FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA Hillier v Martin (No 19) [2024] FCA 210 File number(s): SAD 113 of 2020 Judgment of: O'SULLIVAN J Date of judgment: 8 March 2024 Catchwords: EVIDENCE – Legal Professional Privilege – where fourth to sixth respondents claimed various documents to be subject to legal professional privilege on behalf of the first respondent – whether by reason of an iniquity the documents have either had privilege displaced or never attracted the privilege in the first place – whether there is prima facie evidence of iniquity – order made for production of documents and inspection PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE – application for an order that the presiding judge be recused on the grounds of both actual and apprehended bias – first respondent alleging bias on the basis that the presiding judge had previously heard and issued a decision on an interlocutory application involving the applicant in another Court – where no factual findings were made in that decision – no cogent (or any) evidence of actual bias – no material identified such that a fair minded lay observer might reasonably apprehend that the judge might not bring an impartial mind to the resolution of the question the judge is required to decide – application dismissed Legislation: Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth), Sch 2 Australian Consumer Law, ss 237, 243 Evidence Act 1995 (Cth), ss 55, 118, 119 Federal Court of Australia Act 1976 (Cth), ss 35A(7)(b), 37M(1), 37N(1), 37N(4), 51A Federal Court Rules 2011 (Cth), r 20.17(2)(c) Trustee Act 1936 (SA) Cases cited: AKS Investments Pty Ltd v Queensland Police Service [2018] QSC 4 Attorney-General (N T) v Maurice [1986] HCA 80; (1986) 161 CLR 475 Attorney-General for the Northern Territory of Australia v Kearney [1985] HCA 60; (1985) 158 CLR 500 AWB Ltd v Cole [2006] FCA 571; (2006) 152 FCR 382 Bullivant v Attorney-General (Vict) [1901] AC 196 Carter v Managing Partner, Northmore Hale Davy & Leake [1995] HCA 33; (1995) 183 CLR 121 Charisteas v Charisteas [2021] HCA 29; (2021) 273 CLR 289 Commissioner of Australian Federal Police v Propend Finance Pty Ltd [1997] HCA 3; (1997) 188 CLR 501 Commissioner of Taxation (Cth) v Pratt Holdings Pty Ltd (2005) 225 ALR 266, 279 Craig & Ors v Hillier & Ors [2018] SADC 114 Crescent Farm (Sidcup) Sports Ltd. v. Sterling Offices Ltd. [1972] Ch. 553 Ebner v Official Trustee in Bankruptcy [2000] HCA 63; 205 CLR 337 ESSO Australia Resources Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Taxation [1999] HCA 67; (1999) 201 CLR 49 Grant v Downs [1976] HCA 63; (1976) 135 CLR 674 Hillier v Martin (No 2) [2021] FCA 509 Hillier v Martin (No 11) [2022) FCA 407 Hillier v Martin (No 12) [2022] FCA 952 Hillier v Martin (No 13) [2022] FCA 939 Hillier v Martin (No 15) [2022] FCA 996 Kadlunga Proprietors v Electricity Trust of South Australia (1985) 39 SASR 410 Martin v Hillier [2021] FCA 800 Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Jia Legeng [2001] HCA 17, (2001) 205 CLR 507 O'Rourke v Darbishire [1920] AC 581 QYFM v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2023] HCA 15; 409 ALR 65 R v Australian Stevedoring Industry Board; Ex Parte Melbourne Stevedoring Co-Pty Ltd [1953] HCA 22, (1953) 88 CLR 100 R v Bell: Ex parte Lees [1980] HCA 26; (1980) 146 CLR 141 R v Kearney; Ex Parte Attorney-General (NT) (1984) 3 FCR 534 R v Rich (Ruling No. 21) [2009] VSC 32 Russell v Jackson (1851) 9 Ha, 68 ER 558 Southern Equities Corporation Ltd (in liq) v Arthur Anderson & Co (1997) 70 SASR 166 Sun Zhan Qui v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs [1997] FCA 1488; (1997) 81 FCR 71 The Daniels Corporation Inter-National Pty Ltd v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission [2002] HCA 49; (2002) 213 CLR 543 Webb v The Queen (1994) 181 CLR 41, [1994] HCA 30 Zaltni v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs [2000] FCA 399 Division: General Division Registry: South Australia National Practice Area: Commercial and Corporations Sub-area: Commercial Contracts, Banking, Finance and Insurance Number of paragraphs: 233 Date of last submission: 22 December 2023 Dates of hearings: 18, 25, 26 October 2023, 8 December 2023, 7 February 2024 Counsel for the Applicant: Mr R Whitington KC with Ms H Doyle Solicitor for the Applicant: Sykes Bidstrup Counsel for the First and Second Respondents: No appearance Counsel for the Third Respondent: No appearance Counsel for the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Respondents: Mr D Blight KC with Mr T Kentish Solicitor for the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Respondents: Gilchrist Connell ORDERS SAD 113 of 2020 BETWEEN: JAMES HILLIER Applicant AND: VICTORIA MARTIN First Respondent NORDBURGER OPERATIONS PTY LTD Second Respondent ERIK VARI PTY LTD (and others named in the Schedule) Third Respondent order made by: O'SULLIVAN J DATE OF ORDER: 8 March 2024 THE COURT ORDERS THAT: Legal professional privilege application 1. The documents identified in the Lists of Documents served on the applicant by his solicitor by the fourth, fifth and sixth respondents on 2 June 2023 as being the subject of a claim to legal professional privilege in favour of the first respondent (and any entity or entities simply described therein as Nordburger) are not the subject of legal professional privilege. 2. The first, fourth, fifth and sixth respondents are to produce for inspection by the applicant, those documents asserted in the Lists of Documents referred in order 1 herein as being subject to a claim to legal professional privilege, forthwith. 3. Subject to order 4, the fourth, fifth and sixth respondents are to pay the costs of and incidental to the applicant's application filed 18 August 2023, such costs to be agreed or taxed. 4. The fourth, fifth and sixth respondents have liberty to apply within seven days of the date of publication of these reasons for any variation to the order for costs made in order 3 herein. Recusal application 5. The first respondent's recusal application filed 24 November 2023 is dismissed. Note: Entry of orders is dealt with in Rule 39.32 of the Federal Court Rules 2011. REASONS FOR JUDGMENT O'SULLIVAN J: 1 These reasons address two interlocutory applications. The first in time is an interlocutory application brought by the applicant (Mr Hillier) for orders that documents claimed by the fourth to sixth respondents (together NW Parties) to be the subject of legal professional privilege in favour of the first respondent (Ms Martin) and any entity or entities simply described as "Nordburger" are not the subject of the privilege (LPP application). 2 The second, filed by Ms Martin on 24 November 2023, sought a number of orders including order 5 that I am: "… disqualified from presiding over the within proceedings, on the grounds set forth in the First Respondent's Affidavits of 17 October 2023, 25 October 2023, and 22 November 2023, respectively, and the First Respondent's Submissions dated 18 October 2023". (Recusal application) 3 These reasons address the LPP application, but only that part of Ms Martin's interlocutory application comprising the Recusal application. Issues 4 The issue that arises on the LPP application is whether by reason of an iniquity, the documents claimed to be the subject of legal professional privilege have either had that privilege displaced or never attracted the privilege in the first place. 5 It is for the reasons which follow that there will be an order requiring the NW Parties to produce for inspection those documents asserted to be the subject of legal professional privilege in favour of Ms Martin, or any entity or entities simply described as Nordburger in the list of documents in which legal professional privilege is claimed. 6 The issue that arises on the Recusal application is whether I should recuse myself from hearing these applications and the proceedings generally. 7 At a case management hearing on 7 February 2024, I delivered my decision on the Recusal application in which I dismissed the application and indicated I would publish reasons for doing so. These are those reasons. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 8 Regrettably, it is necessary to set out the procedural history to these two applications. 9 Ms Martin is unrepresented in this matter and has not attended, nor been represented, at any case management hearing or any other type of hearing since I was allocated this matter on 1 September 2022. The second respondent, Nordburger Operations Pty Ltd, is also unrepresented and has not appeared at any case management hearing since November 2022. Operations is a company which has as its sole director Thomas Patrick Martin (Mr Martin) who is the husband of Ms Martin. Prior applications made by Mr Martin, who is legally qualified and a potential witness, for him to represent Operations have been refused. Ms Martin is Mr Hillier's sister. 10 At a case management hearing held on 3 August 2023, Mr Hillier foreshadowed an interlocutory application challenging the claim by the NW Parties on behalf of Ms Martin to legal professional privilege in respect of approximately 7000 discovered documents. 11 The challenge to the claim to legal professional privilege was indicated by Mr Hillier as being based on iniquity. Accordingly, it was never contended that it would be necessary for anyone to inspect the approximately 7000 documents. 12 Since I had no availability to hear any interlocutory application prior to the commencement of the 5 week trial in this matter listed to commence on 23 October 2023, I referred any interlocutory application challenging the claim to legal professional privilege for hearing and determination by a Registrar of this Court. 13 I also ordered that a copy of the transcript be made available to Ms Martin. That transcript recorded my unavailability to hear any interlocutory application prior to trial. 14 On 15 August 2023, Mr Hillier filed the LPP application in which he challenged the claim to legal professional privilege on the grounds of iniquity. 15 On 22 August 2023, the Registrar of this Court to whom the LPP interlocutory application had been assigned, held a case management hearing at which time Ms Martin did not attend. The Registrar listed the LPP application for hearing on 6 September 2023 at 2.15pm (AEST). 16 Approximately 45 minutes before the hearing on 6 September 2023 was due to commence, Ms Martin applied by email, pursuant to s 35A(7)(b) of the Federal Court of Australia Act 1976 (Cth), for the LPP application to be heard by a judge of the Court. That being the case, the Registrar was unable to hear the interlocutory application. 17 It is not apparent why Ms Martin waited until approximately 45 minutes prior to the hearing before the Registrar was due to commence before making her request that the matter be heard by a judge and no explanation has been proferred by her. 18 In any event, the application by Ms Martin that a judge hear the LPP application had (at least) three consequences: (1) First, since no other judge of the Court was available to hear the LPP application it was not until I became available in the week commencing 16 October 2023 that the LPP application could be heard; (2) Second, if Mr Hillier was successful on the LPP application it would not be possible for his solicitor and counsel to inspect any of the approximately 7000 documents over which legal professional privilege has been claimed prior to trial; and (3) Third, the inevitable consequence was that the trial listed to commence on 23 October 2023 would have to be vacated. 19 On 12 September 2023, I made timetabling orders for the hearing of the LPP application in which the matter was listed for argument on 18 October 2023 at 10.00am (ACDT) before me. Orders were also made requiring, amongst other things, Ms Martin to file and serve any written outline of submissions, limited to 20 pages, together with any affidavits in response by on or before 2 October 2023. 20 On 27 September 2023, I ordered by the consent of Mr Hillier and the NW Parties, that the trial by adjourned. No response to the request for the consent of Ms Martin or Operations to the adjournment of the trial was received by either Mr Hillier or the NW Parties. 21 No submissions or affidavits were filed by Ms Martin by 2 October 2023. 22 On the evening of 17 October 2023, Ms Martin sent an email to the Court's Registry attaching initially an unsworn affidavit and then a short time later a sworn version of the same affidavit which she had affirmed that day. The affidavit requested that the hearing of the LPP application listed on 18 October 2023 be vacated. 23 When the matter was called on on 18 October 2023, there was no appearance for or on behalf of Ms Martin. 24 I considered Ms Martin's affidavit and heard submissions from Mr Hillier and the NW Parties in relation to the requested adjournment. Save for a request in the affidavit for the adjournment, no interlocutory application was filed to vacate the hearing of 18 October 2023. I declined to adjourn the hearing: ss 37M(1), 37N(1) and 37N(4) of the Act. 25 At 10.08am on the morning of 18 October 2023, after the hearing had commenced, Ms Martin sent an email to my chambers attaching an unsealed set of submissions relating to the LPP application being heard at that time. 26 I refused to accept the submissions emailed by Ms Martin on 18 October 2023 on the basis that Ms Martin was in breach of the Court's orders which required any submissions to be filed and served by 2 October 2023. 27 The hearing did not conclude on 18 October 2023 and was adjourned to continue on 25 October 2023. 28 At 4.21pm on Wednesday 25 October 2023, 9 minutes before the close of the hearing that day, Mr Martin, who is a non-party, sent an email to the Court's Registry attaching an interlocutory application and requesting that the interlocutory application be filed. That interlocutory application sought, amongst other things, leave for Mr Martin to file evidence and written submissions in response to allegations made against him by Mr Hillier in support of the LPP application. 29 In 2022, Mr Martin had filed an interlocutory application seeking the same orders but on that occasion in relation to an application made by Mr Hillier to join further parties. I declined to grant leave on that occasion: Hillier v Martin (No 13) [2022] FCA 939. In the circumstances, I directed the Registrar not to accept Mr Martin's 25 October 2023 interlocutory application for filing. 30 The LPP application hearing concluded on 26 October 2023 at which time I reserved my decision. 31 On 24 November 2023, Ms Martin filed the Recusal application. 32 I listed the Recusal application for a case management hearing on 8 December 2023. Ms Martin did not attend on that occasion, having notified the Registry shortly prior to the hearing that she would not be attending. 33 On 8 December 2023, I noted on the orders that: (a) There had been no attendance by Ms Martin today, with Ms Martin emailing the Registry informing them she would not attend today, explaining that she had childcare responsibilities; (b) The Court has endeavoured to allow sufficient time between the filing of any interlocutory applications and the return date for the purposes of allowing Ms Martin to make any such arrangements as are necessary for her childcare responsibilities; (c) Ms Martin has failed to do so and has not applied to appear by electronic means today; (d) This litigation cannot be conducted by Ms Martin filing interlocutory applications and then not attending; and (e) On this occasion, the Court will make orders to address Ms Martin's application that I recuse myself from hearing this matter. 34 I made timetabling orders on 8 December 2023 in relation to the Recusal application and adjourned further consideration of the other orders sought in Ms Martin's interlocutory application filed 24 November 2023 to a case management hearing on 7 February 2024. Order 4 of the orders provided: The balance of the first respondent's interlocutory application filed 24 November 2023 is adjourned to a case management hearing at 9.00am (ACDT) on Wednesday 7 February 2024 at which time the first respondent is to appear or the application will be dismissed. 35 At the adjourned case management hearing on 7 February 2024, Ms Martin did not appear. Ms Cohley of counsel attended as a friend of the Court. As I have noted above at [7], on that occasion I dismissed the Recusal application and indicated I would publish reasons. 36 As a result of Ms Martin failing to appear on her interlocutory application on 7 February 2024, I dismissed the balance of Ms Martin's interlocutory application that day. THE DISPUTE ON THE PLEADINGS 37 These proceedings were commenced in August 2020. At that time, Ms Martin was the sole respondent. By orders made on 1 July 2021, Operations, whose sole director is Mr Martin, was joined as the second respondent. Mr Martin is not a party to the proceedings. The NW Parties were joined on 20 September 2022. 38 The current version of the statement of claim is the fifth amended statement of claim. The NW Parties have been joined as parties to the action since the third amended statement of claim, however that does not affect the pleaded dispute as between Mr Hillier, Ms Martin and Operations. 39 The dispute on the pleadings as between Mr Hillier, Ms Martin and Operations, as it existed in the then third amended statement of claim was summarised, helpfully, by Charlesworth J in Hillier v Martin (No 12) [2022] FCA 952 at [10]-[17]. That summary, updated and added to in order to reflect the current pleading in the fifth amended statement of claim (5ASOC), is as follows. 40 The primary dispute, as between Mr Hillier, Ms Martin and Operations concerns the ownership of a hamburger restaurant business trading as Nordburger (the Nordburger business). It is common ground that the Nordburger business is presently conducted, and its assets are otherwise held, by a number of companies that together may be referred to as the Nordburger group. Within that structure, revenue from the hamburger restaurants is or has been derived by various trading entities each of which conducts the business of a hamburger restaurant. Certain expenses of the trading entities (including wages) are borne by a non-trading entity, Nordburger Pty Ltd. Ms Martin is a Director of the trading entities and Nordburger and is described in business records as having the title "Managing Director". 41 As identified below, on any party's case, Operations holds the shares pursuant to a trust known as the Nordburger Holdings Trust (NH Trust) and not for its own benefit or the benefit of its shareholder(s). 42 Mr Hillier pleads that: (1) From 2012, there existed a joint venture agreement (Nordburger Joint Venture Agreement) between Mr Hillier, Ms Martin and Mr Andrew Craig on behalf of the third respondent, Erik Vari Pty Ltd, an entity controlled by Mr Craig's father, Mr Robert Craig (Craig Interests) pursuant to which the Nordburger business traded (Joint Venture): 5ASOC, [3], [10], [10(p)]. (2) At that time, the parties' interests in the Joint Venture were 50% to Mr Hillier, 30% to Mr Craig and 20% to Ms Martin: 5ASOC [12.5]-[12.5.3]. (3) Under an implied term of the Nordburger Joint Venture Agreement, the parties were entitled to enjoy the profits of the Joint Venture according to their shares in the Joint Venture and Mr Hillier was entitled to participate in the control of the Joint Venture to the extent of his interest: 5ASOC, [14], [14.1], [14.2]. (4) In November 2014, the parties agreed to a variation of their interests in the Joint Venture including by way of Mr Hillier offering to Ms Martin a 10% share as a gift and Mr Craig on behalf of the Craig Interests selling a 5% share in the Joint Venture: 5ASOC, [15.2.1]. (5) In March 2015, Heads of Agreement were executed by Mr Hillier, Ms Martin and Mr Craig confirming matters they had previously discussed as to their ownership interests, reflecting 40% to Mr Hillier, 35% to Ms Martin and 25% to Mr Craig. Mr Hillier alleges the gift offered or made to Ms Martin has no effect in law or equity because of other pleaded matters, such that Mr Hillier retains a 50% interest: 5ASOC, [16] -[16.3], [17]-[18]. (6) On 14 March 2013, Nordburger was incorporated at which time Ms Martin became its sole director: 5ASOC, [19.2], [19.4]. (7) Ms Martin acquired the legal interest in all of the 100 issued shares in Nordburger on the terms of the Nordburger Joint Venture Agreement: 5ASOC, [19.3]. (8) Through entities which Mr Hillier owned, held an interest in or controlled, Mr Hillier caused further contributions of money to be made to or for the benefit of the Joint Venture in the sum of approximately $342,000. That sum was primarily devoted to the establishment of a Nordburger restaurant in Norwood, South Australia: 5ASOC, [19.8]. (9) Ms Martin made no monetary contribution to the establishment of the Nordburger restaurant in Norwood and save for an initial capital contribution in or about November 2011 prior to the formation of the Joint Venture, has contributed no capital of her own to the Joint Venture: 5ASOC, [20]. (10) By virtue of the Nordburger Joint Venture Agreement, Ms Martin has been the trustee "of the businesses and other assets and income" of the Joint Venture for the benefit of herself, Mr Hillier and Mr Craig in accordance with the terms of the Nordburger Joint Venture Agreement: 5ASOC, [21]. (11) By virtue of her position as trustee of the businesses and other assets and income of the Joint Venture, Ms Martin has held the shares in Nordburger and any other corporate entities established by her to conduct the businesses of the Joint Venture on trust for herself, Mr Hillier and Mr Craig in accordance with the terms of the Nordburger Joint Venture Agreement: 5ASOC, [22]. (12) Ms Martin owes fiduciary duties to Mr Hillier, both by virtue of her position as trustee and by virtue of her position as a joint venturer, namely: a duty to act in the best interests of Mr Hillier; a duty not to profit from her position as trustee or fiduciary without the informed consent of the other joint venturers; and a duty to avoid a conflict between her own interests and her duties as trustee or fiduciary without the informed consent of the other joint venturers: 5ASOC, [23]-[24.3]. (13) In addition to the Norwood restaurant, additional restaurants were established in South Australia at Hindmarsh, Frewville and Chinatown: 5ASOC, [25]-[25.3]. (14) There have been attempts to establish and document a formal structure for the Joint Venture in accordance with its terms. In the course of those attempts, Ms Martin represented to Mr Hillier that he had at least a 40% interest in the Joint Venture and its assets and businesses, that she held no more than a 35% interest, and that any interest she had in Nordburger was held on terms that reflected the ownership interests in the Joint Venture and its assets and businesses (equity representations): 5ASOC, [26]-[27.3]. (15) The equity representations embodied a representation that Mr Hillier was entitled to receive payment of a share of the Joint Venture profits as and when they were derived proportionate to his share in the Joint Venture, and to participate in the control of the Joint Venture as and when the occasion arose, with an effective participation proportionate to his share in it: 5ASOC, [31]-[31.2]. (16) On 28 April 2016, Ms Martin telephoned Mr Hillier and requested a meeting take place at the offices of the fifth respondent (Norman Waterhouse (A Firm) (NW)) to discuss the best means to document the equitable interests in the Joint Venture and possible capital gains tax ramifications. Ms Martin represented to Mr Hillier that she and Mr Martin had been taking a further legal opinion on the restructure of the Joint Venture (meeting invitation conduct): 5ASOC, [33]-[34]. (17) On 29 April 2016, Mr Hillier attended a meeting at the offices of Norman Waterhouse joined by a number of others, including Ms Martin, Mr Martin and the fourth respondent (Stephen Bradley Williams), during which a number of statements were made by Mr Williams and Mr Martin. At the meeting, Mr Hillier was presented with a "Deed Poll": 5ASOC, [35]-[43] (29 April 2016 meeting conduct). (18) The 29 April 2026 meeting, and Ms Martin's invitation to Mr Hillier to attend that meeting, formed part of a scheme or plan devised by Ms Martin, Mr Martin and Mr Williams to take control of the Nordburger assets and businesses held within the Joint Venture from Mr Hillier and Mr Craig and thereafter to claim ultimate economic ownership of those assets and business for Ms Martin ("the Plan"): 5ASOC, [45A]. (19) The Plan was dishonest by the ordinary standards of reasonable and honest people and between 12 January 2016 and 2 December 2019 Ms Martin, Mr Martin and Mr Williams wrongfully and by unlawful means conspired and combined together to create and execute the Plan: 5ASOC, [56]-[63]; [66]-[77]. (20) In 2016, Mr Hillier executed the Deed Poll. Mr Hillier was induced to execute the Deed Poll in circumstances amounting to economic duress, undue influence, unconscionable conduct in equity and within the meaning of the Australian Consumer Law as found in Schedule 2 of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) (ACL) as well as misleading and deceptive conduct such that it is void at law or liable to be set aside: 5ASOC, [41], [47]-[51.3]. (21) Ms Martin procured and agreed in the conduct of the 29 April 2016 meeting, including the presentation of the Deed Poll, as a consequence of which she engaged in conduct incompatible with the equity representations: 5ASOC, [43], [44]. (22) By no later than 29 April 2016, Ms Martin claimed to be the ultimate economic owner of the Joint Venture and its assets and businesses to the exclusion of any legal or equitable interest of Mr Hillier in the Joint Venture, including by engaging Mr Williams and NW to prepare what is known as the "William Buck Brief" which was used by Ms Martin in the meeting on 29 April 2016: 5ASOC, [45]. (23) The 29 April 2016 meeting conduct was designed and intended to, amongst other things, isolate Mr Hillier from Mr Craig and the Craig interests: 5ASOC, [45E.3]. (24) As a consequence of the matters in 5ASOC [45E], Mr Hillier was precluded from liaising with Mr Craig and the family of Robert Craig in relation to the repayment of monies for an investment in a hospitality venture called "The Store", resulting in the breakdown in his relationship with Mr Craig and the family of Robert Craig: 5ASOC, [45F.2]. (25) Robert Craig instituted District Court of South Australia proceedings (Action Number 423 of 2017) (District Court proceedings) naming Mr Hillier and other entities (not Ms Martin) as defendants in relation to the repayment of monies invested in The Store to Mr Craig's parents and an associated company: 5ASOC, [45F.3]. (26) Mr Hillier defended the District Court proceedings on the basis of instructions, advice and material supplied by Mr Martin and Mr Williams, including the William Buck Brief: 5ASOC, [45F.4]. (27) The District Court proceedings were resolved at a mediation but at unnecessary legal expense totalling approximately $420,789 (Craig litigation conduct): 5ASOC, [45F.6]-45F.9]. (28) Mr Hillier received payments out of the income of the Joint Venture, including payments of $4,000 per week between November 2016 and November 2019. The payments were by way of weekly distributions and not pursuant to a consultancy agreement prepared by Nordburger (upon which the respondents rely): 5ASOC, [53]-[55]. (29) Since April 2019, Ms Martin has taken or assumed the sole and effective control of the Joint Venture and its assets and its businesses to the exclusion of Mr Hillier. The assumption of control by Ms Martin was undertaken in pursuance of the Plan: 5ASOC, [56], [56A]. (30) Ms Martin's assumption of control constitutes a breach of the Nordburger Joint Venture Agreement, a breach of trust, a breach of her fiduciary obligations and contraventions of the ACL: 5ASOC, [57]. (31) Since April 2016, the Joint Venture has earned profits which have been received and dealt with by Ms Martin: 5ASOC, [61]. (32) Since 6 October 2019, to on or about 5 October 2021, Ms Martin and thereafter Operations, have caused the funds, assets and businesses belonging to the Joint Venture to be depleted without the approval of the joint venturers: 5ASOC, [62]. (33) Ms Martin has caused Nordburger to pay to herself a salary of $208,000 per annum and to Mr Martin approximately $50,000 per annum without providing services to the Joint Venture commensurate with such as to justify such payments without approval of the joint venturers as well as making other payments, including to NW and the sixth respondent (Norman Waterhouse Lawyers Pty Ltd (NWPL)), without the approval of the joint venturers: 5ASOC, [62.1], [62.2]. (34) The depletion of the funds, assets and businesses of the Joint Venture was a breach of trust, a breach of the Nordburger Joint Venture Agreement by Ms Martin, a breach of fiduciary duties, a departure from the equity representations and contraventions of the ACL: 5ASOC, [63]-[63.5]. (35) In January 2020, Ms Martin informed Mr Hillier for the first time that she had restructured the Nordburger business by utilising a trust structure that provided for him as a beneficiary (Restructure): 5ASOC, [66]. (36) In response to a request for information Mr Hillier had made under the Trustee Act 1936 (SA), he was provided with documentation relating to a new discretionary trust established on 29 October 2019, which is the NH Trust: 5ASOC, [68]. (37) The documentation provided to Mr Hillier records: (a) The establishment of Operations (a company then wholly owned and controlled by Ms Martin): 5ASOC, [69.3]; (b) The appointment of Operations as trustee of the NH Trust on 2 December 2019: 5ASOC, [69.3]; (c) The transfer by Ms Martin of intellectual property owned by the Joint Venture to Operations: 5ASOC, [69.5]; (d) Ms Martin claims to be the ultimate economic owner of the assets purportedly the subject of the NH Trust, which assets are properly the assets of the Joint Venture: 5ASOC, [69.6]; and (e) NWPL prepared the transactional documents for the matters in (a)-(d) above: 5ASOC, [69.7]. (38) The actions recorded in the documents were undertaken by Ms Martin and were undertaken: (a) In breach of the Nordburger Joint Venture Agreement; (b) In breach of trust; (c) In breach of Ms Martin's obligations as a fiduciary; (d) At a time when Ms Martin was the sole director and shareholder of Nordburger and Operations and their controlling mind; and (e) In pursuance of the Plan: 5ASOC, [70]-[70.6]. (39) Ms Martin first instructed NWPL to advise upon and implement the Restructure in June or July 2019 but had concealed that fact from Mr Hillier: 5ASOC, [69A]. (40) The actions recorded in the documents were of no valid effect on the terms and operations of the Nordburger Joint Venture Agreement and the Joint Venture: 5ASOC, [70.4]. (41) The claim against the NW Parties is pleaded as knowing assistance in each of Ms Martin's breaches of fiduciary duty and/or breaches of trust. Third amended originating application 43 The relief sought is that specified in the third amended originating application filed on 30 September 2022 in which: A. As against Ms Martin and Operations; declarations: (a) That Mr Hillier and Ms Martin are bound by the Nordburger Joint Venture Agreement; (b) As to the proportionate shares in which Mr Hillier and Ms Martin hold their interests in the Joint Venture, its assets and businesses; (c) That at all material times Ms Martin has held the shares in Nordburger on trust on the terms of the Nordburger Joint Venture Agreement; (d) That Ms Martin holds, and at all material times held, the shares in Operations on trust on the terms of the Nordburger Joint Venture Agreement; and (e) That Operations holds the shares in Nordburger and the intellectual property rights purportedly transferred to it by Nordburger (which transfer is not admitted) on trust on the terms of the Nordburger Joint Venture Agreement. B. In relation to the Deed Poll: (a) A declaration that the Deed Poll is void, and orders that it be set aside in equity or pursuant to s 237 of the ACL. C. Further Orders (a) Further orders sought include that Ms Martin provide: (i) An accounting to Mr Hillier in relation to the conduct of the businesses of the Joint Venture since 31 December 2015; (ii) An accounting to Mr Hillier of all income, profits, and the disposition of profits and assets, of or derived by a trust known as the Hillier PIAH Trust since 31 December 2015; and (iii) An accounting to Mr Hillier of all income, profits, and the disposition of profits and assets, of or derived by the NH Trust since its inception in or about October 2019; (b) That Operations provide an accounting to Mr Hillier of all income, profits, and the disposition of profits and assets, of or derived by the NH Trust since its inception in or about October 2019; (c) An order pursuant to s 243 of the ACL and/or s 243 of the Australian Consumer Law (SA) that Ms Martin refund any monies and return any property which she has taken from or caused to be taken from the Joint Venture, Nordburger, Operations, the NH Trust, or any other corporate entity established to conduct the business of the Joint Venture in excess of any amount properly due to her for any services she has performed; (d) Ms Martin pay Mr Hillier: (i) Damages for breach of the Nordburger Joint Venture Agreement; (ii) Equitable compensation for breach of trust and/or fiduciary duty; and (iii) Interest pursuant to s 51A of the Act; (e) Ms Martin and the NW Parties pay Mr Hillier damages; and (f) The NW Parties pay equitable compensation to Mr Hillier in an amount to be assessed. 44 Without doing a disservice to Ms Martin, in broad summary, Ms Martin denies the existence of the Joint Venture, which is undocumented. She alleges that the establishment of the NH Trust, the appointment of Operations as trustee, and the transfer of property to it were actions taken lawfully by her, including in her capacity as sole director of Nordburger. She alleges that since 2 December 2019 "all rights, title and interests in the Nordburger business" have been held by Operations as trustee of the NH Trust. She alleges that Mr Hillier's only interest in the Nordburger business is that of a beneficiary of the discretionary NH Trust. 45 It is common ground that the primary beneficiaries of the NH Trust (if it be valid) are Ms Martin and Mr Hillier. The secondary beneficiaries also include Mr Martin, who is now the sole director of Operations as trustee. Distributions under the terms of the NH Trust (if it be valid) are at the discretion of Operations as trustee and so effectively within the control of Mr Martin. THE RECUSAL APPLICATION 46 The Recusal application was filed one month after the argument on the LLP application. It is framed in terms of me being "disqualified" from presiding over these proceedings and there is suggestion in the submissions filed by Ms Martin of both actual and apprehended bias. 47 Since such an application goes to the fundamental principle that a judge must bring an impartial mind to the resolution of the question the judge is required to decide, it is a threshold question. Accordingly, I set out my reasons for dismissing the Recusal application first. Actual bias - principles 48 A claim of actual bias requires cogent evidence: R v Australian Stevedoring Industry Board; Ex Parte Melbourne Stevedoring Co-Pty Ltd [1953] HCA 22, (1953) 88 CLR 100, 116 (Dixon CJ, Williams, Webb and Fullagar JJ). 49 In Sun Zhan Qui v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs [1997] FCA 1488; (1997) 81 FCR 71 (Wilcox, Burchett and North JJ), North J described actual bias in these terms: at p 134 Actual bias exists where the decision-maker has prejudged the case against the applicant, or acted with such partisanship or hostility as to show that the decision-maker had a mind made up against the applicant and was not open to persuasion in favour of the applicant. (Citations omitted) 50 In R v Rich (Ruling No. 21) [2009] VSC 32, [7] Lasry J said: A party asserting actual bias on the part of a decision-maker carries a heavy onus; the allegation must be "distinctly made and clearly proved". It has been said, and I agree, that a finding of bias is a "grave matter" and cannot be made lightly. Apart from corruption, it is hard to think of a more serious allegation that can be made against a judge. (Citations omitted) 51 In Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Jia Legeng [2001] HCA 17, (2001) 205 CLR 507, 519 at [35]-[36], Gleeson CJ and Gummow J referred with approval to statements made by French J (as his Honour then was) at first instance in which his Honour had cited with approval judicial statements that actual bias involves a pre-judgement and an applicant must show that the decision maker "had a closed mind to the issues raised and was not open to persuasion by the applicant's case" and that actual bias exists where "the decision-maker has prejudged the case against the applicant, or acted with such partisanship or hostility as to show that the decision-maker had a mind made up against the applicant and was not open to persuasion in favour of the applicant". 52 In Zaltni v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs [2000] FCA 399, the Full Court (Einfeld, Lindgren and Tamberlin JJ) said in relation to the evidentiary requirement for a finding of actual bias: at [59] A finding of actual bias should not be made lightly and cogent evidence is required; cf R v Australian Stevedoring Industry Board; ex parte Melbourne Stevedoring Co Pty Ltd (1953) 88 CLR 100 at 116 per Dixon CJ, Williams, Webb and Fullagar JJ; Sun (FC) at 123; Jia Le Geng [1999] FCA 951 at [104] per Cooper J and cases there cited. On the other hand, too high an evidentiary requirement might make impossible the presentation and proof of a justifiable case. 53 As the authorities referred to above show, Ms Martin must demonstrate by reference to cogent evidence that I have pre-judged the action, such that as noted by Gleeson CJ and Gummow J in Jia Legeng referred to at [50] above, I have "… a closed mind to the issues raised and am not open to persuasion by [the respondents] case"; or I have "… prejudged the case against [the respondents] or acted with such partisanship or hostility as to show that [I] had a mind made up against [the respondents] and was not open to persuasion in favour of [the respondents]." (brackets provided) Apprehended bias - principles 54 The principles applying to apprehended bias are different to those applying to actual bias. 55 In QYFM v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2023] HCA 15; 409 ALR 65 at [37] (Kiefel CJ and Gageler J), the High Court affirmed the test for apprehended bias in Ebner v Official Trustee in Bankruptcy [2000] HCA 63; 205 CLR 337 as being that a judge is disqualified if: … a fair-minded lay observer might reasonably apprehend that the judge might not bring an impartial mind to the resolution of the question the judge is required to decide. The "double might" serves to emphasise that the criterion is concerned with "possibility (real and not remote), not probability". (Citations omitted) See also Gordon J at [67], Gleeson J at [221] and Jagot J at [274]. 56 Kiefel CJ and Gageler continued: at[38] Application of the criterion was identified in Ebner, and has been reiterated, logically to entail: (1) identification of the factor which it is said might lead a judge to resolve the question other than on its legal and factual merits; (2) articulation of the logical connection between that factor and the apprehended deviation from deciding that question on its merits; and (3) assessment of the reasonableness of that apprehension from the perspective of a fair-minded lay observer. 57 In Charisteas v Charisteas [2021] HCA 29; (2021) 273 CLR 289 the High Court said: at [11]-[13] 11. The apprehension of bias principle is that "a judge is disqualified if a fair-minded lay observer might reasonably apprehend that the judge might not bring an impartial mind to the resolution of the question the judge is required to decide". The principle gives effect to the requirement that justice should both be done and be seen to be done, reflecting a requirement fundamental to the common law system of adversarial trial - that it is conducted by an independent and impartial tribunal. Its application requires two steps: first, "it requires the identification of what it is said might lead a judge ... to decide a case other than on its legal and factual merits"; and, second, there must be articulated a "logical connection" between that matter and the feared departure from the judge deciding the case on its merit. Once those two steps are taken, the reasonableness of the asserted apprehension of bias can then ultimately be assessed. 12. As five judges of this Court said in Johnson v Johnson, while the fair-minded lay observer "is not to be assumed to have a detailed knowledge of the law, or of the character or ability of a particular judge, the reasonableness of any suggested apprehension of bias is to be considered in the context of ordinary judicial practice". 13. Ordinary judicial practice, or what might be described in this context as the most basic of judicial practice, was relevantly and clearly stated by Gibbs CJ and Mason J in Re JRL; Ex parte CJL in 1986 by adopting what was said by McInerney J in R v Magistrates' Court at Lilydale; Ex parte Ciccone in 1972: "The sound instinct of the legal profession - judges and practitioners alike - has always been that, save in the most exceptional cases, there should be no communication or association between the judge and one of the parties (or the legal advisers or witnesses of such a party), otherwise than in the presence of or with the previous knowledge and consent of the other party. Once the case is under way, or about to get under way, the judicial officer keeps aloof from the parties (and from their legal advisers and witnesses) and neither he nor they should so act as to expose the judicial officer to a suspicion of having had communications with one party behind the back of or without the previous knowledge and consent of the other party. For if something is done which affords a reasonable basis for such suspicion, confidence in the impartiality of the judicial officer is undermined." (Citations omitted) 58 In Ebner at [6], (Gleeson CJ, McHugh, Gummow and Hayne JJ) the plurality said: Where, in the absence of any suggestion of actual bias, a question arises as to the independence or impartiality of a judge (or other judicial officer or juror), as here, the governing principle is that, subject to qualifications relating to waiver (which is not presently relevant) or necessity (which may be relevant to the second appeal), a judge is disqualified if a fair-minded lay observer might reasonably apprehend that the judge might not bring an impartial mind to the resolution of the question the judge is required to decide. That principle gives effect to the requirement that justice should both be done and be seen to be done a requirement which reflects the fundamental importance of the principle that the tribunal be independent and impartial. It is convenient to refer to it as the apprehension of bias principle. (Citations omitted) 59 Their Honours continued: at [19] Judges have a duty to exercise their judicial functions when their jurisdiction is regularly invoked and they are assigned to cases in accordance with the practice which prevails in the court to which they belong. They do not select the cases they will hear, and they are not at liberty to decline to hear cases without good cause. Judges do not choose their cases; and litigants do not choose their judges. If one party to a case objects to a particular judge sitting, or continuing to sit, then that objection should not prevail unless it is based upon a substantial ground for contending that the judge is disqualified from hearing and deciding the case. 60 In Webb v The Queen (1994) 181 CLR 41, [1994] HCA 30 at p 74 Deane J said: The area covered by the doctrine of disqualification by reason of the appearance of bias encompasses at least four distinct, though sometimes overlapping, main categories of case. The first is disqualification by interest, that is to say, cases where some direct or indirect interest in the proceedings, whether pecuniary or otherwise, gives rise to a reasonable apprehension of prejudice, partiality or prejudgment. The second is disqualification by conduct, including published statements. That category consists of cases in which conduct, either in the course of, or outside, the proceedings, gives rise to such an apprehension of bias. The third category is disqualification by association. It will often overlap the first and consists of cases where the apprehension of prejudgment or other bias results from some direct or indirect relationship, experience or contact with a person or persons interested in, or otherwise involved in, the proceedings. The fourth is disqualification by extraneous information. It will commonly overlap the third and consists of cases where knowledge of some prejudicial but inadmissible fact or circumstance gives rise to the apprehension of bias. (Citations omitted) The District Court proceedings 61 The Recusal application is based on an interlocutory decision I delivered on 14 November 2018 when presiding as a Judge of the District Court of South Australia over an interlocutory application in the matter of Craig & Ors v Hillier & Ors [2018] SADC 114. 62 The plaintiffs were Mr Craig's parents, Robert and Judith Craig, together with a corporate third plaintiff. Mr Hillier was the first defendant. The second defendant was a corporate defendant. There were two named third parties, Mr Craig as the first third party and William Buck SA Pty Ltd, a firm of accountants as the second third party, notwithstanding it had not yet been joined as a third party to the proceedings. Ms Martin is named on the interlocutory decision as a non-party and was represented on the argument before me by counsel instructed by Norman Waterhouse. 63 The proceedings were a loan recovery claim commenced on 31 March 2017. It was alleged by the plaintiffs that Mr Hillier and the second defendant had obtained loans from the plaintiffs through the intermediary of Mr Craig, a member of William Buck. 64 I did not hear the trial of the action and I note from the pleadings in this matter that the matter settled. 65 I have no independent recollection of the application but from reading the judgment, there were three interlocutory applications before the Court, the first by the plaintiffs which was a challenge to the defendants' claim for common interest privilege. The remaining two interlocutory applications were brought by the defendants. The first of those two interlocutory applications were for dismissal of the proceedings as an abuse of process or in the alternative striking out the statement of claim as an abuse of process. 66 The second of the two interlocutory applications sought leave to file an amended pleading against a third party as well as joinder of William Buck to the proceedings. The second interlocutory application was stood over. I do not know if it was ever argued but if it was, it was not before me. 67 The documents over which the plaintiffs sought production, and thereby challenged the claim to legal professional privilege by the defendants comprised what is known in both the District Court proceedings and in these proceedings as the William Buck Brief. 68 The William Buck Brief is not the subject of the LPP application in these proceedings. 69 The argument proceeded on affidavits. No deponents gave oral evidence or were cross-examined. 70 After hearing argument, I prepared written reasons for the decision in which I upheld the claims by Mr Hillier and Ms Martin for legal professional privilege over the William Buck Brief. 71 Mr Williams swore what is referred to in the decision as the second Williams affidavit as to the preparation of the William Buck Brief on the instructions of Ms Martin. At [20]-[29] of the reasons, I set out the history of the preparation of the William Buck Brief as deposed to by Mr Williams in the second Williams affidavit and the provision of the William Buck Brief to the then managing partner of William Buck, Mr McKeough. Within this passage, I also set out what Mr Williams had deposed to in relation to what occurred at a meeting on 29 April 2016. That is the meeting the subject of pleadings in this case. 72 Ms Martin appeared through counsel at the hearing before me, on the basis of an invitation extended to her by a Master of the District Court at a prior hearing heard before the matter was referred to me. That invitation was for Ms Martin to address submissions to the Court concerning the plaintiff's challenge to the defendant's claim for common interest privilege. 73 I did not inspect the documents the subject of the William Buck Brief: reasons [66]. 74 At reasons [30], I identified a number of issues arising out of the application as follows: (a) Does legal professional privilege arise over the William Buck Brief and if so, what type of privilege? (b) Has the provision of the William Buck Brief to William Buck resulted in privilege being waived? (c) Does without prejudice privilege arise out of the provision of the William Buck Brief to William Buck? (d) If privilege does arise, does common interest privilege arise as a result of the provision of the William Buck brief to William Buck? (e) If privilege does arise, does common interest privilege arise as a result of the provision of the William Buck Brief to the defendants' solicitors, Randle & Taylor? (f) Is the request for the William Buck Brief fishing? 75 After discussing the applicable principles, I concluded at reasons [109]: (a) There is advice privilege in existence, however production is not sought of any documents which fall within that privilege alone. (b) There is no litigation privilege or if there is, it has been waived. (c) There is no common interest privilege arising out of litigation privilege between the non-party (Ms Martin) and William Buck. (d) There is without prejudice privilege as between Ms Martin and William Buck. (e) There is common interest privilege based on without prejudice privilege as between the Ms Martin and the defendants. (f) However, a more detailed description of the documents claimed to be the subject of privilege is required. Accordingly, I ordered a Kadlunga list be provided by the defendants to the plaintiffs to enable the plaintiffs to determine which of the documents (if any) comprise the William Buck Brief are open to challenge on the basis of the asserted privileges. If necessary, a Master of the Court was to inspect the documents under challenge. (g) Ms Martin's arguments as to the relevance, fishing and abuse of process by the plaintiffs was rejected. The parties' submissions on the Recusal application and consideration 76 At the outset, Mr Hillier submitted the Recusal application is an abuse of process as being the latest in a series of interlocutory applications filed by or on behalf of Ms Martin in these proceedings seeking recusal of presiding judicial officers. The applicant refers to interlocutory applications filed by Ms Martin: (a) On 26 March 2021, (Charlesworth J) – dismissed in Hillier v Martin (No 2) [2021] FCA 509; (b) On 13 July 2021, (Besanko J) – granted in Martin v Hillier [2021] FCA 800 on the basis that Besanko J was a member of the Full Court that delivered a judgment strongly critical of Mr Martin's conduct in other proceedings and in circumstances where the conduct will or may be an issue on an application for leave to appeal by Ms Martin against an interlocutory decision of another judge of this Court; and (c) On 25 July 2022, (Charlesworth J) – dismissed in Hillier v Martin (No 15) [2022] FCA 996. 77 Mr Hillier submits the application is an abuse of process on the basis that the question of whether I should recuse myself, albeit obliquely raised in Ms Martin's affidavit affirmed on 17 October 2023 and in circumstances where Ms Martin had not attended the hearing, was dealt with by me on 18 October 2023. 78 In these particular circumstances, it is not necessary for me to consider whether the Recusal application is an abuse of process given the Recusal application is the first occasion in which a formal application that I recuse myself has been made. 79 Ms Martin filed and served written submissions on 15 December 2023 and 22 December 2023 in accordance with the procedural orders made 8 December 2023. Mr Hillier filed and served submissions dated 20 December 2023. 80 The Recusal application makes reference to Ms Martin's affidavits affirmed 17 October 2023, 25 October 2023 and 22 November 2023 and her submissions dated 18 October 2023. Affidavit 17 October 2023 81 The affidavit affirmed 17 October 2023 was filed without leave and was not formally read on the application but I raised the affidavit with counsel for Mr Hillier and the NW Parties who were present. 82 Insofar as the Recusal application refers to that affidavit, Ms Martin deposes: at [17] It is a perverse feature of this application that lawyers for my brother appeared, together with my lawyers, before the same judge in 2018, in the District Court, in relation to the same issue of legal professional privilege. On that occasion, my brother was seeking to uphold the very same rights of privilege which he now attacks. The judge's decision upheld legal professional privilege to a substantial effect on that occasion. I do not think it is appropriate for the applicant to now argue for the opposite outcome, or for this judge to hear this application, having already heard and determined the same issues. 83 At the hearing on 18 October 2023, I raised that paragraph with counsel. 84 Mr Whitington KC, counsel for Mr Hillier, submitted that the LPP application that I was about to consider concerned a different issue to that which was considered in the District Court proceedings and that Mr Hillier's challenge to privilege on this occasion is based upon an entirely different basis or events which have occurred subsequently. The contention on the LPP application is that Mr Hillier was a victim of a plan or strategy involving iniquity which defeated the privilege. That was not the point in the District Court proceedings. 85 I accept that submission. The issue of whether there was an iniquity did not arise in the District Court proceedings, primarily because at the time there was no dispute between Ms Martin and Mr Hillier. 86 Mr Blight KC, who appeared for the NW Parties, made no submissions one way or the other on the question of whether I should recuse myself. 87 In the circumstances, I declined to recuse myself at the hearing on 18 October 2023. Affidavit 25 October 2023 88 As with Ms Martin's 17 October 2023 affidavit, her affidavit affirmed 25 October 2023 was filed without leave and was not formally read on the LPP application for the same reasons. 89 Insofar as the Recusal application refers to that affidavit, Ms Martin deposes: at [6] To the extent that James [Hillier] asserts that my allegations of misconduct by Andrew Craig were unjustified, or advanced for an ulterior purpose, I deny that entirely, and say further that James himself made allegations of very serious misconduct about Andrew Craig in court proceedings from 2017 to 2019, including before the Honourable Justice O'Sullivan in the District Court of South Australia. These allegations include undue influence, misleading and deceptive conduct, negligence, and fraud, in relation to events and circumstances with which the William Buck Brief is concerned. 90 The fact that Mr Hillier made allegations of "very serious misconduct about Andrew Craig in court proceedings from 2017 to 2019", including before me in the sole argument I heard in the District Court proceedings is of no moment. Any allegations of misconduct on the part of Mr Craig were not the subject of any findings by me. Affidavit 22 November 2023 91 As with Ms Martin's 17 October 2023 affidavit, her affidavit affirmed 22 November 2023 was also filed without leave and was filed after the LPP application was heard and the decision reserved. 92 This affidavit deposes to searches of files in the Civil Registry of the District Court of South Australia. 93 Ms Martin deposes to her opinion that there is an overlap of the subject matter between the proceedings in this Court and the District Court proceedings. 94 Apart from the District Court proceedings, Ms Martin refers to proceedings: (a) Hillier v William Buck and Andrew Craig: Action Number CIV 266 of 2019; (b) FDC Construction and Fit-Out Pty Ltd v Cherry Hospitality Pty Ltd: Action Number DCCIV 6414 of 2020; and (c) FDC Construction and Fit-Out Pty Ltd v Ace Up The Sleeve Pty Ltd: Action Number DCCIV 6415 of 2020. 95 Ms Martin does not depose as to any involvement by me in the William Buck matter listed at (a) above. 96 Ms Martin deposes that Mr Hillier was a director and shareholder in each of 'Cherry Hospitality' and 'Ace Up The Sleeve'. 97 Insofar as Ms Martin deposes at [22] that "… there is a dispute on the pleadings about the nature of the Cherry Burger business, and Mr Hillier's misuse of Nordburger's confidential information, intellectual property, and packaging stock in establishing and operating Cherry Burger", that is not correct. There is no pleading in this matter where any of those matters have been put in issue but Mr Hillier makes reference to the business in his trial affidavit. In any event, there is no suggestion I was involved in any way in the Cherry Hospitality matter. 98 As to the Ace Up The Sleeve matter, the District Court records annexed to Ms Martin's affidavit reveal that I conducted a number of directions hearings and an application to set aside default judgment. There is no suggestion I heard oral evidence or made any findings in the course of managing the matter. Submissions - 18 October 2023 99 As I have noted, shortly after the LPP application commenced, Ms Martin emailed these submissions to my chambers during the course of the argument on 18 October 2023. 100 The submissions were not formally read on the argument. 101 Ms Martin appears to raise an issue of apprehended bias on my part, albeit obliquely, but does not explain why. The submissions refer back to the District Court proceedings in which Mr Hillier sought to protect the legal professional privilege in relation to the William Buck Brief. As I have noted, the current application does not concern the William Buck Brief. Submissions - 15 December 2023 and 22 December 2023 102 Ms Martin submits that in my role as a Judge in the District Court proceedings, I "… presided over court proceedings directly related to the case of bar involving substantially the same parties and concerning co-extensive or predominantly overlapping subject matter". 103 A number of points arise in relation to that submission. 104 First, the matter to which Ms Martin refers was an application by the plaintiffs in the District Court proceedings that sought to overturn a claim for legal professional privilege maintained by Mr Hillier as a defendant and Ms Martin as an interested third party. The application was determined in favour of Mr Hillier and Ms Martin. Quite why that should give rise to apprehended bias is not immediately apparent. 105 Second, although Mr Hillier was a party to one of the proceedings to which Ms Martin refers, he was not named as a party in the Ace Up The Sleeve action. 106 Third, as I have noted, in none of the directions hearings identified did I hear oral evidence from any of the witnesses nor make any findings as to credibility. 107 It is for these reasons I do not accept that submission. 108 Next, Ms Martin submits the subject matter in common between the District Court proceedings and the proceedings in this Court includes events of the 29 April 2016 meeting, the Deed Poll executed by Mr Hillier on 2 May 2016, and the allegations of deceit, undue influence and breach of fiduciary duty on the part of Mr Andrew Craig, who was the accountant for Mr Hillier and Ms Martin. 109 Mr Williams' second affidavit filed in the District Court proceedings referred to the 29 April 2006 meeting and the Deed Poll as part of the history to the preparation of the William Buck Brief. There was no consideration of the factual circumstances around each of these events and no findings made in relation to them. 110 As the allegations of deceit, undue influence and breach of fiduciary duty on the part of Mr Craig, to the extent those allegations were made, the only contested hearing I considered was the single interlocutory argument the subject of the decision. That hearing was conducted on the basis of affidavit evidence with no findings made as to the truth or otherwise of the matters deposed to in the affidavits and no cross-examination on those affidavits. 111 It is for these reasons that I do not accept that submission. 112 Next, Ms Martin submits that the factual findings for which Mr Hillier now contends in relation to the 29 April 2016 meeting are contradictory of the facts upon which Mr Hillier relied upon in relation to the District Court proceedings. 113 That may be or may not be so, but in circumstances where no factual findings were made in relation to what occurred at either the 29 April 2016 meeting or the consequences of the Deed Poll, it is of no moment insofar as me hearing this matter is concerned. 114 Next, Ms Martin submits that Mr Hillier has performed an "about-face" in relation to the factual matters upon which the substance of his claim is underpinned. Again, that may be or may not be the case but as I made no factual findings it is of no moment. Further, contrary to Ms Martin's submissions, I do not accept that the District Court proceedings are germane to the current claim. One only has to consider the nature of the claim brought by Mr Hillier against Ms Martin, Operations and the NW Parties in this matter to understand that it is far removed from the loan recovery proceedings brought by Mr Craig's parents. 115 It is for these reasons I do not accept those submissions. 116 Next, Ms Martin refers to the District Court proceedings having been brought to my attention on a number of occasions. 117 Ms Martin refers in her submissions to the legal test for apprehended or actual bias and it is in that context that there is a suggestion in Ms Martin's submissions of actual bias. That arises by a submission that a conflict has been brought to my attention "on numerous occasions" and that "… a lack of any attempt on [my part] to recognise or reconcile the obvious discrepancy between [my] previous factual findings, and those for which the applicant now contends, may be due to wilful blindness with respect to the disqualifying features …". (square brackets provided) 118 Subject to what I have said above in relation to the oblique reference in Ms Martin's affidavit affirmed 17 October 2023, on none of the occasions identified by Ms Martin in her submissions was an application made whether in writing or orally that I recuse myself for apprehended bias. 119 Further, this submission proceeds on the basis of what is described as an "obvious discrepancy between previous factual findings and those for which the applicant now contends". 120 The difficulty for Ms Martin with that submission is that there are "no previous factual findings". The interlocutory decision in the District Court proceedings which was decided in favour of Ms Martin and Mr Hillier, who at that stage asserted common interest privilege, was not based on factual findings but on matters deposed to in affidavits which were untested in cross-examination of any of those deponents. Self-evidently, there were no findings as to credit. 121 Accordingly, I do not accept these submissions. 122 Next, Ms Martin submits that I possess extraneous information in that I have "... personal knowledge through my own physical observations of the very events and circumstances that are the direct matters in question in these proceedings." 123 That is not the case. I have no personal knowledge of what may or may not have happened at the 29 April 2016 meeting, nor the circumstances in which Mr Hillier signed the Deed Poll nor for that matter any other relevant fact. Accordingly, I do not accept that submission. 124 In her reply submissions dated 22 December 2023, Ms Martin takes a different approach. She contends that Mr Hillier's claim for relief is based in part on events and circumstances which occurred in the courtroom in my presence. That is simply not the case. As is evident from my description of the pleaded case in the proceedings in this Court, the claim for legal expenses in 5ASOC [45F.6]-[45F.9] refers to legal expenses which are alleged to have been incurred unnecessarily. The fact that there was an interlocutory argument before me is uncontroversial. The allegations in this case that unnecessary legal expenses were incurred in defending the proceedings was not an issue in the District Court proceedings at the time because both Mr Hillier and Ms Martin were not in dispute at that stage. Whether the legal expenses incurred in the District Court proceedings were unnecessary and comprise a cost for which the respondents are liable remains to be determined as part of the proceedings in this Court. 125 A further submission in the reply submissions is that it is reasonable to infer that my personal knowledge extends to matters concerning "relevant evidence" pursuant to s 55 of the Evidence Act 1995 (Cth). Section 55 of the Evidence Act provides: 55 Relevant evidence (1) The evidence that is relevant in a proceeding is evidence that, if it were accepted, could rationally affect (directly or indirectly) the assessment of the probability of the existence of a fact in issue in the proceeding. (2) In particular, evidence is not taken to be irrelevant only because it relates only to: (a) the credibility of a witness; or (b) the admissibility of other evidence; or (c) a failure to adduce evidence. 126 It is apparent from s 55 that evidence is relevant, if accepted, if that evidence could rationally affect, directly or indirectly, the assessment of the probability of the existence of a fact in issue in the proceeding. Ms Martin submits that the evidence includes "without limitation the appearance, submissions, demeanour and effectiveness of counsel and solicitors, the presence of various persons in the court room (sic) and the apparent source of instructions for the applicant's lawyers" and that as a result I am a competent witness. 127 I do not accept that submission. The allegation in these proceedings is not the manner in which the litigation was conducted but the fact it was conducted and whether that was as a result of the events of the 29 April 2016 meeting and the Deed Poll. In particular, there is no criticism in the pleadings of how the District Court proceedings were defended but rather the fact that Mr Hillier considered he had no option but to defend them because of the Deed Poll. 128 It follows that the suggestion that I am a competent witness is untenable. 129 In his submissions, Mr Hillier refers to the four categories grounding a recusal application cited by Deane J in Webb at p 74 and applied in Ebner at [24]. 130 Mr Hillier submits that the only category identified in Webb relied upon by Ms Martin in her primary submissions is the fourth category, ie, extraneous information. 131 In Webb, in the passage to which I have referred, Deane J describes this fourth category as: The fourth is disqualification by extraneous information. It will commonly overlap the third and consists of cases where knowledge of some prejudicial but inadmissible fact or circumstance gives rise to the apprehension of bias. 132 Mr Hillier submits that Ms Martin had not identified any particular information arising from or out of the conduct of the District Court proceedings which is said to be prejudicial or inadmissible which might give rise to a relevant apprehension of bias. So too, insofar as Ms Martin refers to the Cherry Hospitality and Ace Up The Sleeve proceedings, there is nothing identified by Ms Martin nor any particular information acquired by me in the course of my limited involvement in those proceedings that has any relevance to the within proceedings. 133 Ms Martin identifies no knowledge of prejudicial but inadmissible facts or circumstances sufficient to give rise to the apprehension of bias. 134 Further, as to the two-stage test identified by the High Court in Charisteas, the material identified by Ms Martin does not satisfy the first stage of the test for apprehended bias, namely there was material which might lead a judge to decide the case other than on its legal and factual merits. That being the case, there is no basis upon which to consider the second stage and the logical connection between that matter and the feared departure from the judge deciding the case on its merits. 135 It follows there is no cause to assess the reasonableness of the asserted apprehension of apprehended bias. 136 As to the suggestion of actual bias, Ms Martin provides no evidence of any type that I have pre-judged the action such that as noted by Gleeson CJ and Gummow J in Jia Legeng referred to at [50] above, I have "… a closed mind to the issues raised and am not open to persuasion by [the respondents] case"; or I have "… prejudged the case against [the respondents] or acted with such partisanship or hostility as to show that [I] had a mind made up against [the respondents] and was not open to persuasion in favour of [the respondents]". (square brackets provided) 137 It is for these reasons that I dismissed Ms Martin's application that I recuse myself. THE LEGAL PROFESSIONAL PRIVILEGE APPLICATION 138 The LPP application is brought against the claim in the list of documents filed on 2 June 2013 by Mr Williams and the list of documents filed by NW and NWPL on the same date, that documents are the subject of legal professional privilege in favour of Ms Martin. The discovery process and the claim for legal professional privilege 139 It is necessary to explain how it is that the NW Parties claimed legal professional privilege on behalf of Ms Martin. 140 The NW Parties represented Ms Martin until such time as they were joined to these proceedings in June 2022. Ms Martin did not waive privilege so as to allow inspection of files held by them. 141 In the ninth affidavit of Fiona Mary Errington sworn 31 August 2023 (ninth Errington affidavit) she deposes that a protocol as between the NW Parties, Ms Martin and Operations which she describes as the "common interest privilege and document access protocol", was agreed and executed in March 2023. 142 The protocol is annexure FME 7 to the ninth Errington affidavit and names the privilege holders as Ms Martin, Nordburger and Operations. 143 The protocol records that the NW Parties have possession of files in relation to which they are subject to professional obligations to keep confidential and to maintain the privilege holders right to legal professional privilege in respect of those files. 144 The NW Parties disclosed the files in question to their solicitors and counsel and prepared a list of documents discovering the relevant files but claimed legal professional privilege and as part of that process delivered a list they contend is in terms required by r 20.17(2)(c) of the Federal Court Rules 2011 (Cth), namely a description of each document in the parties' control for which privilege from production is claimed and the grounds of the privilege. 145 There was an issue between Mr Hillier and the NW Parties as to whether the list compromised an itemised Kadlunga list : Kadlunga Proprietors v Electricity Trust of South Australia (1985) 39 SASR 410 (White J), that is: a list giving sufficient description of a particular document for which protection is claimed sufficient to disclose readily, without disclosing its contents, whether or not is in fact a document to which the head of privilege relied upon can extend. 146 Putting aside the issue of a Kadlunga list, Mr Hillier submitted that the itemised list as filed does not provide sufficient information to allow him to establish a basis for a claim for legal professional privilege. There is force in that submission in that the document title in the table of privileged documents does not give a sufficient description of the documents in question to understand why the category of legal professional privilege asserted attaches to the document. Legal professional privilege - principles 147 Legal professional privilege is a rule of substantive law: Attorney-General (NT) v Maurice [1986] HCA 80; (1986) 161 CLR 475, 490 (Deane J). It protects a party from being compelled against the giving of information or the production of documents which would reveal communications between a solicitor and their client (or their agent) made for the "dominant purpose" of giving or obtaining legal advice or the provision of legal services, including representation in legal proceedings: The Daniels Corporation Inter-National Pty Ltd v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission [2002] HCA 49; (2002) 213 CLR 543 at [9] (Gleeson CJ, Gaudron, Gummow and Hayne JJ); ESSO Australia Resources Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Taxation [1999] HCA 67; (1999) 201 CLR 49, [61] (Gleeson CJ, Gaudron and Gummow JJ). Dominant Purpose 148 In ESSO, the High Court preferred the "dominant purpose" test to the "sole purpose" test, referring to Barwick CJ's description in Grant v Downs [1976] HCA 63; (1976) 135 CLR 674, 677: … a document which was produced or brought into existence either with the dominant purpose of its author, or of the person or authority under whose direction, whether particular or general, it was produced or brought into existence, of using it or its contents in order to obtain legal advice or to conduct or aid in the conduct of litigation, at the time of its production in reasonable prospect, should be privileged and excluded from inspection. 149 "Dominant purpose" is one that is the prevailing or paramount purpose: AWB Ltd v Cole [2006] FCA 571; (2006) 152 FCR 382, [105] citing Commissioner of Taxation (Cth) v Pratt Holdings Pty Ltd (2005) 225 ALR 266, 279 at [30]. In Pratt, in the course of setting out the principles which apply in determining if legal professional privilege applies, Kenny J said at [30] of the dominant purpose: The dominant purpose is not the same as the "primary" or the "substantial" purpose: see Grant v Downs at CLR 678; ALR 580–1 per Barwick CJ. The "dominant" purpose may be described as the ruling, prevailing, paramount or most influential purpose: see Mitsubishi Electric [(2002) 4 VR 332] at [10] citing Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Spotless Services Ltd (1996) 186 CLR 404 at 416; 141 ALR 92 at 97–8 per Brennan CJ, Dawson, Toohey, Gaudron, Gummow and Kirby JJ. The "dominant purpose" brings within the scope of the privilege a document brought into existence for the purpose of a client being provided with professional legal services notwithstanding that some ancillary or subsidiary use of the document was contemplated at the time: Esso at [58] per Gleeson CJ, Gaudron and Gummow JJ; Sparnon v Apand at FCR 328; ALR 740–1 per Branson J … 150 The purpose for which a document is brought into existence is a question of fact: Grant at p 692 (Jacobs J). Ordinarily, the purpose will be that of the maker but that may not always be the case: Grant at pp 682-683 (Stephen, Mason and Murphy JJ). Onus 151 The dominant purpose must be determined objectively. The party claiming the privilege has the onus of establishing its claim for privilege. That onus may be discharged by way of evidence, or the circumstances in which the documents were brought into existence, their nature and the parties' submissions: AWB at [109]-[110]. The privilege is not necessarily or conclusively established by resort to a verbal formula or ritual: Grant at p 689 (Stephen, Mason and Murphy JJ). 152 Sections 118 and 119 of the Evidence Act both refer on their terms to the "dominant purpose", of the confidential communication in question, however neither apply to the production of documents following discovery. It is the common law which governs the position in this matter. Displacing legal professional privilege 153 What is sometimes referred to as "displacing" or an "exception" to legal professional privilege is where the communications in question was created in furtherance of a fraud or crime. There is an issue of principle as to whether legal professional privilege is displaced or never applied in the first place in view of it being generated in furtherance of a fraud or crime. As to the latter see Carter v Managing Partner, Northmore Hale Davy & Leake [1995] HCA 33; (1995) 183 CLR 121, 163 (McHugh J) however nothing turns on that in this matter. 154 In Attorney-General for the Northern Territory of Australia v Kearney [1985] HCA 60; (1985) 158 CLR 500, regulations had been made by the Administrator of the Northern Territory under the Town Planning Ordinance 1964 (NT) and the Planning Act 1979 (NT). If those regulations were valid, the land the subject of them could not be the subject of a claim under the Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 (Cth). The Northern Land Council had claimed land in areas covered by the regulations and the Aboriginal Land Commissioner (Kearney J) ordered discovery of documents. The Northern Territory claimed privilege over a number of documents on the ground they were confidential communications passing between Ministers or Officers of the Northern Territory Government and salaried legal advisers of the Northern Territory for the purpose of seeking and giving legal advice in connection with the preparation and drafting of the regulations. Kearney J ordered that certain documents be produced for inspection on the basis that legal professional privilege did not extend to protect crime or fraud and there was a prima facie case that the communications came into being as part of the scheme to defeat the land claims. 155 In the Full Court of this Court, R v Kearney; Ex Parte Attorney-General (NT) (1984) 3 FCR 534, Fisher J held that Kearney J had classified correctly that the abuse of power upon which the Northern Land Council relied came within what is labelled as the "crime or fraud" exclusion. The remaining two members of the Full Court, (Woodward and Neaves JJ) held that the principle that the privilege did not extend to protect crime or fraud but had no application to a case in which it is claimed that statutory power to make regulations has been exercised for a purpose other than that for which, on the proper construction of the relevant statute, the power was conferred. Their Honours held the privilege is displaced when a higher public interest requires it, and that the case had been made that the statutory power to promulgate subordinate legislation had been exercised for an ulterior purpose such that the public interest required the privilege, which might otherwise have attached, should be displaced. 156 On appeal to the High Court, Gibbs CJ (with whom Mason and Brennan JJ agreed) identified one exception to which the privilege is subject as being communications by a client for the purpose of being guided or helped in the commission of a crime or fraud: at p 511. His Honour referred to the observations of Turner V.C. in Russell v Jackson (1851) 9 Ha 387 at 392-393, 68 ER 558, 560 noting that the following passage has been cited frequently with approval: Can it then be said that the communication should be protected because it may lead to the disclosure of an illegal purpose? I think that it cannot; and that evidence which would otherwise be admissible cannot be rejected upon such a ground. On the contrary, I am very much disposed to think that the existence of the illegal purpose would prevent any privilege attaching to the communication. Where a solicitor is party to a fraud no privilege attaches to the communications with him upon the subject because the contriving of a fraud is no part of his duty as solicitor; and I think it can as little be said that it is part of the duty of a solicitor to advise his client as to the means of evading the law. 157 His Honour continued (at p 515) by holding that privilege is denied to communications made to further an illegal purpose and it would be contrary to the public interest which the privilege is designed to secure, being the better administration of justice, to allow it to be used to protect communications made to further a deliberate abuse of statutory power and by that abuse to prevent others from exercising their rights under the law. 158 Wilson J (at p 522) said that it is important to recognise the flexibility in the operation of a rule which is grounded in public policy. His Honour observed that the first requirement is to keep steadily in mind the important purpose which the rule is intended to serve. The second requirement is to take the circumstances in which the privilege is claimed and measure those circumstances against the purpose of the rule in order to determine whether or not the operation of the privilege in the circumstances serve that purpose. 159 His Honour continued at p 524: The principle may be expressed by saying that, generally speaking, the public interest in the protection of alleged confidential professional communications will not be outweighed by the public interest in ensuring that all relevant evidence is admissible save when the professional relation is abused in a manner involving dishonesty that goes to the heart of the relationship. The presence of such dishonesty is enough to cause the privilege to "take flight", to use the words of Cardow J. in Clark v. United States, because it precludes a true professional relationship from arising: see the remarks of Stephen J. in Cox and Railton. A passage from the judgment of Isaacs J. in Varawa v. Howard Smith & Co. Ltd. is in point. His Honour said: The words 'for the perfect administration of justice' are all important, because, as was pointed out by Turner V.C. in Russell v. Jackson, the privilege which protects any confidential disclosure between solicitor and client is not intended simply to protect that confidence, but it rests upon the necessity of carrying it out. Otherwise justice could not be administered, as the Courts would not have the proper opportunity and means of administering the law between the litigants. That being the foundation of the rule, says the learned Vice-Chancellor, the Court must, of course, have regard to the foundation on which it rests, and not extend it to cases which do not fall within the mischief which it is designed to protect. (Citations omitted) See also Commissioner of Australian Federal Police v Propend Finance Pty Ltd [1997] HCA 3; (1997) 188 CLR 501, 514 (Brennan CJ). Crime or Fraud 160 As to what constitutes "crime or fraud" for the purposes of displacing the privilege, it is clear that the reference to fraud is not narrowly confined. In Kearney Gibbs CJ said: at p 514, that "... the exception is not confined to the case of crime and fraud, even in the wide sense in which 'fraud' has been used in this context, unless the meaning of that word is extended to include anything that might be described as a fraud on justice". His Honour continued after referring to R v Bell: Ex parte Lees [1980] HCA 26; (1980) 146 CLR 141, that "legal professional privilege will be denied to a communication which is made for the purpose of frustrating the processes of the law itself, even though no crime or fraud is contemplated": at p 515. 161 Dawson J, although in dissent in Kearney, observed: at pp 528-529: It is true that different expressions are to be found in the cases to explain what is meant by crime or fraud in the present context: "any unlawful or wicked act" (Armesley v. Anglesea); "a criminal or unlawful proceeding" "fraudulent contrivance, or ... any illegal proceeding", "an improper or an illegal act", "illegality or fraud or trickery" (Bullivant v. Attorney-General (Viet.)); "crime or civil fraud", "wrong-doing", "illegal object" (Varawa v. Howard Smith & Co. Ltd. (25)); "any illegal or improper purpose", "to frustrate the processes of law", "taint of illegality" (Reg. v. Bell; Ex parte H. f980; A. Lees); "crime or fraud or civil offence" (Baker v. Campbell). Despite their apparent breadth, these expressions have, I think, been used more to explain the nature of the exception rather than to restrict the scope of the privilege. (Citations omitted) 162 In the course of considering what constituted "crime or fraud", Dawson J referred at p 529 to the judgment of Goff J (as his Lordship then was) in Crescent Farm (Sidcup) Sports Ltd. v. Sterling Offices Ltd. [1972] Ch. 553, at pp 564-565. That passage provides: The principle of the exception is that the communication in such circumstances is not in truth within the scope of professional privilege at all, and the plaintiffs submit that it is no part of a solicitor's duty innocently or otherwise to further any breach of duty or wrongful act. In my judgment that is far too wide. Apart possibly from Williams v. Quebrada Railway, Land and Copper Co. the exception has always been stated as confined to cases of crime or fraud: see for example O'Rourke v. Darbishire and Reg. v. Cox and Railton particularly at p. 170 where Stephen J. quoted from Cockburn C.J. in Tichborne v. Lushington. … I do not consider the principle requires any extension. On the contrary, I think the wide submission of the plaintiffs would endanger the whole basis of legal professional privilege. It is clear that parties must be at liberty to take advice as to the ambit of their contractual obligations and liabilities in tort and what liability they will incur whether in contract or tort by a proposed course of action without thereby in every case losing professional privilege. I agree that fraud in this connection is not limited to the tort of deceit and includes all forms of fraud and dishonesty such as fraudulent breach of trust, fraudulent conspiracy, trickery and sham contrivances, but I cannot feel that the tort of inducing a breach of contract or the narrow form of conspiracy pleaded in this case come within that ambit. (Citations omitted) Prima facie case 163 It is clear that mere allegations of crime or fraud are insufficient and there must be something to "give colour to the charge": Bullivant v Attorney-General (Vict) [1901] AC 196, 201, 205; O'Rourke v Darbishire [1920] AC 581, 604, 613-614, 622-623, 632-633. In Kearney (at p 516) Gibbs CJ referred to the observations of Viscount Finlay in O'Rourke: at p 604 The statement must be made in clear and definite terms, and there must further be some prima facie evidence that it has some foundation in fact ... The Court will exercise its discretion, not merely as to the terms in which the allegation is made, but also as to the surrounding circumstances, for the purpose of seeing whether the charge is made honestly and with sufficient probability of its truth to make it right to disallow the privilege of professional communications. 164 Gibbs CJ continued by observing that the finding of the Aboriginal Land Commissioner, confirmed in the Full Court, that there was prima facie evidence that the communications with the legal advisers came into being as part of a plan to defeat the land claims, was plainly sustainable and there was clearly "prima facie evidence that the communications with the legal advisers came into being as part of a plan to defeat the land claims ... " such that there was "… sufficient colour to displace the privilege". 165 In Propend at 514, Brennan CJ said: In determining whether a claim of legal professional privilege can be upheld, it is open to the party resisting the claim to show reasonable grounds for believing that the communication effected by the document for which legal professional privilege is claimed was made for some illegal or improper purpose, that is, some purpose that is contrary to the public interest. I state the criterion as "reasonable grounds for believing" because (a) the test is objective and (b) it is not necessary to prove the ulterior purpose but there has to be something "to give colour to the charge", a "prima facie case" that the communication is made for an ulterior purpose. … When a party in curial proceedings is seeking to rebut a claim of privilege by asserting that the communication with the legal adviser was made for an ulterior purpose, the evidence of ulterior purpose must be admissible in those proceedings. 166 In Southern Equities Corporation Ltd (in liq) v Arthur Anderson & Co (1997) 70 SASR 166, 174 Doyle CJ described the breadth of the exception as being: … the claim of privilege will fail only if there is material raising an arguable case that the relevant communications were made for the purpose of furthering or assisting a crime or fraud, and that fraud in this context embraces a range of legal wrongs that have deception, deliberate abuse of or misuse of legal powers, or deliberate breach of a legal duty at their heart. It is not enough, I consider, that one could simply say that a transaction constituted sharp practice, or fell below the normal standard of commercial probity. It is not enough, I consider, that one would regard a transaction on which advice was sought as artificial, or as deliberately structured to take advantage of the law on a topic. In light of the authorities, one cannot be more precise than that. It is not necessary to show that the solicitor in question is implicated. What is in issue is the purpose of the client. 167 The requirement falls short of proof of an allegation of crime or fraud. Rather, "It is enough that circumstances are made to appear which sufficiently point to the bona fides and credibility of the allegation": Propend at 522 (Dawson J). Kirby J at 592-593 in the same case described the material required as being "such as would 'lead a reasonable person to see' a strong probability that there was a disqualifying crime or fraud, although not necessarily that the lawyer was a party to it", that the "… line lies short of the full trial of the issue …" and "… it falls short of the requirement to make out with 'strong evidence' a prima facie case of crime or fraud." The parties' submissions and consideration 168 The central issue in this matter is, in general terms, not the existence of legal professional privilege per se, but rather whether because of iniquity, the documents and information over which the NW Parties claim privilege on behalf of Ms Martin either never attracted privilege, or if they did, that privilege has been displaced. 169 In the course of his submissions, Mr Whitington KC, who appeared for Mr Hillier, took the Court to a number of documents under which legal professional privilege is not claimed and which, he submitted, provided prima facie evidence that Ms Martin and/or Operations have engaged in at least a breach of trust or breach of fiduciary duty. 170 The NW Parties submitted initially that they took a neutral position on the application and submitted that they had no onus but took the role of a contradictor. Nonetheless, as the argument progressed it became readily apparent that they argued, substantially, against the application. Principles 171 There was some disagreement between the parties as to the applicable principles with the NW Parties submitting that Mr Hillier's submissions mistake the applicable law as to when an iniquity arises in three respects. 172 First, the NW Parties submit that the necessary iniquity is not a matter that is at large. By that submission I understand the NW Parties to be contending by reference to authorities such as Kearney and Propend that there must be a specific purpose identified and colour given to that charge. It is in that sense that the NW Parties refer to Southern Equities and the observations of Doyle CJ at p 174 that it is not enough to simply say that a transaction constitutes sharp practice or falls below the normal standard of commercial probity, nor that one would regard a transaction upon which advice was sought as artificial was deliberately structured to take advantage of the law on a topic. 173 So too, the NW Parties refer to Kearney and the judgment of Dawson J at pp 528-529 where his Honour said that notwithstanding the expressions of what is meant by "crime or fraud" those expressions are directed more to explain the nature of the exception rather than to restrict the scope of the privilege. 174 Mr Hillier submits that the approach is not so much to treat the iniquity as an exception to privilege but rather a circumstance which displaces or prevents a privilege from arising in the first place. Accordingly, Mr Hillier submits that the passage from Dawson J's judgment in Kearney to which the NW Parties refer should be seen in that context. 175 In effect, the NW Parties' contentions rise no higher than the requirement that the particular circumstances, supported by sufficient material, must be such as to give rise to a prima facie case or as it has also been described, sufficient to give "colour to the charge". 176 Under those circumstances, it appears to me there is no significant difference between the parties on this point and I do not accept the NW Parties' first submission which is to the effect that Mr Hillier relies on an iniquity "at large". The alleged iniquity is focused on what has been pleaded as "the Plan" and Ms Martin's involvement in "the Plan". 177 Second, the NW Parties submit the required standard of proof is not a "low bar" as submitted by Mr Hillier. Although Mr Hillier used that expression in his written submissions, in context I do not consider he was in fact submitting that taken in isolation the standard of proof is a "low bar". Rather, it seemed to me Mr Hillier was submitting, in accordance with the statements in the authorities such as Kearney: at p 516 (Gibbs CJ) and Propend at p 522 (Dawson J), that proof of an allegation of crime or fraud is not required to the standard of balance of probabilities or beyond reasonable doubt. 178 Accordingly, I do not accept the NW Parties' second submission. 179 Third, the NW Parties submit Mr Hillier seeks blanket production of all documents subject to a claim of privilege. They refer to AKS Investments Pty Ltd v Queensland Police Service [2018] QSC 4 at [122] (Burns J) to contend that, "It is not enough to point to the existence of some nefarious plans and then assert the loss of privilege over all communications" and that "… even if a prima facie case is established on the evidence, an inspection of the questioned communications by the court will always be critical to the outcome of this aspect of the case". 180 Mr Hillier submits the reliance by the NW Parties on AKS Investments in these particular circumstances is misplaced. Mr Hillier contends the list of documents which has been filed by the NW Parties gives an inadequate description of the basis of privilege because it relies on the application of a formulaic label. I have accepted that the description of the documents does not allow for an undertaking as to why the category of legal professional privilege is asserted over the documents. 181 More fundamentally, whereas it is the case that it may be necessary for a court to inspect the documents in question: Grant at p 677 (Barwick CJ), that does not rise to the level stated by Burns J that inspection will always be critical to the outcome on an application such as this. Indeed, in this matter, the NW Parties submit expressly that the Court is not required on this application to review the 7109 documents listed. It is in that context that the NW Parties submit that more is required than what they describe as a "vague and generalised assertion" that none of the documents are privileged and therefore all are liable to be produced. 182 I do not accept this submission for a number of reasons. First, "the Plan" the subject of the alleged iniquity is not limited, as was the case in AKS Investments to the commission of a crime but is directed to a course of conduct to achieve a pleaded end. Second, the practicality of inspecting over 7000 documents and the consequent risk to a trial judge in doing so, is such that in the circumstances it is not a practical solution. Third, the very basis of the submission against a blanket order for inspection stems from the inadequacy of the listed documents and the claim for legal professional privilege within it. Is there a prima facie evidence of an iniquity sufficient to displace the privilege? 183 Mr Hillier reads for the purposes of this application his trial affidavit sworn and filed 11 November 2021, his affidavit filed in support of the interlocutory application sworn and filed on 15 August 2023 (interlocutory affidavit) and the lists documents filed by the NW Parties on 2 June 2023. 184 The NW Parties read the ninth Errington affidavit and made reference to other affidavits in the course of argument. 185 Mr Hillier addressed the following topics in support of his contention that there is sufficient colour to displace the privilege: (a) The Nordburger Joint Venture Agreement; (b) The 29 April 2016 meeting; (c) The William Buck Brief; (d) The Deed Poll; (e) The "Final exclusion" in 2019; and (f) The Litigation Conduct. 186 Without doing any disservice to the NW Parties' comprehensive submissions, rather than submitting that the material upon which Mr Hillier relies to give rise to a prima facie case fails to do so, the NW Parties seek to challenge the material relied upon by Mr Hillier by contending to the contrary. To that extent, the effect of the NW Parties' submissions is that Mr Hillier has not established iniquity to the required standard of proof that applies at a civil trial. 187 This approach by the NW Parties pervades the entirety of its submissions, including, without being tested in cross-examination, challenges to the reliability and credibility of Mr Hillier's evidence. The Nordburger Joint Venture Agreement 188 Mr Hillier refers to his description of the inception and establishment of the Joint Venture in his trial affidavit in the discussions between him, Ms Martin and Mr Craig during October and November 2014; the respective interests in the Joint Venture at that stage and how those interests changed; the subsequent heads of agreement executed by all three parties on 18 March 2015; the instruction to a solicitor, Ms Begley of JL Legal to prepare documentation for the Joint Venture including that it was agreed the structure should reflect the economic interests in what was referred to as the Nordburger group. Ms Begley's view was that Ms Martin held her shareholding in the trustee, Nordburger, on bare trust for the three joint venturers in their then existing economic interests. 189 Next, Mr Hillier refers to his trial affidavit in which he describes further meetings and communications between the joint venturers or their agents in late December 2015 and that the communications between the three parties proceeded on the basis of the existing economic interests. 190 The NW Parties submit that Ms Martin as sole shareholder and sole director of Nordburger had de jure control over it upon its incorporation in 2013. That may well be so but the submission ignores the surrounding circumstances at the time of Nordburger's incorporation and the dealings between the parties leading up to that incorporation. So too, the NW Parties submit that Mr Hillier was a beneficiary under a discretionary trust and that 100% the shares in Nordburger were held by Ms Martin. Again, that may well be the case but the surrounding circumstances that led to the establishment of a trust, the incorporation of a corporate beneficiary and the appointment of Ms Martin as the sole shareholder and sole director are part of the factual matrix that will need to be determined at trial. 191 The NW Parties submit that the evidence of Mr Hillier about the Joint Venture is scant and inconsistent. I disagree. At a prima facie level, in all the circumstances, there is at least a prima facie case that there existed between the three parties a Joint Venture. True it is that Ms Martin denies any Joint Venture, but that has no greater force than the contention by Mr Hillier that there was a Joint Venture. The existence of an undocumented Joint Venture cannot be said to be fanciful or not contribute to the overall question of whether there is a prima facie evidence of any iniquity. The 29 April 2016 meeting 192 Mr Hillier refers to what has been described to as the "Script" at [27] of the interlocutory affidavit (see pp 177-180). There is an issue with this document and in particular whether it is a privileged document that should not have been disclosed. Mr Hillier submits the "Script" was read out or encapsulated by Mr Williams and Mr Martin at the 29 April 2016 meeting. 193 It seems to me that irrespective of whether the document comprised a "Script" which was read out or not, nonetheless Mr Hillier gives evidence as to what transpired at the meeting on 29 April 2016 and the respective roles played by Mr Martin and Mr Williams at that meeting. 194 To that extent and given I am not assessing credibility of Mr Hillier's account of what happened at that meeting on this application, I give the "Script" no weight. 195 Mr Hillier refers to those passages of his trial affidavit dealing with the meeting at Norman Waterhouse on 29 April 2016 in which he deposes that he was confronted with allegations against both Mr Craig and himself and that his co-operation was required, failing which action will be taken against both him and Mr Craig. Mr Hillier deposes that Mr Martin required him to hand over his (Mr Hillier's) email address and password to allow Mr Martin to inspect his email account. Mr Hillier continues he was presented with a Deed Poll which he was asked to sign but was advised to get legal advice first. He was told he could not see the William Buck Brief unless he signed the Deed Poll. Mr Hillier deposes to a number of his emails being forwarded to Mr Williams but that it was not him that forwarded them. 196 Over the next few days, Mr Hillier indicated he would sign the Deed Poll, would co-operate with any action against Mr Craig, and signed the Deed Poll in the presence of Mr Williams: trial affidavit [467]-470]. 197 Mr Hillier submits that the conduct of the 29 April 2016 meeting and the conduct of Mr Martin the next day amounted to coercion, illegitimate pressure, undue influence on actual or equitable fraud. 198 Mr Hillier's submissions contend he was the subject of blackmail and hence criminal offending. I give that submission no weight for the purposes of this application. 199 In their submissions, the NW Parties submit that Mr Hillier's allegations of a knowing or dishonest breach of fiduciary duty by Ms Martin will be the subject of a comprehensive challenge at trial. They submit that the consideration of the documents to which Mr Hillier referred in the course of submissions are not such as to give colour to the charge of iniquity. 200 The NW Parties submit that at the 29 April 2016 meeting and also when Mr Hillier signed the Deed Poll on 2 May 2016, Ms Martin controlled Nordburger, such that the events on those two occasions cannot be properly characterised on any view as Mr Hillier having control taken away that he did not have in the first place. That is a submission that might be made at trial but it is not a conclusion the Court is able to reach at this stage in the absence of any evidence being tested, particularly in circumstances where the respective interests in any Joint Venture may have been held on trust at those times. 201 Next, the NW Parties submit there is a dispute between the witnesses to be called by the NW Parties and Mr Hillier, and Mr Hillier's account of the meeting on 29 April 2016. That may be so, but it is as a matter which needs to be investigated. It does not detract from the issue of whether there is a prima facie evidence of iniquity in the circumstances. William Buck Brief 202 Mr Hillier submits that the text of the William Buck Brief at no time calls into question the existence of a Joint Venture agreement but attacks the conduct of Mr Craig and records the concerns by both Ms Martin and Mr Martin about Mr Craig's conduct; suggests professional misconduct on the part of Mr Craig; asserts that Mr Craig was acting in a conflict of interest and that his conduct was criminal in nature. It suggests Mr Hillier may be a willing participant in that conduct. 203 The NW Parties submit the William Buck Brief is not a document addressing a dispute about the ownership interests of the Nordburger business. Given the allegations made by Mr Hillier, supported as it is by the evidence in his trial affidavit, there is in my view at least a prima facie case that the object of the exercise was to remove Mr Hillier's ability to engage in the Nordburger business. In making that observation, I am not forming a concluded view and the matters raised by Mr Hillier will need to be tested at trial. The Deed Poll 204 Mr Hillier refers to the terms of the Deed Poll as annexure JH-46 to his trial affidavit. 205 The Deed Poll was drafted by NW. The recitals record, amongst other things: (a) Concerns held by Ms Martin as to the conduct of Mr Craig and the performance of the accountants, William Buck; (b) Those concerns include, without limitation, conflict of interest, falsification of tax records, inappropriate billing practices and general incompetence as well as breach of fiduciary duties to Ms Martin, Mr Hillier and the "Business"; (c) One consequence of the conduct of William Buck and Mr Craig "… is that the ownership structure of the Businesses is unsatisfactory and prejudicial to Victoria's interests"; (d) "Norman Waterhouse, solicitors, act as Victoria's solicitors in respect of all aspects of her dealings with James [Hillier], William Buck and Andrew Craig"; (e) "Victoria requires James [Hillier] to assist and cooperate with her in all respects in managing the future conduct of the Business and the issues that have arisen as a consequence of the matters concerning William Buck which are the subject of Victoria's complaint"; (f) "James [Hillier] has agreed to sign this Deed of Undertaking to record his commitment to bring his agreement to assist and cooperate into effect". (Square brackets provided) 206 Mr Hillier points to the terms of clause 2 of the Deed Poll by which it is recorded that he provides an unconditional and enforceable undertaking to do a number of things including, at clause 2.1, that he will "Waive and by this Deed does waive, any claim or claims that he or any entity that he controls is entitled to operate the Business or make any binding decisions in respect of the Business without first consulting Victoria". 207 Clause 2 continues with a number of undertakings including one of co-operation with all the reasonable requirements of Ms Martin and not to make any contact or communicate with Mr Craig, any member of the Craig Family nor Mr Mavrakis, one of Mr Craig's colleagues at William Buck. 208 Mr Hillier submits that the effect of the Deed Poll, apart from requiring him to co-operate in the separation of the Nordburger Business from the Craig Interests, is to require Mr Hillier to abandon any claim he is entitled to operate the Nordburger Business and not seek to operate it such as to cede control of the operation of the Nordburger Business to Ms Martin. Whether that is correct or not, nonetheless it is fair to say, at a superficial level and without any evidence leading to the drafting and execution of this document, the undertakings given appear to be both extensive and onerous. 209 The NW Parties submit that following the meeting on 29 April 2016, the Deed Poll was executed by Mr Hillier and the William Buck Brief was made available to him. The NW Parties submit that the evidence is both scant and involves drawing inferences inconsistent with contemporaneous evidence. 210 The NW Parties submit further that Mr Hiller did not take independent legal advice before signing the Deed Poll. Again, that may be or may not be so and that is a matter which Mr Hillier may need to explain, but that does not take away from the prima facie case revealed on the materials upon which Mr Hillier relies for the purposes of this application, that Mr Hillier may have been subjected to the pleaded economic duress, undue influence, and unconscionable conduct both in equity and under the ACL as well as misleading and deceptive conduct. 211 The NW Parties submit the terms of the Deed Poll do not have the effect for which Mr Hillier contends. Again, that is a submission which can be made at trial but on the face of the document, there appears to be a restriction on the involvement by Mr Hillier in a business in which, at least initially, he had a majority interest. Final exclusion in 2019 212 Mr Hillier refers to the period from July to September 2019 and subsequent correspondence and documentation with NWPL, specifically Mr Williams, as to Mr Hillier's ongoing involvement in the Nordburger Business. In essence, Mr Hillier deposes that a new trust had been set up – the NH Trust, with Ms Martin as the trustee. Exercising a power of appointment, Ms Martin appointed Operations as the trustee. Initially Ms Martin was the sole director and shareholder of Operations, however subsequently, Mr Martin became the sole director of Operations. 213 Mr Hillier refers to a "Deed of Restructure" being prepared in December 2019 and executed by each of the corporate parties comprising the "Nordburger Group" which was defined in the Deed as comprising Nordburger itself as well as Nordburger Norwood, Frewville, Chinatown, Hindmarsh and Nordburger Capital. Operations was not included in the definition. 214 The Deed was executed by Ms Martin on 2 December 2019 in her role as sole director and sole company secretary of each company. 215 The Deed records under the heading "Background" that Ms Martin is the ultimate economic owner and controller of Nordburger which "has evolved … into an established, profitable, multi-location burger restaurant chain with an established brand and recurrent customer base". 216 The Deed defines the "Trust" as Operations and records that the purpose of establishing the Trust was for the purpose of it acting as the primary holding entity for the Nordburger Group. 217 The effect of the Deed is to transfer Nordburger's assets to Operations with effect from completion save for any business contracts and leases which Nordburger continued to hold for the benefit of the companies within the Nordburger Group (except, it seems, for Capital) and for the ultimate benefit of the NH Trust. 218 Mr Hillier submits that the effect of the Deed was to exclude him as from November 2019 from any practical involvement in the Nordburger Business and the effective exclusion of the Craig Interests such that Ms Martin exercised exclusive control over the Nordburger assets and business. 219 Again, whether that is in fact the case will be a matter for trial but on the face of it and without more the terms of the Deed are capable of being construed that way. 220 Mr Hillier refers to the findings of Charlesworth J in Hillier v Martin (No 12) [2022] FCA 952 that there was a lack of evidence to support the remuneration paid to Ms Martin and Mr Martin, as well as a related entity, VTPD, by Nordburger. Mr Hillier refers to her Honour's observations that in the case of Mr Martin: at [82]: The various affidavits relied upon by Mr Martin and the respondents do not contain information as to the services performed by Mr Martin in consideration for that payment. No contract for services is in evidence. The hours worked by Mr Martin in the performance of the services are not stated. There is insufficient evidence to support a conclusion that any services in fact provided to any entity in the Nordburger group are either indispensable, or that they are services that only Mr Martin could provide, or that they are provided in the performance of a contract for services presently on foot. 221 In the case of Ms Martin, her Honour found: at [96], that there was no evidence before her Honour: … as to the particular tasks performed by Mrs Martin in the course of her asserted employment, nor as to the terms of the asserted employment contract. 222 It may well be that in any trial of this matter, evidence is produced to address the information which was lacking before her Honour but without more at this stage, there is a prima facie case that both Ms Martin and Mr Martin were drawing remuneration from Nordburger for which there was no basis. 223 It is in that context that Mr Hillier refers to Charlesworth J's judgment in Hillier v Martin (No 11) [2022) FCA 407, [35]-[38] in which her Honour records that Ms Martin, Mr Martin and an entity named VTPD had received loan advances which as at 21 March 2022 exceeded $600,000 and during the period 2020, 2021 and year-to-date March 2022 had drawn sums in excess of $500,000. 224 Once again, it may well be that these loans and drawings are able to be explained at trial and I make no findings about those matters. However, there was sufficient material before Charlesworth J which, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, her Honour considered that at an interlocutory stage: at [36] it, "… may be comfortably inferred that the debtors under the loans were either Mr and Mrs Martin personally, or the controllers of trusts or other structures representing the personal interests". 225 I draw no inference but I am satisfied that there is an issue which has been raised on the material upon which Mr Hillier relies such as to give colour to the charge of iniquity. Litigation conduct and other matters 226 The litigation conduct to which Mr Hillier responds is not the litigation conduct referred to in the pleadings but rather the conduct of Ms Martin in these proceedings since they were commenced on 11 August 2020 as deposed to by Mr Hillier in the interlocutory affidavit at [61]-[70]. 227 Mr Hillier refers to the protracted application for the production of financial records of the Nordburger business including the Xero database which took from 27 September 2020 until 21 March 2022. 228 The NW Parties refer to the breakdown in the relationship between Mr Hillier and Ms Martin from early 2018, some two years after the 29 April 2016 meeting. They referred to what they describe as objective evidence of a series of events between April 2016 and late 2019. In particular, they refer to the apparent good relations between Mr Hillier and Ms Martin in relation to the management of the Nordburger business. They refer to the liaison between Mr Hillier and Mr Martin in relation to the conduct of the District Court proceedings. They do so in an attempt to highlight that there was a change in the relationship between Mr Hillier and Ms Martin from one of apparent co-operation to one of apparent hostility which, as I understand it, they submit militates against the allegations now put. Again, that may be the case but it is part of the complex factual matrix that will need to be determined at trial and in particular there is an issue over whether as a result of the 29 April 2016 meeting and the signing of the Deed Poll, Mr Hillier's subsequent actions were undertaken as a result of him being subjected to economic duress, undue influence, unconscionable conduct in equity and within the meaning of the ACL as well as misleading and deceptive conduct. So much so is evident from the submission by the NW Parties that it is only known to Mr Hillier and Ms Martin which led to the breakdown in the relationship from early 2018. CONCLUSION 229 Notwithstanding the NW Parties' comprehensive submissions, I am satisfied from the material to which the Court has been taken by Mr Hillier that there is prima facie evidence of iniquity such as to displace the legal professional privilege on the part of Ms Martin. In the exercise of my discretion, whilst conscious of the seriousness of permitting inspection of documents the subject of a claim for legal professional privilege, I am prepared in all the circumstances to order the documents be produced for inspection: Kearney at p 516 (Gibbs CJ). 230 I stress that my conclusions as to whether there is prima facie evidence of iniquity in no way reflects any view as to the probable outcome of the litigation nor is it a concluded view as to whether the allegations will ultimately be established in whole, or in part. 231 It is necessary to say something about Operations. No application was brought against it as no claim for privilege was made by it in the list of documents served by Mr Williams and NW and NWPL on 2 June 2023. 232 It is for the reasons set out above there will be orders requiring the NW Parties to produce for inspection, those documents asserted in the lists of documents filed on 2 June 2023 to be the subject of legal professional privilege in favour of Ms Martin or any entity or entities simply described as Nordburger in the list of documents in which legal professional privilege is claimed. 233 There is no reason why the NW Parties should not pay the costs of and incidental to this application although if they contend for some other order, any such application is to be made within seven days of the date of publication of these reasons. I certify that the preceding two hundred and thirty-three (233) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment of the Honourable Justice O'Sullivan. Associate: Dated: 8 March 2024 SCHEDULE OF PARTIES SAD 113 of 2020 Respondents Fourth Respondent: STEPHEN BRADLEY WILLIAMS Fifth Respondent: NORMAN WATERHOUSE (A FIRM) Sixth Respondent: NORMAN WATERHOUSE LAWYERS PTY LTD