say, anything about the situation where a contract of employment ends by operation of law as a result of the actions of the employer. Facts of that kind were not before the Court in Mylan. 226 I therefore accept that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller's employment by the Federal Union was terminated on the initiative of the Federal Union within the meaning of s 386. The Divisional Executive invalidly removed them from office which then led Ms Mallia to repudiate their contracts of employment on 27 April 2015. They were therefore dismissed by the Federal Union from its employment within the meaning of item 1 cl (a) of the table of adverse actions in s 342. 227 In reaching that conclusion I have not found it necessary to consider Mr Seck's submission based upon Carrier Australasia v Hunt (1939) 61 CLR 534, Jarratt v Commissioner of Police for New South Wales [2005] HCA 50; 224 CLR 44 and Director-General of Education v Suttling (1987) 162 CLR 427. Injury in employment: item 1 cl (b) 228 If I am wrong and the Respondents are correct in their submission that there was no termination of the employment relationship because it came to an end by operation of law, I would nevertheless conclude that the Federal Union had injured the Applicants in their employment. Before they were purportedly removed from office they were both employees of the Federal Union, after they were purportedly removed a chain of events was begun which resulted in Ms Mallia's repudiation of their contracts of employment. Whether or not this was a termination, it was certainly an injury. Alteration to the position of the employee to the employee's prejudice: item 1 cl (c) 229 For the same reason, I would also conclude that the purported removal of Mr Quirk and Mr Miller was an alteration to their positions to their prejudice. Action by an industrial association prejudicial to a person's employment: item 7 cl (b) 230 The Respondents submitted that item 7 did not apply to them because their relationship with the Applicants was that of employer–employee and the fact that they happened to be an industrial association was fortuitous. 231 Although I accept for reasons I give later that s 347 is concerned with the freedom of association, this is not so with the table of adverse actions set out in the table in s 342(1). Rather, it defines the kinds of actions which cannot be taken against a person by reason of their having a protected attribute. The protected attributes include some which relate to freedom of association (for example Div 4 of Pt 3-1), but they also include some which do not – for example, the exercise of workplace rights (Div 3) and discrimination on certain grounds (Div 5). It would be wrong therefore to interpret the table of adverse actions in s 342(1) by reference to the concept of freedom of association since its operation extends well beyond that topic: cf. Construction, Forestry, Maritime, Mining and Energy Union v Australian Building and Construction Commissioner (The Bay Street Appeal) [2020] FCAFC 192; 282 FCR 1 ('the Bay Street Appeal') e.g. at [37] per Allsop CJ. If s 342(1) were to be interpreted through the lens of freedom of association then I would accept that item 7 cl (b) ought not to be interpreted to apply to a situation where an industrial association fortuitously happens to be an employer. However, since it ought not to be read that way I see no reason to depart from its ordinary language. Consequently, I accept that item 7 cl (b) applies to an industrial association which takes action that directly or indirectly prejudices one of its employees in his or her employment. 232 It is true that interpreting item 7 cl (b) in this way leads to an overlap with item 1 in a case where an employer happens to be an industrial association. But the wording of item 1 and item 7 cl (b) is not identical even if they are similar and consequently resort to the principle that otiose interpretations are best avoided is not apposite. At one point I was concerned that item 7 cl (b) might have the effect of preventing an industrial association from disciplining its employees if it were not construed in the manner contended for by the Respondents. On balance, however, this is not a real concern. The FW Act does not prohibit the taking of adverse action per se. It prohibits the taking of adverse action for particular reasons. By itself, item 7 cl (b) does not give rise to any anomaly. I therefore perceive no reason why the words of item 7 cl (b) ought not to be given their ordinary meaning. I reject the Respondents' proposed construction. 233 Given that I am satisfied that item 1 cll (a)-(c) are each satisfied, it follows that I am also satisfied that item 7 cl (b) is satisfied. Action by an industrial association to impose a penalty on one of its members: item 7 cl (d) 234 The Respondents renewed their objection to the application of item 7 to an employer who happens fortuitously to be an industrial association. I have already given my reasons for rejecting that in the case of item 7 cl (b) in terms which are equally applicable to item 7 cl (d). In the case of item 7 cl (d) there is a further reason for rejecting the submission. Item 7 cl (d) is expressly addressed to the relationship between the industrial association and its members. This is the relationship which the Applicants had with the Federal Union insofar as Rule 11 was concerned. 235 The question which then arises is whether 'forfeiture' covers loss of an office under Rule 11. It is an ordinary use of language to say that an office has been forfeited. Consequently, I accept that item 7 cl (d) does cover a situation where an industrial association removes a person from office even where that person was also employed by the industrial association. Had the removal of the Applicants from office under Rule 11 been valid it would therefore have been adverse action. Since, however, they were not removed from office, item 7 cl (d) is not satisfied. Conclusions on adverse action 236 I accept that because the Divisional Executive purported to remove Mr Quirk and Mr Miller from office under Rule 11 and thereby brought about a chain of events leading to the end of the employment relationship that the Federal Union took adverse action within the meaning of item 1 cll (a)-(c) and item 7 cl (b) but not item 7 cl (d). 237 For completeness, I do not accept that the laying of the summonses against Mr Quirk or Mr Miller constituted adverse action in this case. The summonses merely required them to appear to defend themselves against the charges the subject matter of which had nothing to do with their performance of their duties as organisers. Whilst the charges were pending their employment remained intact. That was not any form of injury to their employment. 238 Whilst it is true that in United Firefighters' Union of Australia v Metropolitan Fire and Emergency Services Board [2003] FCA 480; 123 IR 86 ('United Firefighters') at [89] Goldberg J accepted that there was a serious question to be tried as to whether the commencement of a disciplinary process could constitute adverse action, his Honour did not have to decide the actual question of whether it did. Further, what his Honour said at [89] was that the 'laying of charges exposes an employee of the Board to a potential disadvantage in his or her employment if the charges are ultimately proven' (emphasis added). His Honour thus appeared to recognise that the actual occurrence of any disadvantage comes with the making out of charges not the laying of them. In any event, in United Firefighters the charges related to the performance of the employees' duties which is not the kind of case with which the Court is presently concerned. 239 The Applicants, over the Respondents' objection, also sought to submit that Mr O'Grady's actions in informing them that they had been removed from office was a form of adverse action. Assuming in their favour that it is open to me to consider that argument I would not be disposed to accept it. The legal act which resulted in the purported vacation of their offices was the Divisional Executive's, not Mr O'Grady's, and his action in informing them of the fact that the Divisional Executive had removed them did not purport to say anything about the employment relationship. As I later explain in Section IV, it was not until Ms Mallia wrote to Mr Quirk and Mr Miller on 27 April 2015 to tell them that the employment relationship had ended that the Federal Union made any intimation to the Applicants about the status of their employment relationship. In fact, for reasons developed in more detail later, the acts of the Divisional Executive in removing Mr Quirk and Mr Miller from office were invalid and of no effect. However, whilst that renders Mr O'Grady's letter incorrect (for they had not been removed from office), it does not transform it into an act of repudiation of the contract of employment about which Mr O'Grady said nothing. It was only Ms Mallia's letter which indicated that the Federal Union regarded the employment contract as at an end. Whilst it may well be possible to characterise Ms Mallia's letter as adverse action (since it repudiated the employment relationship) this was not the case the Applicants sought to submit. In any event, I discuss these issues in more detail in Section IV when dealing with the Applicants' breach of contract case. Engaging in industrial activity 240 The Applicants identified the industrial activity which they had engaged in as: (a) the failure to follow a lawful direction of the Federal and State Union not to speak to the media without first obtaining permission to do so from the union, in particular, the State Secretary; and, (b) not advancing the interests of the Federal Union by denigrating it in the media. For this the Applicants rely upon s 347(b)(iv) and (v). The relevant portions of s 347 are as follows: A person engages in industrial activity if the person: … (b) does, or does not: … (iv) comply with a lawful request made by, or requirement of, an industrial association; or (v) represent or advance the views, claims or interests of an industrial association; … 241 It is necessary to deal with (iv) and (v) separately. Because it will presently be relevant it might be noted at this point that the provision does not talk in terms of a registered organisation but rather of an industrial association. Not complying with a lawful request made by or requirement of the Federal Union (s 347(b)(iv)) 242 The Applicants submitted that the Federal Union had made a lawful request to them not to speak to the media or any other third party without first obtaining the Federal Union's authorisation. In oral submissions, Mr Seck expressed this allegation in a manner that was agnostic as to whether the lawful request or requirement emanated from the Federal Union or State Union: T1046.30-36. However, as the argument was developed by reference to the evidence of the Divisional Executive, in truth the focus of the allegation was on such a request or requirement by the Federal Union and, as such, this is the focus I apply below. As will be seen, however, nothing of substance turned on the relative position of the State and Federal Union on this issue. 243 On this aspect of the case there was untrammelled procedural chaos. The Applicants' pleadings did not identify the lawful request which the pleader had in mind, only that a lawful request had been made within the meaning of s 347(b)(iv): Further Amended Statement of Claim in NSD 1028 of 2018 ('Quirk FASOC') at §90; Further Amended Statement of Claim in NSD 1027 of 2018 ('Miller FASOC') at §89. In his closing submissions Mr Seck identified the existence of a protocol or policy or 'golden rule' of the Federal Union that members not speak to the media or any third party without authorisation. 244 In another part of their pleadings the Applicants actually identified a written Code of Conduct which they alleged formed part of their contracts of employment: Quirk FASOC §35; Miller FASOC §35. It was not alleged that this Code of Conduct contained a provision which prevented them from speaking to the media without authorisation. When Mr Quirk put on his affidavit it included a copy of this Code of Conduct. 245 As it happens, this Code of Conduct was replaced by the Federal Union on 28 June 2013 when it was updated. Mr Quirk was cross-examined about his knowledge of the new Code of Conduct by junior counsel for the Respondents but nothing came of this questioning and Mr Quirk adhered to his view that the Code of Conduct he knew about was the one which was annexed to his affidavit. So much may be accepted. 246 The new Code of Conduct contains an explicit clause, cl 12, which forbad members of the Federal Union from speaking to the media without first obtaining permission (that is, the lawful direction now expressly advanced by the Applicants). Clause 12 of the new Code of Conduct provides: No literature other than union and other agreed literature is to be distributed by Officers of the Union unless authorised by the Secretary. Any comments or contact with the media shall be approved by an Executive Officer. 247 This new Code of Conduct was, of course, the one which was on foot at the time Mr Quirk and Mr Miller made their comments to the press. Following the emergence of the new Code of Conduct during the trial, the Applicants initially did not seek to put their case on the basis of it. As a matter of procedure, it was open to them to rely upon the new Code of Conduct since their pleading of the lawful requirement did not identify what the source of the lawful requirement was. Had the Applicants sought during the course of the evidence to rely upon the new Code of Conduct as the source of the direction I would have permitted them to do so. But they did not do so at that stage. 248 Instead, in his closing oral submissions, Mr Seck relied on a reference to the existence of a policy which was not identified, a protocol (also not identified) and a 'golden rule'. This approach was somewhat curious given that, unlike Mr Quirk, Mr Miller appears to have known about the new Code of Conduct in advance of trial, for it was annexed to his affidavit (as was the old Code of Conduct) and might have been relied upon in place of the more nebulous and unwritten 'golden rule'. On this more fact rich question, neither side referred me in any detail to the affidavit evidence or, apart from some very minor references, to the 1,222 pages of trial transcript. In the interests of imposing order on the topic I will deal with the lawful request or requirement case by first considering whether there was a request or requirement and then considering whether any such request or requirement was lawful. Was there a request or requirement that the Applicants should not speak to the media without first obtaining authorisation? 249 On this first topic it is necessary to consider separately the four ways it was ultimately advanced: (1) the protocol; (2) the policy; (3) the golden rule; and (4) clause 12 of the new Code of Conduct The protocol 250 I was not taken to any evidence about the existence of a protocol although, as I have noted, Mr Seck did intimate that there was such a protocol. It may be that the protocol was the same as the policy shortly to be examined. It may be that it was a reference to the golden rule (which I deal with below). I think it unlikely that it was a reference to cl 12 of the new Code of Conduct but, if it was, I deal with that below. To the extent that the protocol is something other than these matters, I did not understand what it was. The policy 251 It is possible that by this the Applicants intended a reference to the old Code of Conduct which the Applicants had themselves put into evidence. If that is what was meant, I reject this case. The old Code of Conduct does not contain a requirement that members were not to speak to the media without first obtaining permission. It did contain a cl 7 in these terms: It is required that agreed policies of the Union will at all times be publicly promoted and upheld, irrespective of personal views. Criticisms and disagreements must be processed by internal democratic debate. 252 I have pondered whether one may extract the Applicants' lawful request or requirement case from cl 7. On balance, I have concluded that I should not. Whilst I would accept that one can probably extract from cl 7 a requirement that a member should not speak to the media about the dirty linen, I am unable to discern within it the possibility of dispensation from that requirement in the event that permission is obtained. Further, even if one could go that far I do not accept that this case was squarely advanced so that the Respondents have had a fair chance to meet it. 253 On the other hand, it is possible that what Mr Seck intended to refer to was the new Code of Conduct. I rather suspect however that he did not mean this because, had that been the case, the long submissions about the golden rule would have been unnecessary. In any event, to the extent that 'the policy' was intended to be understood as a reference to cl 12 of the new Code of Conduct I deal with that topic below. The golden rule 254 Here for determination is the existence of a rule of conduct sufficient to constitute a requirement or request from the Federal Union that members not speak to the media without first obtaining authorisation. The affidavit evidence for the existence of such a requirement or request was neither overly generous nor well-appointed. A number of the members of the Divisional Executive gave affidavit evidence that they had been in favour of dismissing Mr Quirk and Mr Miller for breaching this principle: Mr O'Grady at §§56, 69, Mr Hall at §§30 and 39, Mr Ingham at §§32, 44, Mr Spernovasilis at §§31, 42, Mr Reardon at §§36, 47, Mr Cartledge at §§ 33, 41. However, this evidence did not in terms identify where the principle came from. Others gave evidence that assumed that there was such a principle although not articulating it in such terms: for example Mr Setka at §39 and Mr McDonald at §32. 255 Only three witnesses gave direct affidavit evidence about the principle. These were, first, Mr O'Grady who gave evidence that there was a common practice in the trade union movement that officers and employees did not speak to the media without authorisation. At §57 of his affidavit he said this: It was common practice and commonly understood in trade unions that officers and employees are not to speak in the media without the authorisation of the relevant secretary of the Union or Branch. That is what I understood when the charge referred to being "unauthorised". It was not normal for officers to go on a national TV program without first seeking authorisation, Mr Quirk and Mr Miller would have known that as experienced union officials. 256 Secondly, Mr Ingham who gave evidence at §32 that there was a policy within the Queensland Branch that members should not speak to the media without authorisation and that it was the existence of this policy in Queensland which puzzled him about the conduct of Mr Quirk and Mr Miller. 257 Thirdly, Mr Cartledge who gave largely similar evidence at §33: In my view it was gross misbehaviour because he appeared on the 7.30 program without any type of authorisation from the union. My experience was that the union has a simple rule, anyone who speaks to the media needs to have clearance from a senior figure in the union such as the National Secretary or State Secretary. I was a State Secretary and that is how I had been trained, and that is the protocol that I would stick to as an Organiser. I thought that you could not have an Organiser going to the media without authorisation of the National Secretary or State Secretary. To repeat his unproven allegations without authorisation, as referred to in the charge, was gross misbehaviour in my view. 258 The cross-examination of the members of the Divisional Executive yielded perhaps more results. Mr Noonan described the principle as 'the common practice of the union' (T575.26-33) and Mr Hall gave evidence that in his experience there was such a principle (T669.1-3). Mr Spernovasilis gave evidence that there was such a requirement at T709.1-3 as did each of Mr Buchan (T778.15-20), Mr Setka (T801.6-11) and Mr McDonald (T828.39-829.9). Mr Ingham gave evidence that there was such a requirement in Queensland and he assumed it was the same throughout the nation: T751.19-43 (as he had said in his affidavit). Mr O'Grady assumed it was gross misbehaviour to speak to the media without authorisation although he did not explain in terms the origins of his assumption (T627.5-8; 627.30-32). Mr Hall gave similar evidence at T668.40-44. Mr Cartledge said that he had been told that members need authorisation before speaking to the media: T945.25-28. Mr Reardon's evidence was less clear: T875.21-25 259 What should one make of this evidence? Whilst not dipping his toe in the evidence, Mr Walker SC for the Respondents did submit in his closing address that whatever else it established, it could not be described as a requirement or request within the meaning of s 347(b)(iv). Request? 260 I accept that the evidence does not establish a request. In my view, a 'request' must be explicit and the evidence does not sustain a conclusion that the Federal Union requested its members not to speak to the media without authorisation. Only Mr Cartledge gave evidence arguably consistent with this but I do not think it would be sound to act on his evidence alone. (I leave out of the analysis here cl 12 of the new Code of Conduct which I deal with separately and which none of the witnesses were taken to by Mr Seck.) Requirement? 261 On the other hand, I do accept that the evidence establishes the existence of a widely held understanding amongst those involved in the management of the Federal Union that members should not to speak to the media without authorisation. However, the evidence was not couched in terms of detail as to when this understanding existed. It seems to me unlikely that the understanding existed in October 2014 when Mr Quirk and Mr Miller appeared on 7.30. By that time, whatever had been an understanding had, as I explain shortly, fructified into the form of cl 12 of the new Code of Conduct. It may well be that, by the time the new Code of Conduct was adopted on 28 June 2013, such an understanding was in existence but I have difficulty understanding how the members of the Federal Union could have been simultaneously subject to cl 12 and the widely held understanding to which I have referred. The more likely inference, and the one I draw, is that the coming into existence of cl 12 put on a formal basis what had previously been an informal understanding. In any event, I conclude that the widely held understanding I have described no longer constituted a 'requirement' within the meaning of s 347(b)(iv) by the time Mr Quirk and Mr Miller fronted 7.30 and spoke to the Sydney Morning Herald. 262 In the event that it be concluded on appeal that I have erred in permitting Mr Quirk and Mr Miller to rely upon cl 12 of the new Code of Conduct then this reasoning would appear inapposite. In particular, it would be procedurally unfair to permit the Respondents to deny the existence of cl 12 of the new Code of Conduct on the factual issue of whether there was a requirement or request under s 347(b)(iv) whilst permitting them to rely upon it to defeat the existence of the widely held understanding to which I have referred. In that circumstance, if it is not open to the Applicants to rely upon cl 12 I would conclude that it is not open to the Respondents to rely upon it either. In that scenario, I would accept that the widely held understanding to which I have referred was a requirement within the meaning of s 347(b)(iv). Clause 12 of the new Code of Conduct 263 However, the matter does not end there. In a final round of submissions on the effect of the Bay Street Appeal the Applicants slipped in a reference to cl 12 of the new Code of Conduct under the cover of darkness. The Respondents objected to this course. There were two points: (a) the Applicants had not pleaded the new Code of Conduct; and, (b) they had not alleged in their pleadings that there was a lawful requirement based upon it. I accept that in the part of the pleadings where the employment contract was alleged the Applicants relied on the same Code of Conduct which Mr Quirk and Mr Miller said they had been supplied with when they were first employed and I further accept this was not the new Code of Conduct. However, I do not accept that they had not pleaded a lawful requirement within the meaning of s 347(b)(iv). As I have already indicated, they did so at Quirk FASOC §90 and Miller FASOC §89. It is true that this was not particularised but that has only the procedural consequence that the case on lawful request or requirement was at large and unconfined by particulars. It was not suggested by the Respondents that there had been a request for particulars or an answer to such a request which stood in the way of the Applicants now relying on that Code of Conduct, which I note, the Respondents had themselves relied upon in their cross-examination of Mr Quirk (T284-285). Moreover, because Mr Miller's affidavit included both the old Code of Conduct and the new Code of Conduct – both being contained within Annexure BM-4 titled 'copy of the CFMMEU NSW Policies' – it cannot safely be inferred that the Respondents were caught unawares by the eventual attempt by the Applicants to rely on the new Code of Conduct. In these circumstances, it seems to me that it is procedurally open to the Applicants to rely on the new Code of Conduct. It would also be somewhat odd to decide the case on the basis of the old Code of Conduct which both sides now appear to agree is not the correct version. 264 That being so, I arrive at the conclusion that there was a requirement emanating from the Federal Union that the Applicants were not to speak with the media without first obtaining permission. It was cl 12 of the new Code of Conduct on which Mr Docking of junior counsel cross-examined Mr Quirk. Was the request or requirement lawful? 265 In Section II I have concluded that cl 10 of the new Code of Conduct (which is in the same terms as its predecessor cl 7 of the old Code of Conduct) was unlawful to the extent that it prevented the Applicants speaking to 7.30 or the Sydney Morning Herald to voice their concerns about the management of the Federal Union. I reach the same conclusion about clause 12 of the new Code of Conduct for the same reasons. Had it been necessary, I would have reached the same conclusion about the widely held understanding to which I have referred above. Consequently, whilst I accept that the Federal Union had in place a requirement that its members not speak with the media without first obtaining authorisation, I am unable to accept that this requirement was a lawful requirement. Section 347(b)(iv) is therefore not engaged. 266 It is not necessary in that circumstance to consider the question of whether s 347(b)(iv) applies in the situation where the employer is an industrial association. Given the Full Court's view in the Bay Street Appeal that s 347 is concerned with freedom of association, however, it seems to me unlikely that s 347(b)(iv) would apply to a request or requirement made by a registered organisation qua employer to its employees. Acceptance of the contrary view would require one to accept that a registered organisation which lawfully directed its employees not to harass each other sexually would be prevented from taking disciplinary action against one who did so because this would be the taking of adverse action against an employee for engaging in industrial activity. Sexual activity is not usually industrial: cf. Comcare v PVYW [2013] HCA 41; 250 CLR 246. 267 For completeness, I reject the Applicants' alternate submission that if cl 12 were not a lawful requirement it might nevertheless yet survive as a lawful request within the meaning of s 347(b)(iv). The terms of cl 12 are not, as a matter of fact, a request. They are an instruction. 268 If cl 12 is not open to the Applicants to rely upon, then on the alternate finding that the widely held understanding was a requirement, I would also conclude that it was not, as a matter of fact, a request. Not representing or advancing the views, claims or interests of an industrial association (s 347(b)(v)) 269 Turning then to s 347(b)(v), it will be engaged if the Applicants did (or did not) 'represent or advance the views, claims or interests of an industrial association'. Mr Seck abandoned any reliance on 'claims' and, although he indicated that 'views' was still in the mix, the final submission was in substance that what Mr Quirk and Mr Miller had done on 7.30 and in speaking to the Sydney Morning Herald was contrary to the interests of the Federal Union. The alleged contrariety with the Union's interests, rather than its claims or views, was also the gravamen of the cross-examination on this topic. Freedom of association 270 Section 347(a) and (b) are concerned with protecting freedom of association which includes, of course, the freedom not to associate. Consequently, s 347(b)(v) does not extend to the taking of positive steps inimical to the interests of an industrial association (cf. registered organisation) unless the taking of those positive steps can be seen as part of an exercise of freedom of association or connected with it: the Bay Street Appeal e.g. at [32] per Allsop CJ. 271 The question of whether the exercise of a right of vigorous dissent over the internal affairs of a registered organisation is an aspect of freedom of association is not a straightforward one. At its heart the issue is whether the policy exhibited by the FW(RO) Act that registered organisations should be organised along democratic lines is to be seen as itself an aspect of the right to freedom of association. 272 Respectable arguments may be mounted in both directions. On balance, I conclude that dissent within a democratic structure and freedom of association are distinct topics and that the exercise of a right derived from the former is not itself an exercise of a right falling within the latter. There are two reasons for this. First, there is a distinction to be drawn between protecting the right of persons to belong to an industrial association (or not to belong to it as the case may be) and protecting the political rights which follow on membership. Put another way, democratic dissent within an association is something which happens after the right to freedom of association has been exercised. Secondly, s 347(a) and (b) apply to 'industrial associations'. That expression is defined in s 12 in these terms: industrial association means: (a) an association of employees or independent contractors, or both, or an association of employers, that is registered or recognised as such an association (however described) under a workplace law; or (b) an association of employees, or independent contractors, or both (whether formed formally or informally), a purpose of which is the protection and promotion of their interests in matters concerning their employment, or their interests as independent contractors (as the case may be); or (c) an association of employers a principal purpose of which is the protection and promotion of their interests in matters concerning employment and/or independent contractors; and includes: (d) a branch of such an association; and (e) an organisation; and (f) a branch of an organisation. 273 Whilst a registered organisation is an 'industrial association' the converse is not necessarily so. The requirements flowing from the FW(RO) Act as to the democratic nature of registered organisations do not of necessity apply to the industrial associations referred to in clauses (b) and (c). Consequently, s 347(a) and (b) do not proceed on the assumption that the associations to which they are referring have the democratic nature which a registered organisation has. I do not think that the meaning of s 347(a) and (b) can vary depending on the kind of industrial association which is involved. Thus I do not accept that an exercise in dissent about the manner in which an industrial association is being managed falls within the protection of a provision which is concerned with freedom of association. 274 Consequently, I do not accept that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller's actions in speaking to the media could fall within s 347(b)(v). The Interests of the Federal Union 275 Since s 347(b)(v) does not apply it is not necessary to reach a conclusion on whether what the Applicants said to the media detracted from the interests of the Federal Union. There are some interesting issues about this which I would reserve for an occasion when they arise. They include, for example, the question of what would occur if an employer dismissed an employee because of her membership of a union (s 347(a)) when, in fact, the employee did not belong to a union. This in turn raises the question of whether the industrial activities in s 347 are to be seen from the subjective viewpoint of the person taking the adverse action referred to in s 346. If the answer to that question is 'yes' then this would suggest that the identification of what was or was not in the interests of the Federal Union in this case for the purposes of s 347(b)(v) should turn on the Divisional Executive's views of the matter. On the other hand, if s 347 is to be understood in that way, it may generate the problem that an employer can take adverse action against an employee for a proscribed reason in s 347 even if it turns out that the employer's perceptions about the existence of the industrial activity are incorrect. 276 In this case, it is clear that by appearing on 7.30 Mr Quirk and Mr Miller thought that they were acting in the best interests of the Federal Union. They were exposing a problem in order for it to be addressed. If it is their perception of the Federal Union's interests which matters for the purposes of s 347(b)(v) then, contrary to their submission, the facts would be that they had advanced the interests of the Federal Union (even if it thought otherwise). Yet viewed that way, a problem then arises if it were found that the Divisional Executive removed them from office for not advancing the interests of the Federal Union (as it perceived them). In this scenario, there would be a mismatch between the facts constituting the industrial activity (advancing the interests) and the reason they were removed (not advancing the interests of the Federal Union). It is not necessary (fortunately) to take these matters any further. Discrimination on the grounds of political opinion: s 351 277 Section 351 provides: (1) An employer must not take adverse action against a person who is an employee, or prospective employee, of the employer because of the person's race, colour, sex, sexual orientation, age, physical or mental disability, marital status, family or carer's responsibilities, pregnancy, religion, political opinion, national extraction or social origin. Note: This subsection is a civil remedy provision (see Part 4-1). (2) However, subsection (1) does not apply to action that is: (a) not unlawful under any anti-discrimination law in force in the place where the action is taken; or (b) taken because of the inherent requirements of the particular position concerned; or (c) if the action is taken against a staff member of an institution conducted in accordance with the doctrines, tenets, beliefs or teachings of a particular religion or creed—taken: (i) in good faith; and (ii) to avoid injury to the religious susceptibilities of adherents of that religion or creed. (3) Each of the following is an anti-discrimination law: (aa) the Age Discrimination Act 2004; (ab) the Disability Discrimination Act 1992; (ac) the Racial Discrimination Act 1975; (ad) the Sex Discrimination Act 1984; (a) the Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 of New South Wales; (b) the Equal Opportunity Act 2010 of Victoria; (c) the Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 of Queensland; (d) the Equal Opportunity Act 1984 of Western Australia; (e) the Equal Opportunity Act 1984 of South Australia; (f) the Anti-Discrimination Act 1998 of Tasmania; (g) the Discrimination Act 1991 of the Australian Capital Territory; (h) the Anti-Discrimination Act of the Northern Territory. 278 The Applicants allege that they were removed from office by the Divisional Executive because they expressed a political opinion when speaking with the media. Before turning to the question of whether that was the reason that the Divisional Executive removed them from office it is necessary to deal with three legal issues. First, is the reference to 'political opinion' in s 351(1) a reference to the holding of a political opinion or does it extend to the expression of a political opinion? Secondly, where did the 'adverse action' take place for the purposes of s 351(2)(a) – was it New South Wales or was it Victoria? Thirdly, if it took place in New South Wales what is the effect of s 351(2)(a) given that the Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 (NSW) does not make discrimination on the grounds of political opinion unlawful (and noting for the sake of ease of comprehension that discrimination on the grounds of 'political belief or activity' is unlawful in Victoria: Equal Opportunity Act 2010 (Vic) s 6(k)). Political Opinion 279 As to the first question, the Applicants submitted that s 351(1) extended to the expression of a political opinion and not just the attribute of holding a political opinion. There are potentially some difficult questions about this which, in my view, would require this issue to be approached with considerable caution. For example, it is not difficult to imagine a workplace policy that forbids discussion of politics in the workplace. Where an employee, contrary to the policy, expresses a political opinion and is then dismissed by a manager who is unconcerned about the employee's politics but very much concerned about the breach of the policy, then how should this be characterised? Has the employee been dismissed because she held a political opinion? Probably not. Has she been dismissed because she expressed a political opinion? The answer in one sense is yes for that is precisely why she was dismissed. On the other hand, there is a sense in which her dismissal was unrelated to her politics or, perhaps to put it another way, she was dismissed because she expressed a political opinion but not because of the substance of the political opinion she expressed. 280 In this case, as will be seen, the Applicants did not contend that they were removed from office because they held a political opinion, but only because they expressed it. As I explain below, I do not think as a matter of fact that the Divisional Executive did dismiss them on the basis that they had expressed a political opinion. Consequently, the question of whether s 351(1) extends to prohibit adverse action being taken against an employee because of the expression of a political opinion does not arise. 281 In Sayed v Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union [2015] FCA 27; 327 ALR 460 ('Sayed') adverse action was taken against an employee of the CFMEU (as it then was) because he was associated with the Socialist Alliance. On one view, the question of whether political opinion extended to the expression of political opinion did not arise although I accept that the facts in relation to what was in the mind of the decision-maker in that case (Mr Vickers) was a complex question. Mortimer J accepted that political opinion in s 351(1) did extend to the manifestation of political opinion: see [164]-[177]. 282 I would prefer to express no view on this issue until presented with facts that make it necessary to do so. One of the concerns I have is that the drawing of a dichotomy within the statutory language of 'political opinion' between the holding of a political opinion and its expression may turn out not to be entirely stable. Another is that s 351(1) mandates an inquiry into the causative relationship between the political opinion and the adverse action. Proceeding on the basis that the expression of a political opinion is always an aspect of political opinion may tend to obscure this statutory causation question. As the example above of the workplace policy against the voicing of any political opinion in the workplace shows, this may create unintended issues of analysis. This is not to say that the expression of a political opinion is never a political opinion for the purposes of s 351(1), merely that seeking to generalise about it may be perilous. 283 For the reasons I have given in Section II, I accept that the Applicants' conduct in going on 7.30 to criticise the management of the Federal Union was inherently political in nature. To the extent that it is necessary lest an alternate view be taken on appeal, I therefore accept that their conduct was the manifestation of 'political opinion' within the meaning of s 351(1). Location of adverse action 284 Section 351 makes the rule of Commonwealth law which applies to the Federal Union's conduct a function of which State the conduct was engaged in (cf. Constitution, s 117). In this case the adverse action consists of the Divisional Executive's decision to remove Mr Quirk and Mr Miller from office under Rule 11. The minutes of the meeting clearly show that the Divisional Executive met at 215-217 Clarence Street in Sydney. 285 In an attempt to transport the adverse action to the more accommodating discrimination regime obtaining in Victoria, Mr Seck submitted that the adverse action included the fact that Mr Noonan had laid the charges in Victoria and that the letter informing Mr Quirk and Mr Miller that they had been removed from office (sent by Mr O'Grady) was sent from Victoria. As I have already explained, I do not accept that either of these acts constituted adverse action. Consequently, the only adverse action which occurred took place in New South Wales. The effect of s 351(2)(a) 286 The Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 (NSW) does not render discrimination on the grounds of political opinion unlawful. The question which arises is whether s 351(2)(a) requires the relevant State law specifically to permit the conduct or whether it is sufficient that that it is silent on the matter. In Rumble v The Partnerhsip trading as HWL Ebsworth Lawyers [2019] FCA 1409; 289 IR 72 at [143] I expressed the view that it was the latter rather than the former although this was an obiter dictum. A similar view had previously been expressed by Mortimer J in Sayed at [161]. In Fair Work Ombudsman v Foot & Thai Massage Pty Ltd (in liquidation) (No 4) [2021] FCA 1242 at [751]-[762] Katzmann J reached the same conclusion. In that circumstance, I do not propose to depart from the view I have previously expressed on this question. 287 Consequently, assuming the Divisional Executive in fact removed Mr Quirk and Mr Miller because of their political opinion, it could not constitute an infringement of s 351. Exercise of workplace right: s 341(1)(c)(ii) 288 The protection is conferred by s 340(1) which provides: (1) A person must not take adverse action against another person: (a) because the other person: (i) has a workplace right; or (ii) has, or has not, exercised a workplace right; or (iii) proposes or proposes not to, or has at any time proposed or proposed not to, exercise a workplace right; or (b) to prevent the exercise of a workplace right by the other person. Note: This subsection is a civil remedy provision (see Part 4-1). (2) A person must not take adverse action against another person (the second person) because a third person has exercised, or proposes or has at any time proposed to exercise, a workplace right for the second person's benefit, or for the benefit of a class of persons to which the second person belongs. Note: This subsection is a civil remedy provision (see Part 4-1). 289 The concept of a workplace right is defined in s 341(1) in these terms: Meaning of workplace right (1) A person has a workplace right if the person: (a) is entitled to the benefit of, or has a role or responsibility under, a workplace law, workplace instrument or order made by an industrial body; or (b) is able to initiate, or participate in, a process or proceedings under a workplace law or workplace instrument; or (c) is able to make a complaint or inquiry: (i) to a person or body having the capacity under a workplace law to seek compliance with that law or a workplace instrument; or (ii) if the person is an employee — in relation to his or her employment. 290 The workplace right the Applicants identified as having been exercised was said to be the right identified in s 341(1)(c)(ii), that is to say, the workplace right which arises if an employee person 'is able to make a complaint or inquiry…in relation to his or her employment'. The complaints were said to consist of what Mr Quirk and Mr Miller had said on 7.30 and what Mr Miller had said to the Sydney Morning Herald. 291 The Applicants submitted that the wording of s 341(1)(c)(ii) was sufficiently broad to include whistleblowing to the media. I do not accept this submission. The complaints referred to in s 341(1)(c) must be complaints which the person (here an employee) is 'able to make'. As the Full Court accepted in PIA Mortgage Services Pty Ltd v King [2020] FCAFC 15; 274 FCR 225 ('PIA') at [11]-[12], the words 'able to make' operate as a limitation on the range of complaints falling within the provision. More specifically, the word 'able' refers to an entitlement or a right to make a complaint or inquiry: [13]. Consequently, the Applicants must identify an entitlement or right conferred upon them by something to take the steps that they did. 292 Whilst it is clear in s 341(1)(a) and (b) that the abilities or entitlements referred to are required to be sourced in a workplace law or instrument, s 341(1)(c) is silent on the source of the entitlement. In PIA the Full Court identified 'three obvious potential sources' of an employee's ability to make complaints falling outside s 341(1)(a), (b) and (c)(i) but nevertheless falling within s 341(1)(c)(ii). These were legislative provisions other than workplace laws, contractual terms providing a right to make a complaint and the general law: [16]. The Full Court did not say that these were necessarily the only sources of an employee's ability to make a complaint and I do not take its statement to be exhaustive. However, combined with its earlier discussion linking the word 'able' to the existence of a right, it seems clear that the employee's ability to make the complaint has to be based in, or arise from, some kind of legal material whether it be legislative, contractual or legal norms emerging from some other source (such as the general law). 293 The Applicants attempted to bring themselves within the PIA requirement on three bases. First, it was said that what they had raised with the media were breaches of the Federal Union's conflicts of interests policy, breaches of its personal gifts and benefits policy, breaches of its bullying procedures and was action in contravention of cl 34 of the enterprise agreements. I do not see how this means that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller had an entitlement to complain to the media about these matters. Secondly, Mr Quirk and Mr Miller had made allegations of breaches of the criminal law relating to corruption. Again, I do not see how this helps. Thirdly, it was said that in raising their concerns with the media Mr Quirk and Mr Miller were acting in fulfilment of the right to represent and communicate with their members which had been conferred upon them by their election to office. Again, I do not see how this brings the matter within PIA. 294 In reality, the reasoning in PIA is inconsistent with the Applicants' submission. There was no set of legal norms which conferred on the Applicants an ability to make a complaint to the media. Mr Seck submitted that it was sufficient for something to be a complaint if it conveys a grievance, citing Shea v TRUenergy Services Pty Ltd (No 6) [2014] FCA 271; 314 ALR 346 ('Shea') at [579]-[581]. I would accept that the Court in Shea, citing the decision of Cowdroy J in Hill v Compass Ten Pty Ltd [2012] FCA 761; 205 FCR 94, said that to be a complaint it is necessary that the communication must contain a grievance or some allied concept. However, I do not accept that Shea says that this is in itself sufficient. Even if it did, that reasoning would be inconsistent with the Full Court's decision in PIA. 295 I reject also the Applicants' submission that this case involves a situation analogous to that in which an employee makes a complaint to a body which has no lawful authority to investigate it: cf. PIA at [17]. This is not a case where a complaint has been made to the wrong body but rather one where no complaint has been made at all. 296 It follows that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller did not have the ability that s 341(1)(c)(ii) requires. Section 340(1) could not be engaged. Whistleblowing to the media is not the exercise of a workplace right. Conclusions on adverse action 297 The Applicants' case under s 340 (workplace right), s 346 (industrial activity) and s 351 (discrimination) fails. The reasons the Divisional Executive removed Mr Quirk and Mr Miller from office 298 In light of that conclusion, it is not strictly necessary to determine whether the Federal Union took the adverse action of purportedly removing Mr Quirk and Mr Miller from office because they had engaged in industrial activity (s 346) or because of their political opinion (s 351) or because they exercised a workplace right (s 340). None of those provisions applied. 299 Lest a Full Court reach a different conclusion on any of those matters, however, it is necessary to determine whether the Divisional Executive did purport to remove the Applicants from office for engaging in industrial activity (s 346) or on the basis of political opinion (s 351) or for exercising a workplace right. Removal from office for engaging in industrial activity? 300 To make these findings it is necessary to assume, contrary to my conclusion, that the Applicants' actions constituted industrial activity under either s 347(b)(iv) or s 347(b)(v). Section 347(b)(iv) 301 I therefore make the assumption that by speaking with 7.30 Mr Quirk and Mr Miller failed to comply with cl 12 of the Code of Conduct and that the rule was a lawful request or requirement of the Federal Union. I also assume that in declining to comply with the request or requirement the conduct of the Applicants was in some way related to the exercise of a right of freedom of association. 302 The question which then arises is whether the Divisional Executive purported to remove the Applicants from office and thereby set in train events leading to an end to the employment relationships because they had not complied with that request or requirement. Four principles inform the ascertainment of this question of fact. First, whilst the word 'because' in s 346 connotes a causative relationship between the industrial activity and the adverse action, mere satisfaction of the 'but for' test is not sufficient and it is necessary to inquire into the substantial and operative reason or reasons for the relevant action: see the discussion of relevant principles usefully collected by Rangiah J in Lamont v University of Queensland (No 2) [2020] FCA 720 ('Lamont') at [86]. 303 The second is s 360 which says that a person takes action for a particular reason if the reasons for the action include that reason. 304 The third is s 363(1) and (3) which provide: (1) For the purposes of this Part, each of the following is taken to be action of an industrial association: (a) action taken by the committee of management of the industrial association; (b) action taken by an officer or agent of the industrial association acting in that capacity; (c) action taken by a member, or group of members, of the industrial association if the action is authorised by: (i) the rules of the industrial association; or (ii) the committee of management of the industrial association; or (iii) an officer or agent of the industrial association acting in that capacity; (d) action taken by a member of the industrial association who performs the function of dealing with an employer on behalf of the member and other members of the industrial association, acting in that capacity; (e) if the industrial association is an unincorporated industrial association that does not have a committee of management—action taken by a member, or group of members, of the industrial association. … (3) If, for the purposes of this Part, it is necessary to establish the state of mind of an industrial association in relation to particular action, it is enough to show: (a) that the action was taken by a person, or a group, referred to in paragraphs (1)(a) to (e); and (b) that the person, or a person in the group, had that state of mind. 305 The Applicants submit that the effect of s 363(1)(a) and s 363(3)(b) is that if any member of the Divisional Executive had the purpose of removing the Applicants from office because they did not comply with cl 12 of the Code of Conduct then the Divisional Executive is taken to have had that state of mind. I accept this but neither this provision nor s 360 remove the need to identify the substantial and operative reason for the relevant action. For example, if one person on the Divisional Executive had the relevant state of mind but no-one else did the two provisions operate so that the Divisional Executive is taken to have taken the action for the reason embodied in the state of mind of the single member holding it. However, this deeming does not relieve the fact finder of the need to identify which of the various reasons of the Divisional Executive constituted the substantial and operative ones. Just because the individual member's reason is taken to be the reason of the Divisional Executive does not entail that it was a substantial and operative reason that motivated the Divisional Executive to remove the Applicants from office. 306 Fourthly, s 361 reverses the onus of proof: 361 Reason for action to be presumed unless proved otherwise (1) If: (a) in an application in relation to a contravention of this Part, it is alleged that a person took, or is taking, action for a particular reason or with a particular intent; and (b) taking that action for that reason or with that intent would constitute a contravention of this Part; it is presumed that the action was, or is being, taken for that reason or with that intent, unless the person proves otherwise. (2) Subsection (1) does not apply in relation to orders for an interim injunction. 307 The reversal only arises, however, to the extent that the decision-makers are identified in pleadings or possibly particulars: Lamont at [91]. In this case, this was not an issue. Each of those who voted at the meeting, along with Mr Noonan who laid the charges, were called. 308 In relation to s 347(b)(iv), the question is whether the fact that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller had spoken to the media without obtaining prior authorisation was a substantial and operative reason why the Divisional Executive voted to remove them from office. There are two sources of evidence about this. One is the contemporaneous minutes of the meeting. The other is the affidavit evidence and oral testimony given by each member of the Divisional Executive who voted at the meeting. 309 In the case of Mr Quirk the minutes set out the charge and record the Divisional Executive's decision to find Mr Quirk guilty of it. Particular (a) of the charge includes the allegation that Mr Quirk had spoken to the ABC without authorisation. In the absence of any other evidence I would infer that one of the reasons the Divisional Executive convicted Mr Quirk and purported to remove him from office was because he had spoken to the ABC without authorisation. Put another way, I would infer that the Divisional Executive found Mr Quirk guilty because it accepted the correctness of the charge as particularised. 310 In the case of Mr Miller the same conclusion follows. The minutes record that he was convicted and the terms of the charge. Particular (a) of the charge recorded that he had spoken to the Sydney Morning Herald without authorisation. In the absence of any other evidence I would infer that one of the reasons the Divisional Executive convicted Mr Miller and removed him from office was because he had done this. 311 Turning then to the affidavit and oral testimony of the members of the Divisional Executive, it is clear in my view, that the evidence establishes that the Divisional Executive purported to remove the Applicants from office because (i.e. for the substantial and operative reason that) Mr Quirk and Mr Miller had spoken to the media without authorisation. 312 Each of the nine members of the Divisional Executive who took part in the decision gave evidence. Three of them – Mr Hall, Mr Reardon and Mr Cartledge – expressed doubt about their ability to recall in detail what their motives were at the time: T656.45-657.10; T871.15-24; T882.9-883.28; T886.30; T942.34-36; T943.1-8. However, all nine witnesses gave evidence consistent with the minutes that one of the reasons Mr Quirk and Mr Miller were removed from office was because they had spoken to the media without authorisation: Mr O'Grady: §§49, 52, 69, 83.13; T640.40-41; T642.41-44; T645.11-14; Mr Hall: §§30, 39, 42.11; T669.16-18; T676.30-38; Mr Spernovasillis: §§31, 42; T697.6-8; T711.1-8; Mr Ingham: §§32, 44; T751.16-43; Mr Buchan: T778.22-25; T778.40-44; T780.43-45; T784.44-785.4; Mr Setka: §39; T800.38-41; T801.24-28; T814.8-15; Mr McDonald: §32, T835.41-45; T850.24-28; T851.39-46; Mr Reardon: §§36, 47; T875.30-34; T881.45-882.4; and Mr Cartledge: §§33, 41; T944.47-945.9; T945.30-33; T947.10-13; T948.37-39. 313 Even accepting that the evidence of Messrs Hall, Reardon and Cartledge should be discounted because of the passage of time, it is still the case that a significant majority of the Divisional Executive acted on this basis. In that circumstance, I conclude that the Applicants have proven that one of the substantive and operative reasons for their conviction was because they had spoken to the media without authorisation. Section 347(b)(v) 314 Each of the members of the Divisional Executive gave evidence under cross-examination that their reasons had included that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller had acted in a way which was adverse to the interests of the Federal Union. Making the assumption that the interests identified in s 347(b)(v) are to be identified by the subjective views of the decision-maker and not the person engaging in the industrial activity, the evidence tended to support the proposition that this was one of the reasons the Divisional Executive acted as it did. 315 Some of its members were willing to accept that the fact that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller's comments had been adverse to the interests of the Federal Union was a reason they had been removed. For example, Mr Buchan fell into this category (T785.14-19; T785.37-43) as did Mr Reardon (T876.6-12; T876.40-877.6). Mr McDonald also did, although my impression in his case is that his emphasis was more upon the fact that what Mr Quirk and Mr Miller had said was not true (T846.20-24; T849.45-850.2) although he did acknowledge that the perceived falsity of the comments and their adversity to the union's interests were 'separate reasons' (T852.13-15). 316 Some of the members saw this conduct on the part of Mr Quirk and Mr Miller as but an integer in a larger picture which, when viewed overall, justified their removal. Mr O'Grady fell into this category (T639.41-44) as did Mr Spernovasillis (T687.20-28; T713.5-9). Mr Ingham thought this was one of two reasons he had for their dismissal (the other being speaking to the media without authorisation) (T752.46). Mr Setka thought it would have been one of his reasons (T808.1-4; T820.6-11). 317 Mr Hall, on the other hand, thought that it was a small part of his reasoning process: T658.1-11; T659.3-5. At another time Mr Hall said that he did not think that the fact that the remarks were adverse to the Federal Union was a reason for the Applicants' removal since 'people make adverse comments all the time about the Union': T667.1-4. 318 There was therefore a range of actual opinions held on this topic. However, overall I am satisfied that this was indeed one of the substantial and operative reasons that the Divisional Executive acted to remove Mr Quirk and Mr Miller under Rule 11. As it happens, this conclusion is supported by the minutes of the Divisional Executive which record this as one of the elements of the charge. Exercising a workplace right (complaint to the media): s 340(1)(a)(ii), s 341(1)(c)(ii) 319 The minutes of the meeting do not record as any part of the reason for Mr Quirk and Mr Miller's removal from office that they had 'complained' to the media or that they had made an 'inquiry' of the media. It certainly sustains the conclusion that the Divisional Executive thought that they had spoken with the media in terms with which the Divisional Executive was not well pleased. But it is impossible to read the minutes as admitting of an interpretation in which the displeasure of the Divisional Executive had as its focus of attention the fact that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller had made a complaint to the media. Applying a little bit of common sense (a commodity in scarce supply in this litigation), it is obvious that the Divisional Executive's displeasure arose from the fact that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller appeared on national television to criticise the manner in which the Federal Union was being managed. Consistently with the minutes, the evidence given by the members of the Divisional Executive does not sustain a conclusion that it acted because Mr Quirk and Mr Miller had made a 'complaint' to the media. Political opinion: s 351 320 It is clear from the minutes that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller were removed from office for criticising in the media the manner in which the Federal Union was being managed. For reasons I have already given, I am satisfied that the statements made by Mr Quirk and Mr Miller constituted manifestations of political opinion and I will assume that this constituted political opinion within the meaning of s 351(1). 321 It does not follow that the Divisional Executive removed them from office because of their political opinions. On the face of the minutes, I would not draw the inference that the Divisional Executive purported to exercise its powers under Rule 11 to remove them from office because of their political opinions. 322 Each of the members of the Divisional Executive gave evidence by affidavit that their decision to remove the Applicants from office had not had as one of its rationales the fact that Mr Quirk or Mr Miller had held or expressed a political opinion. Their individual reasons differed to some extent. Some did not think that what Mr Quirk or Mr Miller had said was political in nature (Mr O'Grady, Mr Ingham, Mr McDonald and Mr Buchan), some had simply not turned their minds to the question at the time of the decision (Mr Hall), some expressed no view on the topic but thought that their decisions had had nothing to with Mr Quirk and Mr Miller's political opinions (Mr Setka) and some said that they did not understand what was meant by 'expressing a political opinion' (Mr Spernovasilis and Mr Reardon). 323 The question of politics was touched upon by the Applicants in Mr Seck's cross-examination of the members of the Divisional Executive. I accept that on some occasions Mr Seck obtained concessions from some of the witnesses that the impact of Mr Quirk and Mr Miller's remarks was political. These concessions support the conclusion I have already reached that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller's observations to the media were political in nature. However, it does not directly advance the case that the members of the Divisional Executive voted to remove Mr Quirk and Mr Miller from office because what they had said was political. Indeed, Mr Seck's cross-examination of the members of the Divisional Executive did not, with possibly one exception, seek to put to them that, contrary to their affidavit evidence, their motives for conviction had included the fact that the Applicants had expressed political views. The closest the cross-examination came to this was during the testimony of Mr Reardon. This exchange took place at T886.38-44: Now, in your affidavit – and you said this earlier on – you saw what Mr Quirk and Mr Miller had said as a political attack against the union, correct?---That sounds like the words I would use. And in saying that what they had said was a political attack against the union, in your affidavit you've also referred to the royal commission as being a political stitch up. And that's at paragraph 52?---Yes. 324 Even this was not a suggestion that Mr Reardon had voted to remove Mr Quirk and Mr Miller because of their politics. For completeness, I should note the suggestion made to Mr Reardon in the first question that he saw what Mr Quirk and Mr Miller had said 'as a political attack against the Union' does not appear to have been correct. Mr Reardon's affidavit contains no such statement. 325 In that circumstance, I do not believe it is open to reject the affidavit evidence given by the members of the Divisional Executive that they were not motivated by the Applicants' politics. 326 As it was finally put the Applicants submitted that the evidence showed that it was what Mr Quirk and Mr Miller had said which had led to their removal from office. I am prepared to accept in the case of some members of the Divisional Executive that it is likely the case that had Mr Quirk and Mr Miller not said anything adverse about the Federal Union then they may not have been dismissed merely because they spoke without authorisation (even on this view the lack of authorisation remained a substantive and operative reason for their removal). Mr Seck submitted that this supported the view that they had been removed because of their political opinion. This does not follow, however. What Mr Quirk and Mr Miller said was capable of bearing multiple characterisations. Whilst I accept that their statements to the media constituted an expression of political opinion, the same speech acts also constituted the denigration of the Federal Union. Proof of the former does not entail that they were removed for that reason and it certainly does not entail that they were not removed because of the latter: Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union v Endeavour Coal Pty Ltd [2015] FCAFC 76; 231 FCR 150 at [35], [52]-[56]. 327 Nor am I able to accept Mr Seck's submission that because some members of the Divisional Executive described the Royal Commission as a witch hunt or because 7.30 was directly connected with events at the Royal Commission that it followed that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller had been removed because of their politics. At best this shows what I have already accepted, that their appearance on 7.30 was political in nature. It does not, however, answer the question which the statute poses, namely, whether they were removed because of that political opinion. 328 In the event, as I have said, I accept the evidence in chief of the members of the Divisional Executive. Whilst they were no doubt much exercised by the fact that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller had made their statements to the media, their operative concerns were the two I have already identified – viz, the fact that they had done so without authorisation and the fact that they had denigrated the Federal Union on national television during the currency of an extremely sensitive and difficult Royal Commission. 329 In my view, it is clear that the Divisional Executive did not remove Mr Quirk and Mr Miller because of their politics. It removed them because of the disloyalty perceived in Mr Quirk and Mr Miller's highly public denigration of the Federal Union and their decision to speak without permission to the media. My overall and strong impression of the evidence of the members of the Divisional Executive is that the Federal Union is almost tribal in nature and that within its ranks loyalty is the cardinal value above almost everything else. Mr Quirk and Mr Miller's sin was to transgress that cardinal value in the national media during the moment of the Federal Union's greatest peril. I do not think that their politics entered into the equation. For the same reasons, I reject Mr Seck's alternate submission based on the concept of imputed political opinion. IV BREACH OF CONTRACT CASE 330 It is necessary to consider separately the position of the Federal Union and the State Union. The Federal Union 331 In Section II I have concluded that the Divisional Executive was not authorised by Rule 11 to remove Mr Quirk and Mr Miller from office. It did not comply with the obligation imposed by the rule to give them an opportunity to defend themselves and, in any event, that which they were charged with could not in law constitute gross misbehaviour within the meaning of Rule 11. 332 The Applicants were clear that they did not seek to be restored to their offices (or to be reinstated to their employment). Instead, they argued that their removal from office was invalid. Consequently, their employment did not cease because they were, in fact, never removed from office. The bringing to an end of their employment relationship (a deliberately vague statement on my part) was therefore a wrongful dismissal for which they are entitled to recover breach of contract damages. 333 In my view, this submission should be accepted in relation to the Federal Union. As the Respondents correctly submitted, the effect of Mylan is that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller's employment was coterminous with their holding of the offices to which they had been elected. If their removal from office was invalid and of no legal effect, then it follows that the employment relationship was not brought to an end by the actions of the Divisional Executive. Again on the assumption that their removal from office was invalid, it would follow that when Ms Mallia wrote to the applicants on 27 April 2015 to inform them that as a consequence of their removal from office they were no longer employed by 'the Branch' (a reference to the NSW Branch of the Federal Union), this was a repudiation of the contract of employment which Mr Quirk and Mr Miller accepted. 334 The question then is whether the decision of the Divisional Executive was invalid. The Applicants sought orders under the FW(RO) Act which would require the Federal Union to treat the decision as invalid. I see no utility in the grant of such relief. The decision either is invalid (in which case Ms Mallia's letter was a repudiation of the contract of employment) or it is not invalid (in which case Ms Mallia's letter was not a repudiation). Ordering the Federal Union to treat the decision as a nullity has no impact on that analysis and hence serves no purpose. Assuming the Court has power to make such an order, I would not make it. 335 Was the decision invalid? The only authority that the Divisional Executive had to make the decision was Rule 11. The Divisional Executive had no authority to find the Applicants guilty of gross misbehaviour because what they had done could not, as a result of the operation of the FW(RO) Act, constitute gross misbehaviour. Further, it is clear that Rule 11 did not contemplate conviction without an opportunity being afforded to the Applicants to defend themselves. Put another way, Rule 11 did not authorise the Applicants' conviction if its procedural requirements had not been complied with. In both cases, the consequence is the same. The Divisional Executive lacked authority under Rule 11 to find the Applicants guilty. Lacking any authority to convict, it ought to follow that its decisions were invalid. 336 This conclusion is complicated by the fact that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller had a right to appeal from the decision of the Divisional Executive to the Divisional Conference which they did not exercise: Rule 11(c). The Divisional Conference is established by Rule 8 and is the 'supreme governing body of the Division'. 337 There is to an extent a theme in the public law governing the decisions of administrative decision-makers that a right of review by a second decision-maker can cure a want of procedural fairness which may have occurred before a primary decision-maker. In some cases it is possible to say that a legislative scheme of decision-making exhibits the existence of a process whose procedural fairness is best judged on an overall basis. In such cases, the existence of a right of review from a primary decision-maker to a second decision-maker may well be an answer to an allegation that the first decision-maker has infringed the requirements of procedural fairness. In other cases, the relationship between the two levels of decision-making may be such that a want of procedural fairness at the first level may mar the procedural fairness of the process even if it be viewed holistically. 338 Much has been written on this topic. In Minister for Local Government v South Sydney City Council [2002] NSWCA 288; 55 NSWLR 381 at 388 [23] per Spigelman CJ (with whom Ipp AJA agreed) opined that 'the better view is that the effect of an appeal will turn on the ability and obligation of the second-tier decision-maker to provide the appellant with the measure of procedural fairness to which he or she is entitled'. More recent case law has upheld this principle, albeit recognising (as Barwick CJ held in Twist v Randwick Municipal Council (1976) 136 CLR 106 at 111) that the mere existence of a right of appeal may or may not be sufficient, for much depends on the particular decision-making context: Katter v Melhem [2015] NSWCA 213; 90 NSWLR 164 at [87]-[91] per JC Campbell AJA, with whom McColl and Leeming JJA agreed; see also Manns v Kennedy [2007] NSWCA 217; 37 Fam LR 489 at [95] per Campbell JA, with whom Santow JA and Bryson AJA agreed. 339 Rule 8(xi)(d) describes the Divisional Conference's appellate jurisdiction in these terms: The Divisional Conference shall have power: … (d) To hear and decide any appeal from a Divisional Branch on an issue concerned solely with a matter affecting this Division, from a Divisional Branch or Sub-Branch or member. Any appeal from a member must be forwarded through the Divisional Branch Committee. Reasonable notice of the time and place of the hearing shall be given to all parties involved, who shall be given an opportunity of being heard. Provided that in the case of an appeal from a Branch of the Union, the Branch shall have the right to appeal any decision of the Divisional Conference or Divisional Executive to the National Executive. 340 It seems to me that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller could have appealed their removal from office to the Divisional Conference insofar as it concerned the denial of procedural fairness to which I have referred. Rule 8(xi)(d) provides adequate procedural protections to make that right meaningful. If matters rested there I would conclude that the Divisional Executive's decision was not invalid by reason of the fact that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller were not given a reasonable opportunity to appear before it. 341 Matters, however, do not rest there. This question, amongst others, was one of the issues considered by the High Court in Bowen. In that case seven persons contested their removal from office and expulsion from the Australian Workers Union. Six of them had appealed to the Union's Convention which stood in a similar position to the Divisional Conference. Those appeals had been unsuccessful. The seventh person, Renwick, had not appealed. A majority of the Justices concluded that he had been denied procedural fairness and granted him relief notwithstanding that he had not sought to exercise his right of appeal to the Convention. This was accepted by a majority consisting of Rich J (at 619) and Dixon J (at 632) (with whom Starke J agreed at 619) and represents part of the ratio decidendi for the Court's decision that Renwick's appeal should be allowed. 342 Were the matter for me, I might have reached a different conclusion. But the matter appears foreclosed by Bowen. The position of Renwick, on the one hand, and Mr Quirk and Mr Miller, on the other, appear indistinguishable (save that there seems to have been an unverifiable assertion by Renwick that he attempted to appeal but his paperwork was lost in the post (at 632 per Dixon J) but nothing turns on this). Consequently, I do not accept that the fact that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller could have appealed to the Divisional Conference means that the case on procedural fairness must be rejected. 343 In relation to the conclusion I have reached that the conduct with which they were charged could not constitute gross misbehaviour, an appeal to the Divisional Conference would be pointless. For the same reason that the Divisional Executive could not find Mr Quirk and Mr Miller guilty of gross misbehaviour on the facts charged neither could the Divisional Conference. The existence of the right of appeal is therefore irrelevant. 344 In that circumstance, I conclude that the decision of the Divisional Executive is invalid. 345 I therefore accept that Ms Mallia's letter was a repudiation of the Applicants' contracts of employment and that this repudiation was accepted by Mr Quirk and Mr Miller by their acquiescence in Ms Mallia's incorrect assertion that the employment relationship had ended. It follows that both Mr Quirk and Mr Miller are entitled to sue the Federal Union for breach of contract. State Union 346 Turning then to the position of the State Union, whilst there was joint employment, it is apparent on the findings I have made that the State Union had nothing to do with the determination of the contracts of employment. In particular, it was not the State Union which repudiated the contracts of employment. Whilst Mr Quirk and Mr Miller's contracts of employment with the State Union certainly came to an end this was not the result of any breach of contract by the State Union. I do not think in that circumstance that the State Union can have any liability for breach of contract. 347 It is not necessary in that circumstance to consider the Applicants' contention that the termination of their employment with the State Union was unlawful because the State Union had not complied with the termination procedure required by the enterprise agreement which it said applied to their employment with the State Union. The State Union did not terminate their employment rather the Federal Union did. 348 Finally, whilst I have characterised Ms Mallia's letter as having been written on behalf of the Federal Union, it appears that it may be possible that it was written on behalf of the State Union. That is not the view I prefer. It is worth observing, for instance, that although Ms Mallia signed off the letter as State President, her affidavit reveals that such a position exists in the C&G Division of both the Federal Union and the State Union and she has held both positions: §§1-2. However, if I were wrong about that and the letter was written on behalf of the State Union, the result would be to reverse the position of the two unions. The State Union would be liable for breach of contract (as the repudiating party) and the Federal Union would not. It would still remain unnecessary to consider the Applicants' argument based on the state enterprise agreement (since the dismissal would already have been found unlawful). V RELIEF 349 I have already indicated in Section IV that I see no point in granting any of the relief that the Applicants sought in relation to the rules case. The invalidity of the decision of the Divisional Executive is sufficiently signalled by these reasons and the Applicants' entitlement to sue for damages for breach of contract. It is not necessary to consider whether the Court has the power to make a declaration or grant relief under ss 164, 164A or 164B of the FW(RO) Act. Assuming power to exist, I would not exercise it as it would serve no purpose. 350 The question of compensation under the FW Act for taking adverse action for a proscribed reason does not arise since I have rejected that case. 351 It is then necessary to turn to the question of damages. The Applicants did not make any overt submissions on the assessment of damages for breach of contract confining their analysis to the adverse action claims which I have rejected. I proceed on the basis that the award of breach of contract damages should seek to put the Applicants in the position that they would have been in if the breach of contract had not occurred. 352 In this case, the breach of contract consisted of Ms Mallia's letter of 27 April 2015 which was a repudiation of the employment agreement. The question then arises: what would the situation have been in the counterfactual where that letter was not sent? In that counterfactual, the invalid decision of the Divisional Executive would still remain in place although devoid of legal consequences. I think I should proceed on the basis that any further attempts by the Federal Union to give an employment consequence to the invalid decision of the Divisional Executive would have ended up in precisely the situation the parties are currently in, that is to say, with an act of repudiation of the contract of employment by the Federal Union. Consequently, the counterfactual which drives the measure of damages is the one in which the Applicants were not dismissed from their employment. 353 There is no doubt that in this counterfactual, the officers of the Federal Union would continue to bear Mr Quirk and Mr Miller considerable animus. The Respondents submitted that it should be inferred that the Federal Union would have terminated their employment for some lawful reason. I accept that if a lawful way of terminating Mr Quirk and Mr Miller's employment was open to the Federal Union it would have utilised it. However, it is unclear to me what the basis for this would have been. Whilst they remained in office the Federal Union was obliged under Rule 49(a) to employ them and any termination of the contracts of employment could have been met with proceedings to enforce Rule 49(a). Any realistic effort to dislodge Mr Quirk and Mr Miller from their employment therefore would have hinged on validly removing them from office. For the reasons I have given, any effort to dislodge them from office based on their actions in speaking to the media about their dissentient views of the way in which the Federal Union was being managed, were doomed. 354 On the other hand, having regard to the splash Mr Quirk and Mr Miller had made in the Federal Union's affairs, I think it likely that other grounds of gross misbehaviour may well have been investigated. It is difficult to assess how successful such alternate grounds of removal might have been. Problems include: (a) not knowing what they are; (b) behind that veil of ignorance not being able to assess the ability of those propounding the charges to persuade the Divisional Executive of their soundness; and, (c) for the same reason, not being able to assess the durability under legal challenge of any ensuing removal under Rule 11. For example, if the charges were 'trumped up' this might open them to a Bowen challenge. In that circumstance, whilst accepting that the management of the Federal Union would have been, to say the least, keen to excise Mr Quirk and Mr Miller from the affairs of the Federal Union, I am unable to translate that enthusiasm into a tangible possibility in the counterfactual. 355 I therefore accept that Mr Quirk and Mr Miller would have remained employed by the Federal Union until their four year terms expired at the end of 1 January 2017: Rule 38(b). At that point, I am certain their employment with the Federal Union would have ended. Given what had happened, there was no prospect of their being elected as organisers again and even less chance that they would be employed under ordinary contracts of employment. In this counterfactual, whilst they might remain employed whilst in office, they would have been persona non grata with no future after 1 January 2017. 356 On the actual figures, I was told from the bar table by Ms Byrnes that she understood there to be no debate that at the time of their dismissal Mr Quirk and Mr Miller were on a gross salary of $112,426.09. In his address Mr Docking did not suggest that this was wrong. 357 Next, the Applicants submitted that they were entitled to payment in lieu of notice. They submitted that given their length of service they would have been entitled to 18 months' notice and therefore sought compensation for that period. I reject this submission. The employment contract I have found was a somewhat particular one in which notice was not a relevant concept. The Applicants were employed only so long as they held office. The Federal Union could not bring the contract of employment to an end whilst they remained in office. Hence it could not have given notice. It was not that kind of contract of employment. 358 I reject the Respondents' pleaded contention that any damages should be discounted because on 1 October 2015 Mr Quirk and Mr Miller ceased to be members of the Federal Union. Here the thinking was that they would have been ineligible to remain in office. However, it is clear in my view that the cessation of their membership is part of the sequelae flowing from the termination of their employment and ought not to be considered as part of the counterfactual. 359 The Respondents also submitted that any award of damages ought to be reduced by reason of payments received by Mr Quirk and Mr Miller from the Australian Construction Industry Redundancy Trust. There was evidence that some payments answering this description were made but not how much or when. More importantly, there is no evidence of what these payments were for. In that circumstance, it is unclear to me what I should do with this information. The Respondents submitted that this was the Applicants' problem. I do not agree. It was the Respondents who raised it. 360 Another matter I propose to do nothing with is the Respondents' submission that Mr Quirk had a nervous breakdown in mid-2016. It was said that he would have been unable to work from that time. However, I do not feel that the evidence is sufficient to embark on that kind of analysis. What was the cause of the nervous breakdown? Was it related to Mr Quirk's loss of employment? Would it have been covered by workers compensation? I do not think that a case of this kind can be mounted from the thin evidentiary foundation on which it rests. 361 In principle I would therefore award both Mr Quirk and Mr Miller damages between 27 April 2015 and 1 January 2017 on the basis of a gross salary of $112,426.09. The Respondents submitted that both Mr Quirk and Mr Miller received workers compensation payments during at least part of that period and that any damages should be reduced accordingly. Mr Seck submitted that this was not so and drew my attention to s 151A of the Workers Compensation Act 1987 (NSW). However, that provision is directed to a situation where a person recovers damages in respect of injury from an employer where there have been payments of workers compensation. That is not this case. Hence, I do not accept that s 151A applies. On the other hand, I do not know how much workers compensation was paid to the Applicants or under what provisions or how that scheme works where an employer is ordered to pay wages in respect of which there have been payments of workers compensation. Since this appears to be an argument as to why the amount of compensation should be reduced, the consequence of the failure to explain this appears to me a problem which resides in the Respondents' camp rather than the Applicants'. Consequently, on what is before me I decline to reduce the damages on this basis. 362 No attempt was made in address by the Applicants to recover other sums which might have been due such as accrued holiday pay and so forth. Since it is not sought I will not award it. 363 In that circumstance, I will award each of Mr Quirk and Mr Miller the sum of $189,428.59 calculated as follows: 27 April 2015 – 31 December 2015: $76,694.49 (Daily rate of $308.01 multiplied by 249 days) 1 January 2016 – 31 December 2016: $112,426.09 1 January 2017: $308.01 (Daily rate of $308.01) Total: $189,428.59 364 It is not self-evident to me that the Applicants' case for breach of contract damages is a claim under the FW Act or that the general rule that there should be no costs orders in proceedings under that Act applies to that part of the suit. I will hear the parties on costs in the form of a 1,000 word submission from each side to be filed by 21 January 2022. Submissions which exceed the word limit will be rejected without the right to make any further submission. I will otherwise order that the parties confer and submit an agreed short minute of order giving effect to these reasons for judgment. These orders should give effect to my conclusions that: (a) there should be judgment for each Applicant in the sum of $189,428.59 plus interest up to judgment in an amount that the parties should agree; and, (b) the proceedings should otherwise be dismissed. I certify that the preceding three hundred and sixty-four (364) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment of the Honourable Justice Perram. Associate: Dated: 17 December 2021 SCHEDULE OF PARTIES NSD 1344 of 2017 Respondents Fourth Respondent: JOHN SETKA Fifth Respondent: JOSEPH MCDONALD Sixth Respondent: ELIAS SPERNOVASILIS Seventh Respondent: SHAUN REARDON Eighth Respondent: DEAN HALL Ninth Respondent: JADE INGHAM Tenth Respondent: AARON CARTLEDGE Eleventh Respondent: MICK BUCHAN Twelfth Respondent: MICHAEL RAVBAR Seventeenth Respondent: NIGEL DAVIS Eighteenth Respondent ANDREW SUTHERLAND Nineteenth Respondent ROB KERA Twentieth Respondent DARREN GREENFIELD Twenty First Respondent JASON O'MARA Twenty Second Respondent KANE LOWTH Twenty Third Respondent MICHAEL GREENFIELD