Statement of Principles concerning multiple sclerosis (Reasonable Hypothesis) (No. 11 of 2020) (Cth)

Statement of Principles concerning MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (Reasonable Hypothesis) (No. 11 of 2020) The Repatriation Medical Authority determines the following Statement of Principles under subsection 196B(2) of the Veterans' Entitlements Act 1986.

Dated 28 February 2020

The Common Seal of the Repatriation Medical Authority was affixed to this instrument at the direction of:

Professor Nicholas Saunders AO Chairperson

Contents 1 Name 2 Commencement 3 Authority 4 Repeal 5 Application 6 Definitions 7 Kind of injury, disease or death to which this Statement of Principles relates 8 Basis for determining the factors 9 Factors that must exist 10 Relationship to service 11 Factors referring to an injury or disease covered by another Statement of Principles Schedule 1 - Dictionary 1 Definitions

1 Name This is the Statement of Principles concerning multiple sclerosis (Reasonable Hypothesis) (No. 11 of 2020). 2 Commencement This instrument commences on 23 March 2020. 3 Authority This instrument is made under subsection 196B(2) of the Veterans' Entitlements Act 1986. 4 Repeal The Statement of Principles concerning multiple sclerosis No. 100 of 2011 (Federal Register of Legislation No. F2011L01736) made under subsections 196B(2) and (8) of the VEA is repealed. 5 Application This instrument applies to a claim to which section 120A of the VEA or section 338 of the Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2004 applies. 6 Definitions The terms defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary have the meaning given when used in this instrument. 7 Kind of injury, disease or death to which this Statement of Principles relates (1) This Statement of Principles is about multiple sclerosis and death from multiple sclerosis. Meaning of multiple sclerosis (2) For the purposes of this Statement of Principles, multiple sclerosis: (a) means a chronic relapsing-remitting or progressive disorder affecting the motor and sensory systems of the central nervous system and characterised by multiple focal regions of demyelination of neuronal axons, inflammation and gliosis occurring on multiple occasions; and (b) includes relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, primary progressive multiple sclerosis and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis; and (c) excludes: (i) clinically isolated syndrome; (ii) radiologically isolated syndrome; (iii) neuromyelitis optica; (iv) acute disseminated encephalomyelitis; (v) Marburg disease; (vi) Balo concentric sclerosis; and (vii) Schilder disease. (3) While multiple sclerosis attracts ICD‑10‑AM code G35, in applying this Statement of Principles the meaning of multiple sclerosis is that given in subsection (2). (4) For subsection (3), a reference to an ICD-10-AM code is a reference to the code assigned to a particular kind of injury or disease in The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification (ICD-10-AM), Tenth Edition, effective date of 1 July 2017, copyrighted by the Independent Hospital Pricing Authority, ISBN 978-1-76007-296-4. Death from multiple sclerosis (5) For the purposes of this Statement of Principles, multiple sclerosis, in relation to a person, includes death from a terminal event or condition that was contributed to by the person's multiple sclerosis. Note: terminal event is defined in the Schedule 1 – Dictionary. 8 Basis for determining the factors The Repatriation Medical Authority is of the view that there is sound medical‑scientific evidence that indicates that multiple sclerosis and death from multiple sclerosis can be related to relevant service rendered by veterans, members of Peacekeeping Forces, or members of the Forces under the VEA, or members under the MRCA. Note: MRCA, relevant service and VEA are defined in the Schedule 1 – Dictionary. 9 Factors that must exist At least one of the following factors must as a minimum exist before it can be said that a reasonable hypothesis has been raised connecting multiple sclerosis or death from multiple sclerosis with the circumstances of a person's relevant service: (1) having acute infectious mononucleosis before the clinical onset of multiple sclerosis; (2) smoking at least five pack-years of cigarettes, or the equivalent thereof in other tobacco products, before the clinical onset of multiple sclerosis, and where smoking has ceased, the clinical onset of multiple sclerosis has occurred within five years of cessation; Note: pack-years of cigarettes, or the equivalent thereof in other tobacco products is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary. (3) being exposed to second-hand smoke for at least 10 000 hours before the clinical onset of multiple sclerosis; Note: being exposed to second-hand smoke is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary. (4) inhaling an organic solvent or having cutaneous contact with an organic solvent on more days than not for a continuous period of at least one year before the clinical onset of multiple sclerosis; Note: organic solvent is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary. (5) undergoing a course of treatment with a tumour necrosis factor alpha antagonist within the two years before the clinical onset of multiple sclerosis; (6) in the absence of supplemental ultraviolet light exposure, having an inability to meet the specified sunlight exposure levels for at least one year before the clinical onset of multiple sclerosis, and where this inability to meet the specified sunlight exposure levels occurred more than two years before the clinical onset of multiple sclerosis; Note: specified sunlight exposure levels is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary. (7) having vitamin D deficiency, with a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level of less than 50 nanomoles per litre for a continuous period of at least one year before the clinical onset of multiple sclerosis, and where this vitamin D deficiency occurred more than two years before the clinical onset of multiple sclerosis; (8) undergoing a course of treatment with an immune checkpoint inhibitor within the four months before the clinical onset of multiple sclerosis; Note: Immune checkpoint inhibitors include, but are not limited to, ipilimumab, nivolumab, atezolizumab and pembrolizumab. (9) being overweight for at least five years when aged less than 30 years before the clinical onset of multiple sclerosis, and where this five year period occurred within the 15 years before the clinical onset of multiple sclerosis; Note: being overweight is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary. (10) having type 1 diabetes mellitus before the clinical onset of multiple sclerosis; (11) having onset of a viral or bacterial infection within the five weeks before, or the two weeks after, the clinical worsening of multiple sclerosis; (12) smoking at least five pack-years of cigarettes, or the equivalent thereof in other tobacco products, before the clinical worsening of multiple sclerosis, and where smoking has ceased, the clinical worsening of multiple sclerosis has occurred within five years of cessation; Note: pack-years of cigarettes, or the equivalent thereof in other tobacco products is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary. (13) being exposed to second-hand smoke for at least 10 000 hours before the clinical worsening of multiple sclerosis; Note: being exposed to second-hand smoke is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary. (14) undergoing a course of treatment with a tumour necrosis factor alpha antagonist within the two years before the clinical worsening of multiple sclerosis; (15) undergoing a course of treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor or interferon within the one year before the clinical worsening of multiple sclerosis; (16) undergoing a course of treatment with an immune checkpoint inhibitor within the four months before the clinical worsening of multiple sclerosis; Note: Immune checkpoint inhibitors include, but are not limited to, ipilimumab, nivolumab, atezolizumab and pembrolizumab. (17) experiencing the death of a significant other within the six months before the clinical worsening of multiple sclerosis; Note: significant other is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary. (18) experiencing a category 1A stressor within the six months before the clinical worsening of multiple sclerosis; Note: category 1A stressor is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary. (19) experiencing a category 1B stressor within the six months before the clinical worsening of multiple sclerosis; Note: category 1B stressor is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary. (20) experiencing a category 2 stressor within the six months before the clinical worsening of multiple sclerosis; Note 1: A category 2 stressor can arise in a variety of circumstances connected with service. Such circumstances can arise during the course of service, as a result of separation from service and the conditions associated with that separation, and in the transition to civilian life in the years following separation. Note 2: category 2 stressor is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary. (21) having a medical illness or injury, other than multiple sclerosis, which is life-threatening or which results in serious physical or cognitive disability, within the six months before the clinical worsening of multiple sclerosis; (22) for women only, using hormonal assisted reproductive therapy within the three months before the clinical worsening of multiple sclerosis; Note: hormonal assisted reproductive therapy is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary. (23) undergoing a course of therapeutic radiation for cancer, where the affected site was in the field of radiation, before the clinical worsening of multiple sclerosis; (24) having received a cumulative equivalent dose of at least 10 sieverts of ionising radiation to the affected site before the clinical worsening of multiple sclerosis; Note: cumulative equivalent dose is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary. (25) having dyslipidaemia at the time of the clinical worsening of multiple sclerosis; Note: dyslipidaemia is defined in the Schedule 1 - Dictionary. (26) inability to obtain appropriate clinical management for multiple sclerosis. 10 Relationship to service (1) The existence in a person of any factor referred to in section 9, must be related to the relevant service rendered by the person. (2) The factors set out in subsections 9(11) to 9(26) apply only to material contribution to, or aggravation of, multiple sclerosis where the person's multiple sclerosis was suffered or contracted before or during (but did not arise out of) the person's relevant service. 11 Factors referring to an injury or disease covered by another Statement of Principles In this Statement of Principles: (1) if a factor referred to in section 9 applies in relation to a person; and (2) that factor refers to an injury or disease in respect of which a Statement of Principles has been determined under subsection 196B(2) of the VEA; then the factors in that Statement of Principles apply in accordance with the terms of that Statement of Principles as in force from time to time.