Commissioner of Taxation v Qantas Airways Limited [2012] HCA 41

HIGH COURT OF AUSTRALIA

GUMMOW, HAYNE, HEYDON, KIEFEL AND BELL JJ

COMMISSIONER OF TAXATION APPELLANT

AND

QANTAS AIRWAYS LIMITED RESPONDENT

Commissioner of Taxation v Qantas Airways Limited [2012] HCA 41 2 October 2012 S47/2012

ORDER

1. Appeal allowed with costs.

2. Set aside the orders of the Full Court of the Federal Court made on 1 September 2011 and in place thereof order that the appeal to the Full Court be dismissed with costs.

On appeal from the Federal Court of Australia

Representation

A H Slater QC with J O Hmelnitsky and C A Burnett for the appellant (instructed by Australian Government Solicitor)

R C Cordara SC with C M Sievers for the respondent (instructed by PricewaterhouseCoopers)

Notice: This copy of the Court's Reasons for Judgment is subject to formal revision prior to publication in the Commonwealth Law Reports.

CATCHWORDS

Commissioner of Taxation v Qantas Airways Limited

Goods and Services Tax – Taxable supply – Supply – Consideration – Overbooking – Attribution of tax period – Airfares that were non-refundable or refundable but unclaimed – Customer cancels or fails to take purchased flight –Promise by airline to use best endeavours to carry passengers and baggage – Whether a taxable supply under A New Tax System (Goods and Services Tax) Act 1999 (Cth), s 9-5 – Whether airline liable to remit to Commissioner GST on non-refundable or unclaimed refundable fares.

Words and phrases – "a supply for consideration", "consideration", "taxable supply".

A New Tax System (Goods and Services Tax) Act 1999 (Cth), ss 7-1, 9-5, 9-10, 9‑15, 29-5(1).

GUMMOW, HAYNE, KIEFEL AND BELL JJ. Introduction The respondent ("Qantas") and its subsidiaries, including Jetstar Airways Pty Limited ("Jetstar"), provide domestic and international air travel but this litigation concerns only their domestic operations. Both Qantas and Jetstar supply classes of air travel with varying fare rules and conditions of carriage. They engage in "overbooking", a practice of booking more passengers on a flight than there are seats available, in anticipation that not all of those booked will present themselves to board the flight. This is said by Qantas to be a practice common among airlines, and is a practice of long standing by Qantas. At all relevant times Qantas acted under subdiv 48‑A of A New Tax System (Goods and Services Tax) Act 1999 (Cth) ("the GST Act"), as the representative member of the corporate group. Each month was a tax period and on that monthly basis Qantas remitted GST as the representative member. The amount in contest in this appeal is the GST on fares received from prospective passengers who failed to take the flights for which reservations and payment had been made. In accordance with the applicable conditions, some fares were forfeited while others were refundable on application within a stipulated period but no refund claim was made. Division 19 of the GST Act makes special provision for "adjustment events" such as a change in the consideration for a supply by reason of a refund of the fare, leading to a decreasing adjustment to the GST. But this dispute is concerned not with refunds but with cases where no refund was claimed or none was available. Qantas did not contend that Div 19 had any direct application. Section 29‑5(1) is an important provision in the legislative scheme. The GST is attributable to the tax period in which there is received "any" of the consideration, being the fares paid, or, before that receipt, the invoice is issued. The appellant ("the Commissioner") stresses that the effect of the GST Act is that with respect to any particular transaction the GST is payable only once, at the end of the attributable taxation period. In particular, GST is not payable more than once by reason that the consideration is received in connection with an executory contract which involves more than one supply. Thus, GST on the consideration received is not payable in each of the tax periods in which a series of events occur in performance of an executory contract; the GST is payable once, in the tax period of the first payment or invoice. The fares were calculated to recover from the customer the GST payable on the amount of those fares. On payment of the fare the GST amount was recorded by the airline as a debt due to the Commissioner; the balance was credited to unearned income until the flight was taken or the fare was forfeited. The GST component of the fares for flights not taken was not refunded to customers. The assessments in evidence total $34,275,917; this comprises $26,604,347 in GST in respect of forfeited fares (divided between Qantas as to $16,717,019 and Jetstar $9,887,328) and $7,671,570 in GST in respect of fares where a refund was permitted but no claim to the refund had been made. The litigation Qantas contended that GST was not payable on the unused fares and that the GST which had been paid on them should be refunded by the Commissioner. To resolve the dispute the Commissioner issued assessments for the monthly tax periods from July 2005 to June 2008, including GST on fares received by Qantas in those months in respect of travel not undertaken. By Notice of Objection dated 31 July 2009, Qantas objected to the inclusion of the GST on unused fares. On 9 October 2009 the Commissioner disallowed the objection pursuant to s 14ZY of the Taxation Administration Act 1953 (Cth) ("the Administration Act"). The objection decision was referred to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal ("the AAT") (comprising the President, Downes J, and Senior Member Mr S E Frost), for review under s 14ZZ of the Administration Act. The AAT delivered its reasons on 6 December 2010 and affirmed the disallowance by the Commissioner of the objection by Qantas. Qantas then pursued the matter by an "appeal" under s 44 of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal Act 1975 (Cth) to the Federal Court of Australia. The appeal was heard by a Full Court (Stone, Edmonds and Perram JJ). There was no issue that the appeal raised questions of law sufficient to attract jurisdiction under s 44. On 1 September 2011 the Full Court set aside the decision of the AAT, together with the objection decision of the Commissioner, and allowed in full the Notice of Objection by Qantas. By special leave the Commissioner appeals to this Court against the whole of the judgment of the Full Court. For the reasons which follow the appeal should be allowed, the orders of the Full Court should be set aside and in place thereof the appeal to the Full Court should be dismissed. The Full Court decision Stone J agreed with the joint reasons of Edmonds and Perram JJ. Their Honours set out various provisions of the Qantas conditions of carriage as at September 2008 ("the Qantas conditions") and the Jetstar conditions of carriage as at February 2008 ("the Jetstar conditions"). They concluded that it was plain that "what each customer pays for" is carriage by air and continued: "This is the essence, and sole purpose, of the transaction. The prospective supply is of air travel, dare we say, in the face of [Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Reliance Carpet Co Pty Ltd], 'nothing more or less'. Having recognised the actual travel had not been supplied, and that was the purpose of the booking, that should have been the end of the inquiry. The actual travel was the relevant supply, and if it did not occur there was no taxable supply. Instead, what the Tribunal did was to look for other 'acts' satisfying the definition of supply. It erred in doing so, for even if the identified 'acts' were capable of meeting the definition of supply, they were not 'acts' for which the consideration was provided." This reasoning fixes upon the consideration "for" which a "taxable supply" was provided and identifies this by distilling from the arrangements between airline and customer the "essence and sole purpose" of the transaction. In this Court, Qantas relied upon this reasoning and claimed support for a "substantive approach" to the legislation by analogy to the decision in Baltic Shipping Co v Dillon. That litigation concerned an unsuccessful claim by a passenger for return of that part of the fare she had paid which had not been refunded. The claim was for a total failure of consideration by the shipping company when the ship sank after the eighth day of what was to be a 14 day cruise. Deane and Dawson JJ approached the issue of total failure of consideration by asking "as a matter of substance" what was the consideration promised by the shipping company. Baltic Shipping provides no analogy with situations in which the airline retains the fare in exercise of its entitlement to do so after the passenger does not board the flight; there has been no failure by the airline in its performance. The legislation The determination on this appeal of whether the process of abstraction by the Full Court is justified requires further attention to the operative provisions of the GST Act. The appeal turns upon the construction and application of those provisions. In particular, in the phrase "the supply for consideration" (emphasis added), which appears in the definition of "taxable supplies" in s 9‑5(a) and is set out below, the word "for" is not used to adopt contractual principles. Rather, it requires a connection or relationship between the supply and the consideration. Section 7‑1 of the GST Act is identified as a "central provision". It relevantly states that GST is payable "on *taxable supplies". The use of the asterisk is a device to alert the reader to the presence of a definition in the Dictionary to the Act. Division 9 (ss 9‑1 ‑ 9‑99) is headed "Taxable supplies". Section 9‑5 answers a question "What are taxable supplies?" by stating that "you" make such a supply if: "(a) you make the supply for *consideration; and (b) the supply is made in the course or furtherance of an *enterprise that you *carry on; and (c) the supply is *connected with Australia; and (d) you are *registered, or *required to be registered." It should be noted that s 9‑5 goes on to state that the supply is not a "taxable supply" to the extent that it is "*GST‑free" or "*input taxed". None of the supplies in connection with which the unused fares were received were GST‑free or input taxed. The term "consideration" is defined in s 9‑15 so as to include "any payment, or any act or forbearance, in connection with a supply of anything" (s 9‑15(1)(a)), and "any payment, or any act or forbearance, in response to or for the inducement of a supply of anything" (s 9‑15(1)(b)). Section 9‑10 is headed "Meaning of supply". Sub‑section (1) of s 9‑10 states that a supply "is any form of supply whatsoever". Sub‑section (2) should be set out in full: "Without limiting subsection (1), supply includes any of these: (a) a supply of goods; (b) a supply of services; (c) a provision of advice or information; (d) a grant, assignment or surrender of *real property; (e) a creation, grant, transfer, assignment or surrender of any right; (f) a *financial supply; (g) an entry into, or release from, an obligation: (i) to do anything; or (ii) to refrain from an act; or (iii) to tolerate an act or situation; (h) any combination of any 2 or more of the matters referred to in paragraphs (a) to (g)." (emphasis added) The Commissioner relies upon the emphasised portions of pars (b), (e), (g) and (h). With the distinction between "supply" and "taxable supply" in mind, the Court observed in Reliance Carpet: "The composite expression 'a taxable supply' is of critical importance for the creation of liability to GST. In the facts and circumstances of a given case there may be disclosed consecutive acts each of which answers the statutory description of 'supply', but upon examination it may appear that there is no more than one 'taxable supply'." That is not to deny that the one consideration may be received for more than one supply, although, as noted above, the GST will be payable once and will be attributable to the first tax period in which any of the consideration is received or invoiced. The substance of the submission by Qantas, variously expressed, is that the Full Court was correct because (i) the dealings between Qantas and Jetstar and prospective passengers were such that there was no more than one projected "taxable supply", namely the supply of air travel, (ii) this supply did not come to pass and (iii) no GST was exigible. In addition to the above general provisions of the statute, various specific provisions with respect to various species of supply are made elsewhere in the GST Act and use phrases of relationship and connection. The specific provisions of the GST Act with which this case was concerned were insufficiently appreciated in submissions by Qantas. It sought to derive from what was said in three cases support for the construction of the general provisions in Div 9 dealing with taxable supplies and consideration, in particular the phrase "the supply for consideration" in the definition of "taxable supply" in s 9‑5(a). Travelex Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Taxation turned upon subdiv 38‑E (headed "Exports and other supplies for consumption outside Australia") and in particular upon the phrase "in relation to rights" in Item 4 of the table appearing in s 38‑190, which listed certain supplies which were GST‑free; this Court held that the supply of foreign currency notes was sufficiently a supply "in relation to rights" to attract the exemption. Saga Holidays Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation, a decision of the Full Court of the Federal Court, turned upon the phrase "connected with Australia" in par (c) of s 9‑5, and upon s 9‑25(4), which stipulated that "[a] supply of *real property is connected with Australia if the real property, or the land to which the real property relates, is in Australia"; the decision of Gzell J in TAB Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation hinged upon the phrase in Div 126 "relating to the outcome of a *gambling event" in the definition of the term "gambling supply" (s 126‑35(1)(b)). Reliance Carpet The emphasis by the Full Court upon Reliance Carpet was repeated by Qantas in submissions to this Court. That case was treated as if it supported the contention by Qantas that the sole candidate for a taxable supply was the flight, for which the fare was pre‑paid, to the exclusion of supply by reason of the making of the contract of carriage upon payment of the fare. The issue in Reliance Carpet was whether the GST was attracted in respect of the amount of a deposit forfeited by the vendor upon termination for default by the purchaser. Section 99‑5 stated that the deposit was not to be treated as consideration for a supply but stipulated that the benefit of this provision was lost if the deposit was forfeited for failure to perform the obligation for the performance of which it was security. Section 99‑10 provided that the GST which was payable on a taxable supply for which the consideration was a deposit was attributable to the tax period during which the deposit was forfeited. In Reliance Carpet the Full Court of the Federal Court had accepted the primary submission by the taxpayer that there had been no "taxable supply" because (i) the essential or principal supply was the single subject of the tax, (ii) in the instant case that single subject was a supply of real property and (iii) the contract had been terminated so that there had been no supply of real property and Div 99 had no work to do. The Full Court said: "When the [taxpayer] entered into the contract for sale with the purchaser it entered into a contract for the supply of real property; nothing more and nothing less." This Court reversed the decision of the Full Court. The Court said: "the use of the phrase 'nothing more and nothing less' appears to give insufficient weight both to the definition of 'real property' in the Act, and to the identity of the subject matter of the contract, in accordance with ordinary principles of conveyancing, as the title or estate of the vendor in a parcel of land rather than merely the parcel itself in a geographical sense", and the Court also observed: "The circumstance that the deposit forfeited to the taxpayer had various characteristics does not mean that the taxpayer may fix upon such one or more of these characteristics as it selects to demonstrate that there was no taxable supply. It is sufficient for the Commissioner's case that the presence of one or more of these characteristics satisfies the criterion of 'consideration' for the application of the GST provisions respecting a 'taxable supply'. One of the characteristics of the deposit was that upon its payment on 5 February 2002 it operated as a security for the performance of the obligation of the purchaser to complete the Contract and was liable to forfeiture on that failure. That is sufficient for the Commissioner's case." Division 99, to which reference has been made above, was described by this Court as a "wait and see" provision, whereby a deposit was taken to be consideration only when it was forfeited. The case provides no support for the proposition adopted by the Full Court in the present case that it was necessary to extract from the transaction between the airline and the prospective passenger the "essence" and "sole purpose" of the transaction. The Commissioner's case The principal submission by the Commissioner is that the unused fares were received or invoiced in the assessed tax periods and that this was on or pursuant to the making of a contract between the airline and the customer under which the airline supplied rights, obligations and services in addition to the proposed flight. These rights, obligations and services comprised "payment ... in connection with a supply" thereof within the meaning of the definition of "consideration", so that there was a taxable supply attributable to that period. This submission requires further attention to the terms of the arrangements between Qantas and Jetstar and the customer. The Qantas and Jetstar arrangements The Full Court stated the following conclusions as to the effect of the Qantas conditions and the Jetstar conditions. Using "Q" to identify the former and "J" to identify the latter: "(1) A person can make a reservation (Qantas) or booking (Jetstar) without making any payment, but: if Qantas has not received payment for the ticket on or before the specified ticketing time, Qantas may cancel the reservation [Q 4.3] and, in consequence, travel will not be allowed [Q 4.2]; and, if Jetstar has not received payment, the person will not be carried, even if they have a booking [J 4.2]. (2) A person buys a Qantas ticket by paying the applicable fare, applicable fees or charges and all government taxes [Q 5.5]; a person does not buy, but only makes a Qantas reservation [Q 4.1]; a person both makes [J 4.1] and pays for a Jetstar booking by paying the applicable fare, applicable surcharges, fees or taxes, and any applicable amounts relating to changes to the booking [J 5.5]. (3) The fare covers the flight for the person and the person's Baggage Allowance from the airport at the place of departure specified on the Ticket (Qantas)/in the booking (Jetstar) to the airport at the place of destination specified on the Ticket (Qantas)/specified in the booking (Jetstar) [Q and J 5.1]. (4) A person may purchase a Qantas ticket without a reservation (an open‑dated ticket), but the person will not be able to travel until the person makes a reservation in a specified class of service and on a specified date and flight [Q 4.2]. With Jetstar, a person cannot hold an open booking [J 6.2(a)]. (5) With Qantas, a person cannot fly without making a specified reservation, in a specified class of service and on a specified date and flight [Q 4.2]; with Jetstar, a person cannot travel without a booking on a specific flight [J 6.2(a)]." The critical provision in the Qantas conditions is set out in cl 9.2, headed "Late or Cancelled Flights (Except in Circumstances Beyond Our Control)": "We will take all reasonable measures necessary to carry you and your baggage and to avoid delay in doing so. In doing so and in order to prevent a flight cancellation, in exceptional circumstances we may arrange for a flight to be operated on our behalf by an alternative carrier and/or aircraft. Except: . as otherwise provided by the convention or other applicable laws, or . in circumstances where the delay or cancellation is beyond our control (eg bad weather, runway closure, air traffic control issues) If we: . cancel a flight . fail to operate a flight reasonably according to the flight schedule . fail to stop at your destination or stopover destination, or . cause you to miss a connecting flight on your ticket on which you hold a confirmed reservation, you can choose one of the following three options: Option 1 - we will carry you at the earliest opportunity on another of our scheduled services on which space is available without additional charge and, where necessary, extend the validity period of your ticket. Option 2 - we will within a reasonable period of time re‑route you to the destination shown on your ticket by our own services or those of another carrier, or by other mutually agreed means (eg by bus) and class of transportation, without additional charge. If the fare and charges for the revised routing are lower than what you have paid, we shall refund the difference, or Option 3 - we will make a refund in accordance with the provisions of 13. Subject to the provisions of 6.9 and 9.1 above, these shall be the only remedies available to you and we shall have no further liability to you unless otherwise specified by the convention or any applicable laws." (emphasis added) Clause 13 makes limited provision for refunds upon application. The term "convention" is defined in cl 1 so as to include the Warsaw Convention, the Hague Protocol, the 1999 Montreal Convention, the Guadalajara Convention, and the Montreal No 4 Convention. The Commissioner makes the undisputed point that none of these, nor the provisions of Pts IV and IVA of the Civil Aviation (Carriers' Liability) Act 1959 (Cth), is applicable to the present case where what is in issue are flights booked but not utilised. Clause 9 of the Jetstar conditions is headed "Schedules, Late or Cancelled Flights". Paragraph (a) of cl 9.1 states: "Jetstar does not guarantee it will be able to carry you and your Baggage in accordance with the scheduled date and time of the flights specified. Schedules may change without notice for a range of reasons including but not limited to bad weather, air traffic control delays, strikes, technical disruptions and late inbound aircraft. Flight times do not form part of your contract of carriage with us." Conclusions The Qantas conditions and the Jetstar conditions did not provide an unconditional promise to carry the passenger and baggage on a particular flight. They supplied something less than that. This was at least a promise to use best endeavours to carry the passenger and baggage, having regard to the circumstances of the business operations of the airline. This was a "taxable supply" for which the consideration, being the fare, was received. The GST payable for that taxable supply was attributable to and included in the calculation of the Qantas net amount for the tax periods in issue in this litigation and the assessments objected to were not shown to be excessive. Orders The appeal should be allowed with costs, the orders of the Full Court of the Federal Court should be set aside and the proceeding in that Court should be dismissed with costs.