FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 20) (Thaypan determination) [2023] FCA 1315 File number: QUD 673 of 2014 Judgment of: MORTIMER CJ Date of judgment: 2 November 2023 Catchwords: NATIVE TITLE – consent determination – nomination of new prescribed body corporate Legislation: Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) ss 56, 61, 66, 67(1), 84D(4), 87A, 94A, 199C, 225 Cases cited: Drury on behalf of the Nanda People v State of Western Australia [2018] FCA 1849 Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 2) (Kuuku Ya'u determination) [2021] FCA 1464 Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 3) (Uutaalnganu (Night Island) determination) [2021] FCA 1465 Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 6) (Northern Kaanju determination) [2022] FCA 770 Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 7) (Southern Kaantju determination) [2022] FCA 771 Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 8) (Ayapathu determination) [2022] FCA 772 Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 9) (Lama Lama determination) [2022] FCA 773 Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 10) [2022] FCA 1129 Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 11) (Atambaya determination) [2022] FCA 1176 Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 12) (Gudang Yadhaykenu determination) [2022] FCA 1177 Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 13) (NCY#2 independent parcels determination) [2022] FCA 1178 Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 14) (Taepithiggi determination) [2023] FCA 731 Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 15) (Weipa Peninsula People determination) [2023] FCA 732 Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 16) (Central West Wik determination) [2023] FCA 733 Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 17) (Umpila determination) [2023] FCA 734 Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 18) (Atambaya #2 determination) [2023] FCA 735 Taylor on behalf of the Yamatji Nation Claim v State of Western Australia [2020] FCA 42 Wik Peoples v State of Queensland [2000] FCA 1443 Division: General Division Registry: Queensland National Practice Area: Native Title Number of paragraphs: 69 Date of hearing: 2 November 2023 Counsel for the Applicant: Mr D O'Gorman SC with Mr D M Yarrow Solicitor for the Applicant: Cape York Land Council Aboriginal Corporation Counsel for the First Respondent: Ms E Longbottom KC with Ms A Tarrago Solicitor for the First Respondent: Crown Law Queensland ORDERS QUD 673 of 2014 BETWEEN: MICHAEL ROSS, SILVA BLANCO, JAMES CREEK, JONATHAN KORKAKTAIN, REGINALD WILLIAMS, WAYNE BUTCHER, CLARRY FLINDERS, PHILIP PORT, HS (DECEASED) Applicant AND: STATE OF QUEENSLAND First Respondent COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA (and others named in the Schedule) Second Respondent order made by: MORTIMER CJ DATE OF ORDER: 2 November 2023 BEING SATISFIED THAT AN ORDER IN THE TERMS SET OUT BELOW IS WITHIN THE POWER OF THE COURT, AND IT APPEARING APPROPRIATE TO THE COURT TO DO SO, PURSUANT TO S 87A OF THE NATIVE TITLE ACT 1993 (CTH) THE COURT NOTES THAT: A. The Applicant agrees that the areas listed in Part 1 of Schedule 5 are areas where native title has been wholly extinguished. B. Part 2 of Schedule 5 excludes Lot 94 on SP859338 (Lot 94) and that part of Lot 4 on CP860906 that falls within the External Boundary (Lot 4) from this Determination on the basis that Lots 94 and 4 are subject to tenures which may be affected by outcome of any separate question hearing(s) listed in Angela Braun & Ors on behalf of the Jirrbal People #4 and State of Queensland & Ors (QUD983/2015) (the Jirrbal #4 claim) and/or Bernard Richard Charlie & Ors on behalf of the North Eastern Peninsula Sea Claim Group and State of Queensland & Ors (QUD115/2017) (the NEP claim) relating to special leases granted pursuant to ss 203(a) and (b) of the Land Act 1962 (Qld). C. The parties intend to seek a determination on the papers for Lots 94 and 4 following the delivery of any judgment in either or both of the Jirrbal #4 claim and/or the NEP claim matters, and the parties reaching agreement on how the outcome(s) of any hearing(s) in those matters applies to Lots 94 and 4. THE COURT ORDERS THAT: 1. There be a determination of native title in the terms proposed in these orders, despite any actual or arguable defect in the authorisation of the applicant to seek and agree to a consent determination pursuant to s 87A of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth). BY CONSENT THE COURT ORDERS THAT: 1. Pursuant to s 199C(1A) of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth), the Registrar is not to remove the following indigenous land use agreements from the Register of Indigenous Land Use Agreements, at least to the extent the indigenous land use agreements fall within the External Boundary: (a) Rinyirru (Lakefield) National Park ILUA (QI2011/052); (b) Peninsula Development Road ILUA (QI2016/049); (c) Kalinga Mulkay ILUA (QI2010/036); (d) Olkola Land Transfer ILUA (QI2014/085); and (e) Thingalkal (Mary Valley) ILUA (QI2014/071). 2. There be a determination of native title in the terms set out below (the Determination). 3. Each party to the proceedings is to bear its own costs. BY CONSENT THE COURT DETERMINES THAT: DEFINITIONS AND INTERPRETATION 4. In this Determination, unless the contrary intention appears: "Animal" has the meaning given in the Nature Conservation Act 1992 (Qld); "External Boundary" means the area described in Schedule 3; "land" has the same meaning as in the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth); "Laws of the State and the Commonwealth" means the common law and the laws of the State of Queensland and the Commonwealth of Australia, and includes legislation, regulations, statutory instruments, local planning instruments and local laws; "Local Government Area" has the meaning given in the Local Government Act 2009 (Qld); "Native Title Determination Application" means the Cape York United #1 native title claim filed on 11 December 2014 in QUD 673 of 2014; "Natural Resources" means: (a) an Animal, a Plant, or any other non-human life form; and (b) inorganic material; but does not include: (c) Animals that are the private personal property of any person; (d) crops that are the private personal property of another; (e) minerals as defined in the Mineral Resources Act 1989 (Qld); and (f) petroleum as defined in the Petroleum Act 1923 (Qld) and the Petroleum and Gas (Production and Safety) Act 2004 (Qld); "Plant" has the meaning given in the Nature Conservation Act 1992 (Qld); "Reserve" means a reserve dedicated, or taken to be a reserve, under the Land Act 1994 (Qld); "Spouse" has the meaning given in the Acts Interpretation Act 1954 (Qld); "Water" means: (a) water which flows, whether permanently or intermittently, within a river, creek or stream; (b) any natural collection of water, whether permanent or intermittent; (c) water from an underground water source; and (d) tidal water; and "waters" has the same meaning as in the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth). Other words and expressions used in this Determination have the same meanings as they have in Part 15 of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth). 5. The determination area is the land and waters described in Schedule 4 and depicted in the map attached to Schedule 6 to the extent those areas are within the External Boundary and not otherwise excluded by the terms of Schedule 5 (the Determination Area). To the extent of any inconsistency between the written description and the map, the written description prevails. 6. Native title exists in the Determination Area. 7. The native title is held by the Thaypan People described in Schedule 1 (the Native Title Holders). 8. Subject to orders 10, 11, and 12 below, the nature and extent of the native title rights and interests in relation to the land and waters described in Part 1 of Schedule 4 are: (a) other than in relation to Water, the right to possession, occupation, use and enjoyment of the area to the exclusion of all others; and (b) in relation to Water, the non-exclusive right to take the Water of the area for personal, domestic, and non-commercial communal purposes. 9. Subject to orders 10, 11, and 12 below, the nature and extent of the native title rights and interests in relation to the land and waters Part 2 of Schedule 4 are the non-exclusive rights to: (a) access, be present on, move about on and travel over the area; (b) live and camp on the area and for those purposes to erect shelters and other structures thereon; (c) hunt, fish and gather on the land and waters of the area; (d) take the Natural Resources from the land and waters of the area; (e) take the Water of the area for personal, domestic and non-commercial communal purposes; (f) be buried and to bury Native Title Holders within the area; (g) maintain places of importance and areas of significance to the Native Title Holders under their traditional laws and customs on the area and protect those places and areas from harm; (h) teach on the area the physical and spiritual attributes of the area and the traditional laws and customs of the Native Title Holders to other Native Title Holders or persons otherwise entitled to access the area; (i) hold meetings on the area; (j) conduct ceremonies on the area; (k) light fires on the area for cultural, spiritual or domestic purposes including cooking, but not for the purpose of hunting or clearing vegetation; and (l) be accompanied on to the area by those persons who, though not Native Title Holders, are: (i) Spouses of Native Title Holders; (ii) people who are members of the immediate family of a Spouse of a Native Title Holder; or (iii) people reasonably required by the Native Title Holders under traditional law and custom for the performance of ceremonies or cultural activities on the area. 10. The native title rights and interests are subject to and exercisable in accordance with: (a) the Laws of the State and the Commonwealth; and (b) the traditional laws acknowledged, and traditional customs observed by the Native Title Holders. 11. The native title rights and interests referred to in orders 8(b) and 9 do not confer possession, occupation, use or enjoyment to the exclusion of all others. 12. There are no native title rights in or in relation to minerals as defined by the Mineral Resources Act 1989 (Qld) and petroleum as defined by the Petroleum Act 1923 (Qld) and the Petroleum and Gas (Production and Safety) Act 2004 (Qld). 13. The nature and extent of any other interests in relation to the Determination Area (or respective parts thereof) are set out in Schedule 2 (the Other Interests). 14. The relationship between the native title rights and interests described in orders 8 and 9 and the Other Interests described in Schedule 2 is that: (a) the Other Interests continue to have effect, and the rights conferred by or held under the Other Interests may be exercised notwithstanding the existence of the native title rights and interests; (b) to the extent the Other Interests are inconsistent with the continued existence, enjoyment or exercise of the native title rights and interests in relation to the land and waters of the Determination Area, the native title rights and interests continue to exist in their entirety, but the native title rights and interests have no effect in relation to the Other Interests to the extent of the inconsistency for so long as the Other Interests exist; and (c) the Other Interests and any activity that is required or permitted by or under, and done in accordance with, the Other Interests, or any activity that is associated with or incidental to such an activity, prevail over the native title rights and interests and any exercise of the native title rights and interests. THE COURT DETERMINES THAT: 15. The native title is held in trust. 16. The Awu-Laya Indigenous Corporation (ICN: 10045), incorporated under the Corporations (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander) Act 2006 (Cth), is to: (a) be the prescribed body corporate for the purpose of ss 56(2)(b) and 56(3) of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth); and (b) perform the functions mentioned in s 57(1) of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) after becoming a registered native title body corporate. Note: Entry of orders is dealt with in Rule 39.32 of the Federal Court Rules 2011. LIST OF SCHEDULES Schedule 1 – Native Title Holders viii Schedule 2 – Other Interests in the Determination Area ix Schedule 3 – External Boundary xiii Schedule 4 – Description of Determination Area xv Part 1 — Exclusive Areas xv Part 2 — Non-Exclusive Areas xvi Schedule 5 – Areas Not Forming Part of the Determination Area xviii Part 1 – Areas excluded on the basis of extinguishment xviii Part 2 – Other excluded areas xix Schedule 6 – Map of Determination Area xx Schedule 1 – Native Title Holders 1. The Native Title Holders are the Thaypan People. The Thaypan People are those Aboriginal persons who are descended by birth, or adoption in accordance with the traditional laws acknowledged and the traditional customs observed by the Thaypan People, from one or more of the following apical ancestors: (a) Georgie Guts (Thidara aka Old Bob); (b) Topsy Miller (mother of Harold Ford); (c) Nellie (mother of Maggie Solomon); (d) Father of George Meldrum Snr; (e) Minnie Shephard (Royang); (f) Walakutha (aka Dingo); (g) George Musgrave Snr (aka George Deafy); (h) Nellie Costello; (i) Jack Morehead; (j) Charles Mimo Schrieber; (k) Tom Twaddle; (l) Nellie Wunhthay; (m) Dolly (mother of Nellie Moran); or (n) Maggie (mother of Robert Turpin). Schedule 2 – Other Interests in the Determination Area The nature and extent of the other interests in relation to the Determination Area are the following as they exist as at the date of the Determination: 1. The rights and interests of the parties under the Kuku Warra and Thaypan Customary Rights and Permanent Arrangements Agreement executed on 20 July 2023. 2. The rights and interests of the parties under the following agreements registered on the Register of Indigenous Land Use Agreements: (a) Rinyirru (Lakefield) National Park ILUA (QI2011/052); (b) PNG Gas Pipeline ILUA (QI2006/043); (c) Peninsula Developmental Road ILUA (QI2016/049); (d) Kalinga Mulkay ILUA (QI2010/036); (e) Olkola Land Transfer ILUA (QI2014/085); and (f) Thingalkal (Mary Valley) ILUA (QI2014/071). 3. The rights and interests of Evan Frank Ryan, Paul Bradley Ryan and Scott Evan Ryan under the Land Act 1962 (Qld) as the holders of rolling term lease (PH 14/2593) for pastoral purposes (also known as Koolburra) over that part of Lot 2 SP280073 that falls within the External Boundary. 4. The rights and interests of Susan Shephard and Thomas Donald Shepard under the Land Act 1962 (Qld) as holders of a rolling term lease (PH 14/4365) for pastoral purposes over that part of Lot 4365 on SP182310 that falls within the External Boundary. 5. The rights and interests of Telstra Corporation Limited (ACN 051 775 556) and any of its successors in title: (a) as the owner or operator of telecommunications facilities within the Determination Area; (b) created pursuant to the Post and Telegraph Act 1901 (Cth), the Telecommunications Act 1975 (Cth), the Australian Telecommunications Corporation Act 1989 (Cth), the Telecommunications Act 1991 (Cth) and the Telecommunications Act 1997 (Cth), including rights: (i) to inspect land; (ii) to install, occupy and operate telecommunication facilities; and (iii) to alter, remove, replace, maintain, repair and ensure the proper functioning of its telecommunications facilities; (c) for its employees, agents, or contractors to access its telecommunication facilities in and in the vicinity of the Determination Area in the performance of its duties; and (d) under any lease, licence, access agreement, permit or easement relating to its telecommunications facilities in the Determination Area. 6. The rights and interests granted or available to RTA Weipa Pty Ltd (ACN 137 266 285) (and any successors in title) under the Comalco Agreement, including, but not limited to, rights and interests in relation to the "bauxite field" (as defined in clause 1 of the Comalco Agreement) and areas adjacent to or in the vicinity or outside of such bauxite field, where: (a) "Comalco Act" means the Commonwealth Aluminium Corporation Pty Limited Agreement Act 1957 (Qld); and (b) "Comalco Agreement" means the agreement in Schedule 1 to the Comalco Act, including as amended in accordance with such Act. 7. The rights and interests of Cook Shire Council: (a) under its local government jurisdiction and functions under the Local Government Act 2009 (Qld), under the Stock Route Management Act 2002 (Qld) and under any other legislation, for that part of the Determination Area within the area declared to be its Local Government Area: (b) as the: (i) lessor under any leases which were validly entered into before the date on which these orders are made and whether separately particularised in these orders or not; (ii) grantor of any licences or other rights and interests which were validly granted before the date on which these orders were made and whether separately particularised in these orders or not; (iii) party to an agreement with a third party which relates to land or waters in the Determination Area; (iv) holder of any estate or any other interest in land, including as trustee of any Reserves, under access agreements and easements that exist in the Determination Area; (c) as the owner and operator of infrastructure, structures, earthworks, access works and any other facilities and other improvements located in the Determination Area validly constructed or established on or before the date on which these orders are made, including but not limited to any: (i) undedicated but constructed roads except for those not operated by the council; (ii) water pipelines and water supply infrastructure; (iii) drainage facilities; (iv) watering point facilities; (v) recreational facilities; (vi) transport facilities; (vii) gravel pits operated by the council; (viii) cemetery and cemetery related facilities; and (ix) community facilities; (d) to enter the land for the purposes described in paragraphs 7(a), (b) and (c) above by its employees, agents or contractors to: (i) exercise any of the rights and interests referred to in this paragraph 7 and paragraph 8 below; (ii) use, operate, inspect, maintain, replace, restore and repair the infrastructure, facilities and other improvements referred to in paragraph 7(c) above; and (iii) undertake operational activities in its capacity as a local government such as feral animal control, erosion control, waste management and fire management. 8. The rights and interests of the State of Queensland and Cook Shire Council to access, use, operate, maintain and control the dedicated roads in the Determination Area and the rights and interests of the public to use and access the roads. 9. The rights and interests of the State of Queensland in Reserves, the rights and interests of the trustees of those Reserves and the rights and interests of the persons entitled to access and use those Reserves for the respective purpose for which they are reserved. 10. The rights and interests of the State of Queensland or any other person existing by reason of the force and operation of the laws of the State of Queensland, including those existing by reason of the following legislation or any regulation, statutory instrument, declaration, plan, authority, permit, lease or licence made, granted, issued or entered into under that legislation: (a) the Aboriginal Land Act 1991 (Qld); (b) the Fisheries Act 1994 (Qld); (c) the Land Act 1994 (Qld); (d) the Nature Conservation Act 1992 (Qld); (e) the Forestry Act 1959 (Qld); (f) the Water Act 2000 (Qld); (g) the Petroleum Act 1923 (Qld) or Petroleum and Gas (Production and Safety) Act 2004 (Qld); (h) the Mineral Resources Act 1989 (Qld); (i) the Planning Act 2016 (Qld); (j) the Transport Infrastructure Act 1994 (Qld); and (k) the Fire and Emergency Services Act 1990 (Qld) or Ambulance Service Act 1991 (Qld); 11. The rights and interests of members of the public arising under the common law, including but not limited to the following: (a) any subsisting public right to fish; and (b) the public right to navigate. 12. So far as confirmed pursuant to s 212(2) of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) and s 18 of the Native Title (Queensland) Act 1993 (Qld) as at the date of this Determination, any existing rights of the public to access and enjoy the following places in the Determination Area: (a) waterways; (b) beds and banks or foreshores of waterways; (c) stock routes; and (d) areas that were public places at the end of 31 December 1993. 13. Any other rights and interests: (a) held by the State of Queensland or Commonwealth of Australia; or (b) existing by reason of the force and operation of the Laws of the State and the Commonwealth. Schedule 3 – External Boundary The area of land and waters commencing at the intersection of the eastern boundary of Lot 3384 on SP182311 and the centreline of Red Blanket Creek at Latitude 14.668541° South, then generally westerly along the centreline of Red Blanket Creek until the intersection with the 110m contour line, then generally southerly along that contour line until a point at Longitude 143.525512° East, Latitude 15.05757° South, then south-easterly to another point on the 110m contour line at Longitude 143.626601° East, Latitude 15.140918° South, passing through the following coordinate points: Longitude ° East Latitude ° South 143.528784 15.079739 143.532651 15.113349 143.556445 15.133277 143.596599 15.133872 then generally southerly along that contour line until Longitude 143.621675° East, Latitude 15.232089° South, then south easterly until the intersection with the 190m contour line at Longitude 143.632479° East, Latitude 15.235537° South, then generally southerly along that contour line until the intersection with an unnamed tributary of Healy Creek at Longitude 143.649803° East, Latitude 15.292811° South, then north easterly along the centrelines of that tributary and Healy Creek, until a point at 143.809708° East, Latitude 15.128517° South, then south easterly until the intersection with the centreline of North Kennedy River at Longitude 144.019218° East, Latitude 15.269713° South, passing through the following coordinate points: Longitude ° East Latitude ° South 143.841688 15.138111 143.87738 15.161905 143.903554 15.176182 143.930918 15.196407 143.958282 15.220202 143.999922 15.254704 Then south easterly until the intersection with Eighteen Mile Ridge Creek, then generally north easterly along the centreline of that creek until its intersection with the centreline of the of the North Kennedy River, then generally north easterly, generally north westerly and generally northerly along the centreline of the North Kennedy River until the intersection with the centreline of an unnamed road (also known as 'the Old Mail Track') at Latitude 14.821968° South, then easterly along the centreline of that road until the intersection with the centreline of Lakefield Road, also being a point on the Lama Lama Determination (QCD2022/008), then north westerly, south westerly and north westerly along the external boundaries of that determination (also described as, then north westerly and south westerly along the centrelines of Lakefield Road, Marina Plains Road and Lilyvale Road, until a point at Longitude 143.564351° East, adjacent to a gravel pit, then north westerly in a straight line until the commencement point. (All subject to survey) Data Reference and source Cadastral data sourced from Department of Resources, Qld (August 2021). Watercourse lines sourced from Department of Resources, Qld (August 2021). Native title determinations sourced from the Commonwealth of Australia, NNTT (August 2021). Indigenous land use agreements sourced from the Commonwealth of Australia, NNTT (August 2021). Reference datum Geographical coordinates are referenced to the Geocentric Datum of Australia 1994 (GDA94), in decimal degrees. Use of Coordinates Where coordinates are used within the description to represent cadastral or topographical boundaries or the intersection with such, they are intended as a guide only. As an outcome to the custodians of cadastral and topographic data continuously recalculating the geographic position of their data based on improved survey and data maintenance procedures, it is not possible to accurately define such a position other than by detailed ground survey. Schedule 4 – Description of Determination Area The determination area comprises all of the land and waters described by lots on plan, or relevant parts thereof, and any rivers, streams, creeks or lakes described in the first column of the tables in the Parts immediately below, and depicted in the maps in Schedule 6, to the extent those areas are within the External Boundary and not otherwise excluded by the terms of Schedule 5. Part 1 — Exclusive Areas All of the land and waters described in the following table and depicted in dark blue on the Determination map contained in Schedule 6: Area description (at the time of the Determination) Determination Map Sheet Reference Note That part of Lot 10 on SP208286 that falls within the External Boundary Sheets 1, 6, 7 and 8 * That part of Lot 16 on SP262570 that falls within the External Boundary Sheet 7 * That part of Lot 36 on SP215745 that falls within the External Boundary Sheet 7 * That part of Lot 37 on SP215745 that falls within the External Boundary Sheet 7 * That part of Lot 4579 on SP252529 that falls within the External Boundary Sheets 1 and 7 * That part of Lot 6 on SP262570 that falls within the External Boundary Sheet 5 * * denotes areas to which s 47A of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) applies. Part 2 — Non-Exclusive Areas All of the land and waters described in the following table and depicted in light blue on the Determination map contained in Schedule 6: Area description (at the time of the Determination) Determination Map Sheet Reference Lot 1 on WR1 Sheet 1 That part of Lot 2 on SP280073 that falls within the External Boundary Sheet 8 That part of Lot 3384 on SP182311 that falls within the External Boundary Sheet 2 That part of Lot 4365 on SP182310 that falls within the External Boundary Sheets 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 That part of Lot 5362 on SP314591 that falls within the External Boundary Sheets 1 and 2 An area of road formerly described as Lot 1 on SP314591 Sheet 2 Save for any waters forming part of a lot on plan, all rivers, creeks, streams and lakes within the External Boundary described in Schedule 3, including but not limited to: One Mile Creek; Two Mile Creek; Saltwater Creek; Fifteen Mile Creek; Eighteen Mile Creek; Morehead River; Pelican Lake; Turpentine Creek Dead Horse Creek; Hann River; Rocky Creek; Station Creek; and North Kennedy River. Schedule 5 – Areas Not Forming Part of the Determination Area Part 1 – Areas excluded on the basis of extinguishment The following areas of land and waters are excluded from the Determination Area as described in Part 1 of Schedule 4 and Part 2 of Schedule 4: 1. Those land and waters within the External Boundary in relation to which one or more Previous Exclusive Possession Acts, within the meaning of s 23B of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) was done and was attributable to either the Commonwealth or the State, and to which none of ss 47, 47A or 47B of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) applied, as they could not be claimed in accordance with s 61A of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth). 2. Specifically, and to avoid any doubt, the land and waters described in paragraph (1) above includes: (a) the Previous Exclusive Possession Acts described in ss 23B(2) and 23B(3) of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) to which s 20 of the Native Title (Queensland) Act 1993 (Qld) applies, and to which none of ss 47, 47A or 47B of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) applied, including but not limited to Lot 1 on SP314593. (b) the land and waters on which any public work, as defined in s 253 of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth), is or was constructed, established or situated, and to which ss 23B(7) and 23C(2) of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) and to which s 21 of the Native Title (Queensland) Act 1993 (Qld), applies, together with any adjacent land or waters in accordance with s 251D of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth). 3. Those land and waters within the External Boundary that were excluded from the Native Title Determination Application on the basis that, at the time of the Native Title Determination Application, they were an area where native title rights and interests had been wholly extinguished, and to which none of ss 47, 47A or 47B of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) applied, including, but not limited to: (a) any area where there had been an unqualified grant of estate in fee simple which wholly extinguished native title rights and interests; and (b) any area over which there was an existing dedicated public road which wholly extinguished native title rights and interests. 4. Those land and waters within the External Boundary on which, at the time the Native Title Determination Application was made, public works were validly constructed, established or situated after 23 December 1996, where s 24JA of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) applies, and which wholly extinguished native title. Part 2 – Other excluded areas 1. The land and waters described as Lot 94 on CP859338 and that part of Lot 4 on CP860906 that falls within the External Boundary. Schedule 6 – Map of Determination Area REASONS FOR JUDGMENT MORTIMER CJ: INTRODUCTION 1 The parties have sought a determination of native title under s 87A of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth), with associated orders, recognising the native title of the Thaypan People. This determination is being made on the same day as determinations recognising the native title of the Kuku Warra and Possum Peoples. The Court also makes a determination with respect to certain individual parcels in favour of the Wik and Wik Way Peoples, being the native title holders determined in Wik Peoples v State of Queensland [2000] FCA 1443. The Wik and Wik Way independent parcels determination is made on the papers. 2 This is the fifth group of consent determinations made in this proceeding, with the first having been made in November 2021. 3 Together, these determinations resolve four parts of the Cape York United #1 claim, within a geographic region that has come to be known as the 'Wood area', because Ray Wood was the anthropologist initially engaged by the Cape York United #1 applicant to prepare connection material about the area. 4 The Thaypan People's traditional country is agreed to include land and waters in south-east Cape York Peninsula, to the east of the Great Dividing Range, including Musgrave and Mary Valley Stations and the upper Morehead River. It covers more than 350,000 hectares. The Thaypan native title group clans include Goose and Taipan Snake clans. 5 Accepting that each of the groups is recognised as a distinct native title holding group, with their own rights and interests under traditional law and custom in the determination area, the Court makes orders and gives reasons separately for each group. That said, the anthropological material, and Mr Wood's report in particular, reports on the "diverse genealogical ties to multiple areas" in this region, and refers to the "densely over-stitched rights and interests of multiple cognatic families". 6 The material filed in support of the Thaypan determination amply demonstrates a credible basis for the traditional connection of the Thaypan People to the determination area. 7 Dwayne Lewis Musgrave is a Thaypan man. He describes his connection to country. He describes how it is his home. He states: I see the land as my backyard, to be looked after. Money comes and goes, but our land is there for good. The younger ones need to look after it to, so it's there for generations and generations. I have it in my heart and bloodline to take responsibilities through to the next generations, to help the younger ones learn the country and build their knowledge. … I feel different when I work on my country. I feel like I'm home. When I'm on a stranger's country I feel very different. I like to work on my own country, because it's like my own back yard. I know how to keep safe. I know my old people are there and that they will protect me on my country. I know I'm not going to walk into a place I'm not supposed to. 8 Today's determination is a step towards ensuring that this feeling of belonging is protected for generations to come. It recognises the connection to country of Thaypan People, and future generations of Thaypan People. 9 For the reasons set out below, the Court is satisfied it is appropriate to make the orders sought, and that it is within the power of the Court to do so. THE MATERIAL BEFORE THE COURT 10 The application for consent determination was supported by a principal set of submissions filed by the applicant on 29 September 2023. The State filed its submissions on 13 October 2023. Each set of submissions was made jointly with respect to each of the determinations falling within the Wood area. The Court has been greatly assisted by the parties' submissions. 11 The applicant relied on a number of affidavits dealing with matters relevant to the determinations. First, an affidavit of Kirstin Donlevy Malyon affirmed 27 September 2023 and filed 29 September 2023 (2023 Malyon affidavit). Second, an affidavit of Parkinson Wirrick affirmed 26 September 2023 and filed 29 September 2023 (2023 Wirrick affidavit). Third, paragraphs [5] to [30] of an affidavit filed earlier in the proceeding of Ms Malyon affirmed 22 October 2021 and filed 27 October 2021 regarding the re-authorisation process undertaken by the applicant in the period from April to September 2021 (2021 Malyon affidavit). The State relied on an affidavit of Kate Evelyn Marchesi affirmed 12 October 2023 and filed 13 October 2023. 12 Ms Malyon is the Principal Legal Officer at the Cape York Land Council, and has had carriage of the Cape York United #1 claim. In the 2023 Malyon affidavit, she deposes to the process undertaken for determining appropriate group and boundary descriptions for each determination, and describes the way in which the s 87A agreement for the Thaypan native title group was approved, including pre-authorisation and authorisation meetings. She deposes to how the Awu-Laya Indigenous Corporation was nominated as the prescribed body corporate (PBC) for the Thaypan determination. She annexes to her affidavit the notice of nomination for that PBC and its consent to act as the relevant PBC for the determination area. 13 In terms of connection material for the four determinations, the applicant relied on an expert report of Kate Waters dated 5 March 2018 and filed 6 March 2018 (Waters 2018 report). 14 The applicant also relied on the following affidavits in relation to the Kuku Warra, Thaypan and Possum determinations: (a) an expert report of Ray Wood dated 25 October 2017 and filed 2 November 2017 (Wood 2017 report); (b) an expert report of Dr David Thompson dated and filed 16 November 2017 (Thompson 2017 report); (c) a supplementary expert report of Dr Thompson dated 29 March 2019 and annexed to the 2023 Wirrick affidavit (Thompson 2019 report); and (d) a supplementary expert report of Mr Wood dated 17 June 2020 and annexed to the 2023 Wirrick affidavit (Wood 2020 report). 15 In terms of connection material for the Thaypan determination specifically, the applicant relied on the following, each of which were annexed to the 2023 Wirrick affidavit: (a) an affidavit of Dwayne Lewis Musgrave dated 16 April 2021; (b) an affidavit of Bruce Meldrum dated 22 May 2021; (c) an apical report of Ms Waters dated 24 June 2022 regarding Old Saturday (aka Jimmy Thompson); (d) an apical report of Ms Waters dated 16 February 2023 regarding Dolly (mother of Nellie Moran); (e) an apical report of Ms Waters dated 22 February 2021 regarding Georgie Guts (Thidara); (f) an apical report of Ms Waters dated 21 June 2022 regarding Maggie Solomon; and (g) an apical report of Ms Waters dated 21 June 2022 regarding Nellie Koolburra (Costello). PROCEDURAL HISTORY 16 The Cape York United #1 claim was filed in this Court in December 2014. It covers various types of tenure, including pastoral leases, protected areas, reserves and areas of unallocated State land. It is the largest native title claim currently before the Court, and covers most of the undetermined parts of the Cape York Peninsula. 17 The complex procedural history and nature of the Cape York United #1 claim is summarised in the Court's reasons for the Kuuku Ya'u and Uutaalnganu (Night Island) determinations made in November 2021: Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 2) (Kuuku Ya'u determination) [2021] FCA 1464 at [3], [12]-[19], [30]-[37]; Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 3) (Uutaalnganu (Night Island) determination) [2021] FCA 1465 at [3], [13]-[20], [28]-[35]. In addition to those determinations: (a) four determinations in this proceeding were made in July 2022: Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 6) (Northern Kaanju determination) [2022] FCA 770; Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 7) (Southern Kaantju determination) [2022] FCA 771; Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 8) (Ayapathu determination) [2022] FCA 772; Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 9) (Lama Lama determination) [2022] FCA 773; (b) three determinations were made in October 2022: Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 11) (Atambaya determination) [2022] FCA 1176; Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 12) (Gudang Yadhaykenu determination) [2022] FCA 1177; Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 13) (NCY#2 independent parcels determination) [2022] FCA 1178; and (c) five determinations were made in July 2023: Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 14) (Taepithiggi determination) [2023] FCA 731; Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 15) (Weipa Peninsula People determination) [2023] FCA 732; Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 16) (Central West Wik determination) [2023] FCA 733; Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 17) (Umpila determination) [2023] FCA 734; Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 18) (Atambaya #2 determination) [2023] FCA 735. 18 The Court's reasons in each of those determinations note the complex and individualised process leading to each determination within the overall Cape York United #1 claim. AUTHORISATION The Thaypan section 87A agreement 19 Like the previous and completed s 87A processes in this proceeding, the process undertaken by the CYLC with the Thaypan People native title group was thorough and carefully organised. Prior to the proposed authorisation of the s 87A agreement, there were two decision-making processes which needed closely to involve landholding groups: the process to settle boundaries between the Thaypan People and their neighbours; and the process to settle group composition, by identification of apical ancestors. 20 The Boundary Identification Negotiation and Mediation or 'BINM' process was adopted by the applicant, through the CYLC, in April 2020 to deal with the reality existing within the Cape York United #1 claim area that distinctly identifiable groups hold interests in that area: see Kuuku Ya'u determination at [18], [25]-[26] and Uutaalnganu determination at [19], [23]-[24]. The BINM process was employed for each of the Kuku Warra, Thaypan and Possum claims, and at [72]-[96] of the 2023 Malyon affidavit, Ms Malyon describes the process as it unfolded for each group, including the Thaypan group. 21 Putative boundary descriptions for the Kuku Warra, Thaypan and Possum native title groups were developed from desktop research by the CYLC in consultation with Mr Wood and Dr Kevin Mayo. They were provided to the State on 16 May 2022 on a 'without prejudice' basis. The boundary descriptions were prepared in consultation with anthropologists engaged by CYLC in relation to neighbouring areas. 22 Following the provision of the putative boundary descriptions to the State, the CYLC facilitated consultations with each of the Kuku Warra, Thaypan and Possum native title groups. This commenced on 11 July 2023 and involved engaging: (a) Mr Wood for a total of 12 days in Cape York and in Cairns, who consulted with relevant families, elders and other key persons within the Wood area, at both boundary meetings and individual or family consultations; (b) Dr Mayo for a total of 23 days in the Cape York and Cairns region, who consulted with native title groups, families and elders; and (c) Dr Redmond for a total of 11 days, who consulted with relevant families, elders and other key persons from neighbouring groups to discuss common boundaries, particularly those native title groups for the Corrigan Report area. 23 The consultations helped identify who should attend meetings on behalf of the groups and their neighbours, and helped ensure that those people could attend those meetings. The consultations also helped inform the proposed descriptions for the groups. 24 The CYLC held 'preliminary meetings' between June 2022 and April 2023 with each of the Kuku Warra, Thaypan and Possum groups to discuss boundaries, provide further information about the BINM process, and to receive instructions. Preliminary meetings were open to all members of the respective native title groups. Copies of the applicable notices were sent to all members of each of the native title groups on the CYLC contact database by post and email (where email addresses were available), and were notified on the CYLC website, CYLC Facebook page and community noticeboards. 25 The CYLC facilitated a number of 'boundary meetings' between neighbouring native title groups where instructions were taken as to final descriptions of common boundaries. These took place between 16 November 2022 and 13 April 2023. A CYLC lawyer and anthropologist were present at each boundary meeting. A consultant anthropologist was present at each meeting. 26 At the introductory session for the boundary meetings, each consultant anthropologist provided an overview of the available anthropological materials. The anthropologists supported and facilitated the participation of appropriate group representatives, providing advice and feedback to them about previous anthropological research, communicating their understanding of the research materials, assisting in the translation of maps (including the identification of any particular locations, landmarks or cultural sites), and helping to identify family affiliations to particular areas of country through recollection of genealogical data. Group representatives also had access to the CYLC's genealogical records (subject to confidentiality), private break-out spaces, a series of maps and the State's response to the putative boundary descriptions. At the end of the meetings, agreement as to boundaries by consensus was sought, and if there was agreement, it was recorded in written resolutions. 27 The Kuku Warra, Thaypan and Possum native title groups met with their neighbours over a period of around five months. The boundary meetings relevant to these groups were: (a) a meeting on a meeting on 16 November 2022 between the Kuku Warra, Thaypan, Possum, Olkola and Western Yalanji native title groups; (b) a meeting on 21 November 2022 between the Kuku Warra and Yiithuwarra native title groups; (c) a meeting on 22 November 2022 between the Kuku Warra and Guugu Yimidhirr native title groups; (d) a meeting on 23 November 2022 between the Kuku Warra, Possum and Western Yalanji native title groups and Lakeland Downs families; (e) a meeting on 14 December 2022 between the Thaypan and Possum native title groups; (f) a meeting on 1 February 2023 between the Thaypan and Possum native title groups; (g) a meeting on 2 February 2023 between the Kuku Warra, Thaypan and Possum native title groups; (h) a meeting on 13 February 2023 between the Kuku Warra, Guugu Yimithirr and Western Yalanji native title groups and Lakeland Downs families; (i) a meeting on 14 February 2023 between the Kuku Warra and Yiithuwarra native title groups; and (j) a meeting on 13 April 2023 between the Kuku Warra and Thaypan native title groups. 28 Members of the Kuku Warra, Thaypan and Possum native title groups attended these meetings. In each case, resolutions with descriptions of boundaries were agreed to by consensus, confirmed by a resolution from each group and recorded in writing. 29 The s 87A agreements were settled and authorised after the BINM process, and the group description process, were complete. In the 2023 Malyon affidavit, Ms Malyon deposes to the notification of meetings to discuss, and subsequently authorise, the s 87A agreement for the Thaypan determination. The Thaypan authorisation meeting was conducted on 20 July 2023. At that meeting, the group considered the terms of the Thaypan s 87A agreement, and directed the applicant to enter into that agreement. That direction to the applicant brings me to the question of the authorisation of the applicant to enter into separate s 87A agreements. The authorisation of the Cape York United #1 applicant 30 The applicant's authority to enter into the Thaypan s 87A agreement stems from the re-authorisation process undertaken between April and September 2021, in respect of the claim as a whole. Ms Malyon describes this process in the 2021 Malyon affidavit, and the Court described and endorsed it in Kuuku Ya'u determination at [30]-[37] and Uutaalnganu determination at [28]-[35]. In those determinations, I agreed with the State's submission that the weight of authority supports the view that the Native Title Act affords flexibility to shape the content of an ultimate determination of native title, provided there is compliance with s 94A and s 225 of the Act. For that reason, I agreed with the State's submission that the re-authorisation process for the applicant was lawful, and compliant with the Native Title Act. The applicant's submissions also supported this approach, unsurprisingly. No objections were made by any other parties to the determinations. The State has maintained the same position in its submissions on these current determinations. 31 Nevertheless, in Kuuku Ya'u determination at [38]-[50] and Uutaalnganu determination at [36]-[48], I explained why I considered it also appropriate to make orders under s 84D(4) of the Native Title Act to deal with any uncertainty arising from differences between the claim group description in the original Cape York United #1 application and those in the proposed s 87A determinations at a more local level, in light of the change in the way the claim was proceeding and the re-authorisation process. 32 Those orders were made under s 84D(4) out of an abundance of caution and to avoid any doubt about the validity of the s 87A determinations. At [50] in Kuuku Ya'u determination and [48] in Uutaalnganu determination, I said: It is plainly in the interests of the administration of justice to do so, in circumstances where the overall Cape York United #1 claim is gargantuan, and has already consumed seven years' worth of resources, mostly sourced from public funds. Substantial, dedicated and methodical efforts have been made to comply with the requirements of the Native Title Act in each step along the way to these first two determinations. Despite significant factual and legal challenges, the two key parties have navigated a consensual path to the recognition of native title for the Kuuku Ya'u and Uutaalnganu (Night Island) groups. All other respondents have been consulted and given opportunities to participate in the process as it has progressed. They have been included in steps in the complex timetables. All consent to the Kuuku Ya'u and Uutaalnganu (Night Island) determinations. If ever there was a situation in the Court's native title jurisdiction where a favourable exercise of discretion by the Court is appropriate to ensure resolution of a claim to which all parties agree, this is that situation. 33 I adopt those reasons in each of the four determinations now made. In each of the present determinations, the applicant proposed that similar orders be made. The State agreed with that proposal. For the reasons given in the extract above, I continue to consider such orders are appropriate. THE CONNECTION OF THE THAYPAN NATIVE TITLE GROUP TO THE DETERMINATION AREA 34 In his 2017 report and supplementary report, Mr Wood (and Dr Thompson, who prepared a chapter within Mr Wood's 2017 report) presents connection material in relation to the areas he was briefed to report on. In preparing the reports, Mr Wood states that he relies on existing anthropological and linguistic research as well as his own research, including extensive site-mapping by four-wheel drive, boat, and foot. 35 Mr Wood describes how the ancestors of the native title group members occupied the determination area prior to effective sovereignty. He describes at [84] of his 2017 report how "all clans and language divisions of the Report Area are interlocked by a common body of customary law and depend on that for a reasonably stable jural and social order". He also describes the importance of family connections and stories, and how: The Stories, their sites, and the presence on an estate of its 'Old People' – the spirits of both its recent and ancestral dead – together comprise the repository of clan identity and owner status, and provide both with transcendent authority. That is, these things serve to elevate estate tenures above the merely human level, by embedding them in the origins of the cosmos and the spiritual power of myth and ancestors. 36 In his conclusions as to pre-sovereignty society and law and customs, Mr Wood describes connection in the following terms: persons and landed groups are seen as related to their country in a way that is similar to the flesh and blood way they are related to kin. This is what connection to land in part means in Peninsula thought: a literal, organic connection, always implicating the notion of source, and of an order in which the boundaries are weak between the living person and their place, and between the country and its ancestral dead. A person and the places he or she was intimately associated with during their life become mutually identified, not just in the memory of the living, but in the sense of entering into each other's constitution. They cannot be separated in quite the way that is possible in western thought, with its fuller distinction between what westerners understand as animate subjects and inanimate objects. In Aboriginal thought the boundaries of the person are not co-terminus with their body, nor so clearly drawn off from their environment. Given such a cosmology, a belief in direct, immediate communication between people and the country and its spirits is unsurprising, and all older and many younger people with whom I have spoken have personal experiences of this to relate. When in country that is not one's own, such communication is expected to be in the nature of hostility from the resident Old People and site beings toward oneself as a trespasser, and is associated with anxiety, sleeplessness, frightening apparitions of old men or women, difficulty in finding food and water, and often accident or illness. But in their own country a person is expected to feel at ease, and may receive intuitions and messages from the Old People, who will be pleased with (and revitalized by?) their presence in the country, by their smell, and by the smoke of their fires. They will "give them" (assist them to find) food and water from the country, and will appear to them in the guise of animals that approach the camp to peer at them, signal, or otherwise behave in unusual ways. 37 Mr Wood explains that this connection continues today, concluding that: the character of Aboriginal society within and around the Report Area retains the same essential ordering by lateral kinship and vertical descent grouping, and the lives of the claimants are lived within a cultural and kinship world strongly diverging from that of their European neighbours. (Emphasis omitted.) 38 He also concludes that the traditional owners of the area are actively involved with their traditional country, through their daily lives, employment projects in the region, and the customary activities of camping, swimming, fishing, hunting and gathering resources of the region for cultural purposes. 39 The applicant submits that the connection material establishes a credible basis for the proposition that the Kuku Warra, Thaypan, Possum and Wik and Wik Way native title groups have maintained their connection to their respective determination areas under their respective traditional laws and customs since prior to sovereignty. The State supports that submission, and I accept it. 40 The evidence supporting the Thaypan group descriptions, and the identification of apical ancestors, is found throughout the reports prepared by Mr Wood and Ms Waters. Ms Waters' work concentrates on the correct identification of apical ancestors, and is, like her work for other determinations in this proceeding, thorough and careful. The State accepts this material, and there is no objection from the other parties to the present determinations. 41 It is appropriate to refer also to Thaypan group member evidence, and their lived experience which provides a foundation for this determination. The Thaypan evidence is important. As I explained in the 2021 determinations, it is the group members who "live and understand their law and custom, and how it connects them to their country": Kuuku Ya'u determination at [68]; Uutaalnganu determination at [59]. 42 Bruce Clem Meldrum identifies mostly as Thaypan and Possum, although he states that he identifies with other groups as well. He describes his own knowledge of country, and the importance of passing that knowledge on to his children. He describes rules around using resources from the land. He says: I have rights to take resources without permission in my traditional areas. Like fishing, and turtle, camping, cutting trees, take animals etc. And people ask me permission for them to enter my country and take resources. I can take things like wood for any purpose. The old people traded with neighbours. There are strict rules that you don't take too much. 43 Dwayne Lewis Musgrave is a Thaypan man through his mother's father Dr George Musgrave and his brother Dr Tommy George. His grandad taught him about his land and language. He describes his country in detail, including sacred places on his country, and describes rules around what can and can't be taken from the land. He describes looking after the land, including through burning. 44 Mr Musgrave describes how Thaypan rules and laws are passed on from older people. He states: Our rules and laws are passed down from our older people. My grandfathers, they taught me language and showed me country. They taught me about our sites and places and how to protect them and look after them. They taught me the importance of managing our resources and country, and making sure the next generations know how to do this too. The main thing my grandfathers taught me was about law and custom and respecting the land and all the knowledge it holds. Always have that respect - no matter who. And hopefully future generations will keep this going. That is the main thing they wanted to see. 45 He also describes the importance of stories: To me, knowledge of stories and story places is very important. These stories have been passed down to me from those two old fellows. We have to respect those stories and why those old fellows told them to us and we have pass them on down from generation to generation. Because I know about these stories from my old people, it gives me confidence about my country and I know where can and can't go on my country. I know I'm safe there. 46 He describes how he, in turn, teaches younger generations about country: I have taken my older children out to Thaypan country. I've been taking them with me since they were babies. I tell them about their country and sites in the same way that we were told. I also teach them about their mother's Olkola country. It's important that they learn from a young age so that they know country and how to look after themselves, how to stay safe. Teaching young ones where they can and can't walk is top of the list, to make sure they don't get sick. If they go to places they are not supposed to go, wrong places, they could get sick like a sore belly, or body pains or worse. I tell them where they need to be careful, for example some places where they can't go to the toilet or break a stick, where they can't disturb the land. I teach my kids about how important it is to respect the old people, our ancestors, how to talk to them and sing out to them. We let the old people know when we go to country, I have shown my kids how to sing out and say hello to them, explain why we are there like if we are there to go fishing, hunting or camping. You have to let the old people know what you are there for. I always talk to my grandfather when I am on Thaypan country and let him know. I speak in Awu Alaya language to the old people. I tell my kids how to get food, when it's good to hunt and where it's good to hunt. I've taught my boys, my nieces and my nephews about hunting on Thaypan country -from the west side of Mary Valley to the Hann River Crossing [Rll, Qll, R12, Q12], all the way down the Morehead River. We get wallaby, barramundi, freshwater fish and turtles and mussels. We also get bush foods like lady apples, white apples, bally yams that grow on a long stem, bush carrot and bush potato. It's important they learn how to respect country and look after it. I teach them how to find food and water and how to look after food and water sources. I show them bush medicines as well, like Quinine for toothache. There's black and white current that you crush the root to put on scabs and sores. There's also a cherry bush that you make into a drink and when you drink it, it makes you feel good. You can find them in different places depending on the season. My old people taught me about this and now I'm passing it onto my kids and the next generation. 47 Overall, the connection material before the Court is ample and persuasive. THE APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS OF SECTION 87A 48 Section 87A applies to an agreement reached "at any stage" of an existing proceeding for a proposed determination of native title in relation to an area (the determination area) that is "part of, but not all of", the area covered by the native title determination application under s 61 of the Native Title Act. 49 Sub-section 87A(1) requires: (a) the existence of a proceeding in relation to an application for a determination of native title; (b) after the period specified in a notice given under s 66 of the Act, an agreement in writing for a proposed determination of native title in relation to part, but not all, of the application area; (c) all those set out in sub-s 87A(1)(c) who are parties to the proceeding are also parties to the s 87A agreement; and (d) that the terms of the agreement are in writing and signed by, or on behalf of, the requisite parties to the proceeding. 50 Sub-section 87A(2) allows for the parties to file a proposed determination of native title, as they have done on this application. 51 Sub-sections 87A(4) to (6) provide: (4) The Court may make an order in, or consistent with, the terms of the proposed determination of native title without holding a hearing, or if a hearing has started, without completing the hearing, if the Court considers that: (a) an order in, or consistent with, the terms of the proposed determination would be within its power; and (b) it would be appropriate to do so. Note: As the Court's order involves making a determination of native title, the order needs to comply with section 94A (which deals with the requirements of native title determination orders). (5) Without limiting subsection (4), if the Court makes an order under that subsection, the Court may also make an order under this subsection that gives effect to terms of the agreement that involve matters other than native title if the Court considers that: (a) the order would be within its power; and (b) it would be appropriate to do so. (6) The jurisdiction conferred on the Court by this Act extends to making an order under subsection (5). Sub-section 87A(1): pre-requisites 52 As the applicant sets out at [45]-[51] of its submissions, which the State adopts, each of the pre-requisites in s 87A(1) is satisfied. Each s 87A agreement has been signed by the requisite parties to the proceeding, after appropriate notification. Sub-section 87A(4)(a): orders within power 53 For the reasons set out at [52]-[57] of the applicant's submissions, with which the State agrees, I am satisfied the orders sought are within the power of the Court. 54 The Cape York United #1 application is valid and there is no extant determination of native title in relation to the Kuku Warra, Thaypan, Possum, or Wiki and Wik Way identified parcels determination areas. As the State notes, areas over which previous exclusive possession acts have occurred are expressly excluded. There are no other proceedings before the Court relating to native title applications that cover any part of the area the subject of the determinations that would otherwise require orders to be made under s 67(1) of the Act. I am satisfied that the form of the determinations complies with s 94A and s 225 of the Act and, for the reasons that follow, the requirements of s 87A of the Act are otherwise satisfied. Sub-section 87A(4)(b): appropriate to make the orders sought 55 In reasons for a determination in favour of the Nanda People in Western Australia, I set out my approach to the question of "appropriateness" and the Court's function: see Drury on behalf of the Nanda People v State of Western Australia [2018] FCA 1849 at [52]-[56], by reference to earlier authorities. In Taylor on behalf of the Yamatji Nation Claim v State of Western Australia [2020] FCA 42 at [63]-[65], I explained the particular importance of the role of the State in the consent determination process. As I did in the Kuuku Ya'u and Uutaalnganu determinations, I adopt and apply the observations I made in Drury and Taylor here. 56 In relation to the four determinations, I am satisfied all parties have adopted a methodical and careful approach to group description, boundary description and resolution of boundary disputes, connection and tenure, including for the Thaypan determination. The respective group members have had carefully planned opportunities to participate in decision-making about the proposed s 87A agreements, and especially about the boundary and group descriptions. Group members have been well supported to participate, if they chose to do so. These consultations and meetings are the appropriate time for people to come forward and express their views or concerns; if group members have concerns then they need to attend these meetings and participate in discussions at those times. Other active respondents have been consulted and given the opportunity to comment on matters affecting their interests. 57 The Court affords considerable weight to the position taken by the State in supporting the applications for determination of native title, on behalf of all members of its community. I described the importance of the State's role in Ross on behalf of the Cape York United #1 Claim Group v State of Queensland (No 10) [2022] FCA 1129 at [6], [56]. I adhere to those views. The role of the State of Queensland in the detailed step-by-step process in the Cape York United #1 claim has involved considerable human and financial resources, and the Court acknowledges the State's dedication to assisting group members to secure determinations of native title wherever possible. Other respondents to the Cape York United #1 claim have also derived considerable benefit from the tremendous contribution by the State, which has relieved those respondents of a great deal of work. The Court can be confident the State has reached a carefully considered view before agreeing to these determinations. ORDER SOUGHT UNDER S 199C(1A) 58 There are five current indigenous land use agreements (ILUA) in place in relation to parts of the Thaypan determination area. They are each area ILUAs. The parties agree it is likely that the Registrar's obligation in s 199C(1) of the Native Title Act is engaged in respect of these ILUAs, unless an order is made under s 199C(1A). 59 As the State submits, by sub-s 199C(1)(b) the Registrar's duty to remove an ILUA can apply to area agreements. That sub-section provides: (1) Subject to subsection (1A), the Registrar must remove the details of an agreement from the Register if: … (b) in the case of an agreement under Subdivision C of Division 3 of Part 2—an approved determination of native title is made in relation to any of the area covered by the agreement, and any of the persons who, under the determination, hold native title in relation to the area is not a person who authorised the making of the agreement as mentioned in: (i) if the application relating to the agreement was certified by representative Aboriginal/Torres Strait Islander bodies as mentioned in paragraph 24CG(3)(a)—paragraph 203BE(5)(b); or (ii) if the application relating to the agreement included a statement as mentioned in paragraph 24CG(3)(b) to the effect that certain requirements have been met—that paragraph[.] (Emphasis added.) 60 The parties submit an order pursuant to s 199C(1A) of the Native Title Act should be made, directing the Registrar not to remove the details of the Peninsula Developmental Road ILUA (QI2016/049), the Rinyirru (Lakefield) and adjacent Aboriginal Land ILUA (QI2011/052), the Kalinga Mulkay ILUA (QI2010/036), the Olkola Land Transfer ILUA (QI2014/085), and the Thingalkal (Mary Valley) ILUA (QI2014/071) from the Register of Indigenous Land Use Agreements. The parties contend this order should be made out of an abundance of caution, given the ongoing operational nature of the ILUAs, and the potential application of (relevantly) the duty in s 199C(1)(b). The State contends that in the present circumstances the group descriptions of those groups who authorised the ILUAs do not reflect, on the face of the ILUAs or the register extracts, the group descriptions proposed in the draft s 87A agreements for the relevant groups. This would appear to engage s 199C(1)(b), although there is no authority on the interpretation of this provision. The State adds that it was not privy to any materials regarding the original authorisation of the ILUAs, and this is a further basis on which it contends the proposed s 199C(1A) order is appropriate. 61 Section 199C(1A) provides: (1A) If: (a) the Registrar is or will be required to remove the details of an agreement from the Register in a case covered by paragraph (1)(a) or (b); and (b) the persons who, under the approved determination of native title mentioned in that paragraph, hold native title apply to the Federal Court for an order under this subsection; and (c) the Federal Court is satisfied that those persons accept the terms of the agreement, in accordance with the process by which they would authorise the making of such an agreement; the Federal Court may order the Registrar not to remove the details of the agreement from the Register. 62 The State submits that sub-s 199C(1A)(a) is engaged because: (a) the Peninsula Developmental Road ILUA covers a large geographical area from Lakeland to Weipa and was entered into by the Cape York United #1 applicant, without inclusion of or reference to particular groups as separate parties, or reference to those particular groups who authorised the agreement; (b) the Rinyirru ILUA covers the geographical area approximately 65km north-west of Cooktown and north of Laura, over the Rinyirru (Lakefield) National Park and was entered into by Tommy George (Snr), Eric Harrigan (Snr), Elizabeth Lakefield, Francis Lee Cheu, Lewis Musgrave, Hans Pearson and Paul Turpin without inclusion of or reference to particular groups as separate parties or reference to those particular groups who authorised the agreement; (c) the Kalinga Mulkay ILUA covers an area located northwest of Laura and in the vicinity of the Hann River Roadhouse and was entered into by Michael Ball, Esmae Bowen, Delores Friday, Aileen Gale, Gavin Googleye, Kevin Johnson, Thomas George (Jnr), Colin Lawrence, Elaine Price, Michael Ross, Josephine Sailor, Edward Turpin and Brandon Ford, without inclusion of or reference to particular groups as separate parties or reference to those particular groups who authorised the agreement; (d) the Olkola Land Transfer ILUA covers an area located in central Cape York Peninsula including the Olkola National Parkland and was entered into by Michael Yam, Phillip Yam, Michael Ross, Andrew Malcolm, Fred Coleman, Michael Friday Snr and Christopher Bally on their own behalf and on behalf of the Olkola People, without inclusion of or reference to particular groups as separate parties or reference to those particular groups who authorised the agreement; and (e) the Thingalkal (Mary Valley) ILUA covers a small geographical area located approximately 10km east of Dixie Station in the vicinity of the Morehead River and was entered into by Fred Coleman, Erica Walker, Ross Ford, Dwayne Lewis Musgrave, Jeanne Lyall, Paul Turpin and Conrad Yeatman (Jnr) on their own behalf and on behalf of the Thaypan people, without inclusion of or reference to particular groups as separate parties or reference to those particular groups who authorised the agreement. 63 The State further submits that the requirement in s 199C(1A)(b) is met because it is the Thaypan native title group that seeks the order under s 199C(1A). It submits the requirement in s 199C(1A)(c) is met, because Thaypan group members passed resolutions at the Thaypan authorisation meeting on 20 July 2023, accepting the terms of the Peninsula Developmental Road ILUA, Rinyirru ILUA, Kalinga Mulkay ILUA, Olkola Land Transfer ILUA and Thingalkal (Mary Valley) ILUA and directing the applicant to seek an order pursuant to s 199C(1A) that the ILUAs not be removed from the Register. 64 I accept the State's submissions that the provisions in s 199C(1A) can apply to the five area ILUAs. As I have previously held, s 199C(1A) is intended to allow for the continuity of obligations assumed under, and entitlements conferred by, (relevantly) an area ILUA where the group identified by this Court as the native title holders for that area are prepared to agree to continue to be bound by that ILUA, and where there is sufficient overlap between those native title holders who authorised an ILUA and those who are recognised in a determination. I do not consider it is necessary in the present circumstances of a s 87A agreement for the Court to embark on any detailed consideration of what level of overlap is strictly required, nor to engage with any construction issues that may arise in relation to s 199C(1)(b). Section 199C(1A) is a facultative provision, and should be construed accordingly. 65 Given the resolution passed by the Thaypan People, I am satisfied it is appropriate for the order sought by the State to be made, out of an abundance of caution. In a complex and novel claim such as the Cape York United #1 proceeding, where the steps to agreement take so long and involve many potential pitfalls, any doubts which can be avoided or accommodated by the making of orders should be resolved by the Court, so that the central objectives of the parties' agreement under s 87A can be achieved. As many justices of this Court have observed, the resolution of claimant applications by consent is a central feature of this legislative scheme. NOMINATION OF A PRESCRIBED BODY CORPORATE 66 A separate PBC has been nominated under s 56 of the Native Title Act for each of the Kuku Warra, Thaypan, Possum and Wik and Wik Way independent parcel determination areas. The Awu-Laya Indigenous Corporation is nominated for the Thaypan determination area. In the 2023 Malyon affidavit, Ms Malyon describes how each PBC was nominated by the native title group concerned, and that each PBC has provided its consent to nomination. In these circumstances, the Court is satisfied that the nomination of each of the PBCs is appropriate. CONCLUSION 67 The Cape York United #1 claim continues to be a highly complex proceeding. It presents claimants, their lawyers and all other parties with many challenges. All concerned continue to work through those challenges with patience and goodwill, and a great deal of cooperation. The Court has been greatly assisted by their respective efforts and is grateful for them. Like the ones which have gone before it, the Thaypan determination is a testament to the dedication of a significant number of individuals. The Court acknowledges in particular the members of the applicant, and their committed and highly capable legal representatives, anthropologists, and other expert advisers. 68 The Court recognises the critical role played by the State of Queensland, its officers and legal representatives, whose contributions to the continued progress of determinations within the Cape York United #1 proceeding area have been undertaken with the highest level of skill and commitment. The Court is grateful too for the cooperation and timely participation of all other parties to the proceeding, their legal representatives and other advisers, and to Judicial Registrar Simon Grant who has taken over the case management of the Cape York #1 proceeding after Ms Katie Stride's appointment to the National Native Title Tribunal. Finally, the continued devotion of considerable resources to the resolution of this proceeding by the CYLC has been the key to the fulfilment of the ambitious timetable agreed between the parties and endorsed by the Court. 69 The Thaypan People can be proud of the way in which they have negotiated with their neighbours as part of the process leading up to this determination. They have demonstrated patience, persistence and fortitude in working through the requirements of the Native Title Act. The Court looks forward to present and future generations of Thaypan People better regaining control over what was taken away from them, and making their own choices about how their country is maintained, how their sacred places are protected, and how their resources are handled for years to come. I certify that the preceding sixty-nine (69) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment of the Honourable Chief Justice Mortimer. Associate: Dated: 2 November 2023 SCHEDULE OF PARTIES QUD 673 of 2014 Third Respondent: AURUKUN SHIRE COUNCIL Fourth Respondent: CARPENTARIA SHIRE COUNCIL Fifth Respondent: COOK SHIRE COUNCIL Sixth Respondent: DOUGLAS SHIRE COUNCIL Seventh Respondent: KOWANYAMA ABORIGINAL SHIRE COUNCIL Eighth Respondent: NAPRANUM ABORIGINAL SHIRE COUNCIL Ninth Respondent: PORMPURAAW ABORIGINAL SHIRE COUNCIL Tenth Respondent: WUJAL WUJAL ABORIGINAL SHIRE COUNCIL Eleventh Respondent: ERGON ENERGY CORPORATION LIMITED ACN 087 646 062 Twelfth Respondent: FAR NORTH QUEENSLAND PORTS CORPORATION LIMITED (TRADING AS PORTS NORTH) Thirteenth Respondent: TELSTRA CORPORATION LIMITED Fourteenth Respondent: ALCAN SOUTH PACIFIC Fifteenth Respondent: BRANDT METALS PTY LTD Sixteenth Respondent: LESLIE CARL COLEING Seventeenth Respondent: MATTHEW BYRON COLEING Eighteenth Respondent: STEPHEN LESLIE COLEING Nineteenth Respondent: LANCE JEFFRESS Twentieth Respondent: RTA WEIPA PTY LTD Twenty First Respondent: AUSTRALIAN WILDLIFE CONSERVANCY Twenty Second Respondent: MICHAEL MARIE LOUIS DENIS BREDILLET Twenty Third Respondent: CRAIG ANTHONY CALLAGHAN Twenty Fourth Respondent: BERTIE LYNDON CALLAGHAN Twenty Fifth Respondent: GRAHAM EDWARD ELMES Twenty Eighth Respondent: MARGARET ANNE INNES Twenty Ninth Respondent: COLIN INNES Thirtieth Respondent: KIM KERWIN Thirty First Respondent: WENDY EVA KOZICKA Thirty Second Respondent: CAMERON STUART MACLEAN Thirty Third Respondent: MICHELLE MARGARET MACLEAN Thirty Fourth Respondent: BRETT JOHN MADDEN Thirty Fifth Respondent: RODNEY GLENN RAYMOND Thirty Sixth Respondent: EVAN FRANK RYAN Thirty Seventh Respondent: PAUL BRADLEY RYAN Thirty Eighth Respondent: SUSAN SHEPHARD Thirty Ninth Respondent: SCOTT EVAN RYAN Fortieth Respondent: BARBARA JOAN SHEPHARD Forty First Respondent: NEVILLE JAMES SHEPHARD Forty Second Respondent: THOMAS DONALD SHEPHARD Forty Third Respondent: SILVERBACK PROPERTIES PTY LTD ACN 067 400 088 Forty Fourth Respondent: THE TONY AND LISETTE LEWIS SETTLEMENT PTY LIMITED ACN 003 632 344 Forty Fifth Respondent: MATTHEW TREZISE Forty Sixth Respondent: BOWYER ARCHER RIVER QUARRIES PTY LTD ACN 603 263 369 Forty Seventh Respondent: RAYLEE FRANCES BYRNES Forty Eighth Respondent: VICTOR PATRICK BYRNES Forty Ninth Respondent: GAVIN DEAR Fiftieth Respondent: SCOTT ALEXANDER HARRIS Fifty First Respondent: DEBORAH LOUISE SYMONDS Fifty Second Respondent: MICHAEL JOHN MILLER Fifty Third Respondent: MICHAEL DOUGLAS O'SULLIVAN Fifty Fourth Respondent: PATRICK JOHN O'SULLIVAN Fifty Fifth Respondent: ESTHER RUTH FOOTE Fifty Sixth Respondent: AMPLITEL PTY LTD AS TRUSTEE OF THE TOWERS BUSINESS OPERATING TRUST (ABN 75 357 171 746) Fifty Seventh Respondent: BENJAMIN DARK