OF AUSTRALIA. 3i7 [HIGH COURT OF AUSTRALIA.) OFFICIAL ASSIGNEE OF THE ) ESTATE OF TURNBULL \peoiserevemgegt EIN AND ANOTHER x : . Respoxpents. ON APPEAL FROM THE SUPREME COURT OF NEW SOUTH WALES. krapley—Loan by moneylender—Iegal security —Bankrupley of borrowe— 4. ¢, or A. 'Subacquentseicure and sale of goods under security—Claim by Official Assignee" y99). for value of goods—Imposition of condition by the Court—Permitting money. > lender to prove for amount of loan—Bankrupley Act 1808 (N.8.W.) (No. 25 of Sypwey 1808), secs. 3 (2), 10, 45, 47, 1845 Sched. TE Money-lenders and Aug, 2, 3,12. Infants Loans Act 1905 (N.S.W.) (No. 24 of 1905), see Kok C3, A money-lender registered under the Money-lenders and Infants Loans Act "ygsing 30d 1006 (X.S.WV.) had lent to a bankrupt before the sequestration order a certain sum of money and had taken as security bills of sale over certain chattels, | Yt, in contravention of sce. 2 of that Act, not in the registered name of the money-lender. Portion of the money lent was applied by the borrower in tayment of some of his creditors. After the sequestration order the money' lender seized and sold the chattels the subject of the bills of sale. On a motion to the Supreme Court in its bankruptey jurisdiction by the Official Assignee Under see. 134 of the Bankrupley Act 1898 for an order for payment to him by the money-tender of the value of the chattels seized and sold, the Supreme Court made the order asked for, but imposed a condition that the money: lender should be admitted to prove as a creditor in the estate of the bankrupt inrespect of the sum of money lent. Hida, that n0 condition either in that form or having a similar effect should 'be imposed upon the Official Assignee. Ver Higgins J. Sec. 184 enables the Court to give effet to any equitable __Teht in respect of the assets seized, and to impose such terms as are justifiable 'inequity with respect thereto ; but there is no equitable principle qualifying 'thelegal rit of the Official Assignee to claim the assets or their value. H.C or A. Ormiciat AssioxrE Goupsn HIGH COURT Monejendera end Infos Zonta Act 100, the ooey water tam Lodge x. National Vnion Investment Co. Ltd, (1907) 1 Ch., 300, distinguish, Be prrte James ; In re Condon, WR. 9 Ch 609 ; In re Thellusvon Bs pane Abdy, (1919) 2 KB, 785, and In re Wigzell; Hart v. Barelay's Bonk $ TL 528, disenssed, Court of New South Wales (Harcey J.): Re Turn. SR. (NS.W,), 169, in part reversed, Decision of the Suprem bull; Bx parte Official As Apreat from the Supreme Court of New South Wales. On Ist March 1919 Wilfred Emest Turnbull borrowed fered in New South Wales as: money-lender under the Money-lenders and Infants Loans. dati (N.S.W,), the sum of £1,400, and gave as security a mortgage of land and two bills of sale, one over a motor-car and the other over certain household and office furniture, These bills of sale were taken in the name of Dudley Henry and not of Solomon Goldstein, On 31st May 1919 Turnbull's estate was sequestrated on his own petition, and Charles Fairfax Waterloo Lloyd was appointed Offi Assignee thereof, At various dates thereafter Goldstein seized the goods the subject of the bills of sale, and they were sold by George Barnard under instructions from Goldstein, On 4th November 1920 a motion was made to the Supreme Court in Bankruptey on behalf of the Official Assignee for an order thit he was entitled to be paid by Goldstein and Barnard, the respon- dents, the value of the motor-car and household and office furniture, the Official Assignee alleging that the respondents had converted such goods to their own use or had wrongfully deprived the Official Assignee of the use and possession of them, for an order directing the respondents to pay to the Official Assignee the value of such goods, and for an order referring it to the Registrar in Bankruptey to inquire and ascertain such value. The motion was heard by Harvey J., who on Sth November made an order declaring that the Official Assignee was entitled 1 be paid by the respondents the value of the goods in question; Solomon Goldstein, who was re; OF AUSTRALIA. ordering that it be referred to the Registrar in Bankruptey to inquire "nd certify the value of such goods; and ordering that the amount 'of the value so certified should be paid by the respondents to the Oficial Assignee within fourteen days after service upon the respon- 'dents of an office copy of such certificate. 'The order then pro- eeded; "Provided always that the respondent Solomon Gold- stein shall be admitted to prove as a creditor in the estate of the 'aid bankrupt in respect of all principal moneys advanced by the aid Solomon Goldstein to the said bankrupt but not in respect of any interest upon such principal moneys And this Court doth order that the said Solomon Goldstein shall not be admitted to prove as a creditor in the said estate in respect of such principal moneys until the said amount so certified as aforesaid and the costs Iereinafter directed to be taxed shall have been paid to the applicant or his solicitor Mr, Harold Prescot Harriott respectively." 'The onder then went on to order that the Official Assignee's costs of the motion should be taxed and paid by the respondents to him within fourteen days after service upon the respondents of the certificate of taxation: Re Turnbull ; Bx parte Official Assignee (1). From that decision the Official Assignee now appealed to the High Court. 'The other material facts appear in the judgments hereunder, Lorton K.C. and Herriott, for the appellant. 'The Supreme Court in Bankruptey had no jurisdiction to impose such a condition as that the respondent Goldstein should be allowed to prove in the bankruptey for the amount of the loan, The Registrar is the tribunal which can admit or reject proofs of debt (Bankruptey Act 1898 (N.S.W.), Sched. III., rr. 22-25), and the Official Assignee cannot comply with the condition. Nor is there any jurisdiction to impose a condition which will have the same effect. Under sec. 10 'upon bankruptcy all the property of the bankrupt vests in the Official Assignee and is divisible among the creditors who prove, and sec. 45 ives the right to prove and states what debts are provable. The property seized by Goldstein was vested in the assignee ab the time of seizure, and if the Official Assignee had brought an () 2182. NSW), 1609 379, H.C. or A. Ovrietay Assiowe OLDSTEIN. H.C. oF A. action against Goldstein for trover and conversion Goldstein ws HIGH COURT have had no answer to it, and no terms could have been im upon the Official Assignee in such an action, Sec. 2 (1) (e) of Moneyclenders and Infants Loans Act 1905 (N.8.W.) prohibits 'money-lender from taking any security in the course of his busine otherwise than in his registered name, and sec. 2 (2) makes ab of that prohibition a penal offence. The loan being illegal and the transaction void, there is no debt, and Goldstein could not p under sec. 45 of the Bankruptcy Act in respect of the money advanced (Cornelius v. Phillips (1)). Goldstein had no right, legal or equi able, in respect of the loan, and as the transaction was ill he is not entitled to any relief in the nature of that which he was given. [Counsel also referred to In re Clark; Bx parte Beards (2); In re Campbell: Ex parte Seal (3); Gedge v. Royal Excha Assurance Corporation (4). [Rion J, referred to Sinclair v. Brougham (5).) - Maughan K.C, and Mason (with them Abrahams), for the respon dents. Although the respondent Goldstein may not have any legal or equitable rights he was entitled to have the condition made, or at any rate a condition that the Official Assignee should refund to him out of the moneys recovered from the respondents an amount which would be equal to a dividend in the estate on the sum of £1,400 less anything recovered on the other security. He is so entitled on the principle that, where the Court finds that its officer is insisting 'on legal or equitable rights which an honest man would not insist on, it will compel him not to insist on them (Ex parte James; Inte Condon (6) ; Ex parte Simmonds ; In re Carnac (7); In re Rhoades: Ex parte Rhoades (8); In re Tyler; Ex parte Official Receiver (9); Tapster v. Ward (10); In re Thellusson; Ex parte Abdy (11) ). 'This rule is based on morality and passes over all legal and equitable rights. The fact that the transaction was illegal does not make it any the less dishonourable to keep the money. The () (aie) A. 200, ap, 205. (6) LR. 9 Ch., 609. F t1s08) 2 Q°B, 303, at pp. 402, {7} 16-Q.8.Dy "208. 408, 411, si (2) (1890) 2 OB, 347, at p. 355 (3) don 2, 92 tp oon.) (or) 1 Fe, (3) (1900) 3 © (10) YO Let, 3. (3) anny) A {ih Gigs 28, 705 OF AUSTRALIA. 381 Court looks upon itself as a quasilitigant and waives its strict H-C. ov A. Iegl or equitable rights just as a private litigant may do, 'The 24) "rule applies where money proceeding from the applicant for relief Ornierat, Aston 'hus swollen the assets in the hands of the Official Assignee or has 4*% paid off ereditors who otherwise would have proved in the bank- ruptey, 'The question the Court asks is: Is the action of the Oficial Assignee honourable? It is not honourable if the money Jent has gone to pay off creditors of the bankrupt. 'This motion wing made under sec. 134 of the Bankruptey dct, the Court has all the power of a Court of Equity, and if the motion is equivalent to the Official Assignee seeking equitable relief the case of Lodge v. "National Union Investment Co. (1) applies, and he will not be given relief without doing what is honourable, that is, without paying off the loan, If Goldstein pays such a sum as would give the traitors twenty shillings in the pound and pay all costs, charges and expenses, he should not be called upon to pay anything more. ffomsel also referred to Story's Equity Jurisprudence, 13th ed., ol 1, p- 305, sec. 301; In re Wigzell ; Hart v. Barclay's Bank 2) [Hicarss J. referred to Blackburn Building Society v. Cunliffe Brooks & Co. (3). (Rick J. referred to Chapman v. Michaelson (4).] G Harriott, in reply, referred to Ex parte Skip (5); In re Robinson's Satlement ; Gant v. Hobbs (6). Cur, adv, vult. The following written judgments were delivered :— Ag 12 Kxox C.J. anv Rieu J. On Ist March 1919 Wilfred Emest Tumbull borrowed from Solomon Goldstein the sum of £1,400, the feater part of which was applied in payments to creditors of Tumbull. Goldstein was a registered money-lender, but the securities {or repayment of the loan, which covered furniture, a motor- 'arand other chattels, as well as certain real property, were taken () (907) 1 ch, 300. Gr than, so See © 2G. 'D, 6. (6) (9121 Ch, 717, at p. 728. S, H.C. or A. OvriciaL Asstexn: Gounsrers Know C2. ica HIGH COURT ts in the name of Dudley Henry, a brother-in-law of Goldstein, was also a registered money-lender. Goldstein acted on the advi of his solicitor in taking the securities in Henry's name, this being adopted in order to avoid difficulties which might have ariey in the registration of the securities if taken in a name appa that of a German national. It is admitted, and indeed could not denied, that these securities were void by force of see. 2 (I) (¢) of Money-lenders and Infants Loans Act 1905, and that the tr was an offence punishable under that section, It follows that Goldstein had no title whatever, either legal or equitable, to chattels comprised in the securities, and that he could not r from Tumbull by any process of law or in any Court any pot of the £1,400 which he had lent Turnbull. If he had seized the goods, Turnbull could have maintained an action at law for d for conversion in which it would have been the duty of the Judge, on the admitted facts, to direct the jury to find a verdict for plaintiff for the full value of the goods seized without any reduction by reason of the advance made by Goldstein. At this stage, thee fore, the position was that Goldstein had no claim either at law or in equity to the money or the goods. His only hope of recovering anything, except by means of a purely voluntary payment by Turmbull, lay in the possibility that the latter might take proceedings in equity to recover possession of the securities themselves, and that in that case the Court of Equity might follow the decision in Laie vy. National Union Investment Co. (1) and refuse relief except upon condition of repaying the amount of the loan, It is unnecessry for us to consider in this case whether that decision would now be followed. 'This being the position on 3lst May 1919, Turnbull's estate was 'on that day sequestrated on his own petition under the Bankripcy Act 1898, and thereupon, by force of sec. 10 (1) of that Act, the property of the bankrupt vested in the present appellant a his Official Assignee and became divisible among the creditors of the bankrupt in accordance with the provisions of the Act. The prod! of debts and their payment are dealt with in Part II. of the cel (sees. 45 et seqy.). For the purpose of this case it is sufficient to point (1) (1907) 1 Ch., 300, OLR] OF AUSTRALIA. aan ut that by sec. 45 all debts and liabilities, with certain exceptions, H.-C: ov A- 'which the debtor is subject at the date of the sequestration order, 181 orto which he may become subject before his discharge by reason Orviciat ofany obligation incurred before the date of the sequestration order, ASE: ae provable; and that subject' to the preferential payment of Gounsams certain classes of debts all debts proved in the bankruptcy are to mx fa. be paid pari passu (sec. 48 (4)). It is clear that on the making of the sequestration order the goods comprised in the securities to Hemy vested in and became the property of the appellant as Official Asignee of Turnbull. At various dates after the making of that order and with knowledge of the bankruptcy, Goldstein seized the goods comprised in the securities, having first demanded from the appellant payment of the amount advanced by him to Turnbull, 'and the goods so seized were sold by the respondent Barnard under instructions from Goldstein. The seizure and sale of these goods 'vasa wrongful act on the part of Goldstein, and cannot be relied on by him as conferring any rights on him as against the appellant. twas in fact not disputed that neither Goldstein nor Barnard would have had any defence to an action of trover and conversion by the appellant or any right to obtain, or chance of obtaining, in such an ; any relief whatever. 'The goods having been seized and sold, the appellant on 24th May 1920 instituted proceedings against Goldstein and Barnard under see. 134 of the Bankruptcy Act 1898 to recover the value of the goods so seized, alleging that the respon- dents wrongfully converted the same to their own use or wrong- fully deprived the appellant of the use and possession thereof. On the hearing of the motion it was conceded by the respondents that there was no answer to the claim of the appellant; but they took up the position that the case was one in which the Court should direct the appellant not to insist on his striet legal rights but to do what was suggested to be only fair and honest as between man and man, that is, to allow the respondent Goldstein to prove in the Dankruptey for the actual amonnt paid to the bankrupt at the time the securities were given. The learned Judge, relying on the decisions in Lodge v. National Union Investment Co. (1) and In re Thellusson; Bx parte Abdy (2), acceded to the request of the (1) (1907) 1 Ch., 300. (2) (1919) 2 K.B., 735. HIGH COURT respondents and made the order as asked by the Official Ass; but on terms that Goldstein should be allowed to prove in th bankruptey for the principal moneys which he lent to Tumby 'This is an appeal by the Official Assignee from that order, The first objection raised to the order is that the condition impos by the learned Judge is one with which it is impossible for th appellant to comply. It is clear that the appellant has no po to procure the admission of a proof by the respondent Goldste in respect of the sum actually advanced by him to the bankrupt any sum, Under the provisions of the Act (sees. 3 (2) and 47, and rules 22, 23 and 24 of the Third Schedule) the question whethera proof is to be admitted or rejected is one for judicial determina by the Registrar. Except on an appeal from a decision of the Registrar the Court itself has no power to order him to admit proof of debt; and if a proof be rejected by the Registrar the Co 'on appeal from him, could only properly order the proof to be admitted if judicially satisfied that the debt sought to be proved was provable in accordance with the provisions of the Act, Conse quently this objection to the order made by Harvey J. is, in out opinion, well founded. It was, however, argued before us that this objection went oly to a matter of form, and it was suggested that the appellant might be put upon terms to pay to the respondent Goldstein out of the money to be received under the order a sum equal to the dividend which he would receive if he were admitted to prove for the amount advanced to the bankrupt. One answer to this contention is that an order to this effect would be opposed to the clear and express provisions of the Act which vest in the Offi property of the bankrupt and require him to distribute that property among the proved creditors. If property seized and sold by Goldstein did not pass under the securities given, as is admitted, belonged to the bankrupt, and so vests in the appellant, who was under a statutory duty to dispose of it in accordance with the provisions of the Act and not otherwise. But it was said that, when the Official Assignee takes proceedings to recover property of the bankrupt to which he is legally entitled, the Court will not allow him to assert his title to the property if the circumstances are such t OF AUSTRALIA. impose such terms on him as will prevent him from reaping the advantage of a dishonourable course of conduct pursued by the ankrupt, It may not be out of place to observe that it was the 'rrongful act of Goldstein in seizing and selling property to which he had admittedly no title whatever that compelled the Official 'Asignee to institute proceedings to recover the value of that property, and it is hard to see on what ground Goldstein can claim that his position is improved by reason of his own wrongful act. fhe had not seized the property the Official Assignee would have cbtained it without the necessity of taking proceedings, and the only courses open to Goldstein would then have been (a) to prove his daim as a creditor or (b) to apply to the Court of Bankruptcy foran order on the Official Assignee to discharge the debt of honour of the bankrupt. If the former course was open to him it is still open, and no decision on the present proceedings will affect it; but wwe do not desire to be taken as suggesting that he has any provable debt, With regard to the alternative course, it is said that such an order would be within the authority of the line of cases com- mencing with Ex parte James ; In re Condon (1), and extending to Inte Thellusson ; Ex parte Abdy (2), at any rate if the the decision of Parker J. in Lodge v. National Union Investment Co, (3) can be invoked, In our opinion the last mentioned decision has no application to the facts of the present case, even assuming that it was correctly decided—as to which we express no opinion. stance of In that case the plaintiff was invoking the assistance of a Court of Equity in a matter in which the giving or withholding of assistance was entirely within the discretion of the Court, and Parker J. thought he was justified in refusing assistance except on condition of the plaintiff undertaking to pay the amount of a loan made to him in contravention of the Money-lenders Act. In the present ease there is no assertion by the appellant of any equitable right : his claim is a purely legal claim which might h been asserted in an. Action of trover and conversion, In such an action the Courts of common Jaw in New South Wales, where the Common Law Procedure () LR, 9 ch, 9 (2) (1919) 2 K-B,, 73 (8) (1907) 1 ch, 300. vor xxtx, 25 1921. jt would be dishonourable for him to do so, and that the Court will H: © or A: Ovricta. Assiex) Goupsrenx. Koor, Heh. H.C. oF A. Orricra. ASSIONER Goupsners. Knox 63. fia HIGH COURT Ae is still in force, would, in our opinion, have no jurisdiction impose any terms on the plaintift. ; 'The argument based on the rule in Ex parte James (1) remsi to be considered. The history of this rule and its devel through a long line of cases has recently been expounded by a Divisional Court and by the Court of Appeal in In re Wigall (2), and it is therefore unnecessary to discuss in detail the vate cases in which it has been applied or held to be inapplicable. Itis sufficient to say that it is difficult to extract from these cases any definite guide as to the circumstances in which the rule is applial But it is clear that the rule has never been applied to give effect to a transaction which is positively forbidden by law on pain of fine or imprisonment. It is, indeed, difficult to conceive how it ein be the duty of the Court of Bankruptey or of any Court to compl its officer to give effect to a transaction which the law declares to be wholly illegal and void, (See Cornelius v. Phillips (3); Vietorion Daylesjord Syndicate Led. v. Dott (4); Bonnard v, Dott (5); Inte Robinson's Settlement ; Gant v. Hobbs (6).) In effect: that would be the result of the order made by Harwy J. in the present ease, The Jaw has been authoritatively stated to be that a loan made in eon travention of sec. 2 of the Money-lenders Act is not recoverable in any form of action because the transaction is positively forbidden bylaw. How, then, can it be proper for the Court of Bankruptey to insist on such a loan being repaid as a condition of ordering & wrongdoer to pay to the legal owner the value of property whith has been seized by the wrongdoer without any justification at law or in equity but in reliance on a security the taking of which is punishable offence? It is not necessary to consider whether the rule extends to cases in which the obligation of honour arises from the conduct of the bankrupt, and not from that of the Official Assignee. So far as we are aware the first case in which the nile was thus applied was In re Thellusson (7). But in that case the conduct of the person for whose benefit the rule was applied was free from any taint of illegality. 'The case made by the respondent () LR. 9 Ch., 609. (5) (1906) 1 Ch,, 740, at pp. 746787. 2) 37 TLR., 873; (6) (1912) 1 Ch, 717 @) (1918) A.G,, at p. 205, (7) (1919) 2 KB, 735. (4) (1905) 2 Ch, 684, OF AUSTRALIA. 387 Jn may be stated thus:—"'I lent money to the bankrupt HC. or A. 4 took securities from him in a manner forbidden by law under \W2- of fine or imprisonment. I could never by any form of pro- Ormeran gs in any Court recover that money from Turnbull or enforce "*"C™™* ose securities against him, because the transaction was wholly GoLDst#E™. legal and void. As between Turnbull and myself no right accrued Reps 63. me by reason of the money lent being applied in payment of his itors. But, because Turnbull subsequently became bankrupt 'and, perhaps, because I committed a further wrongful act by seizing the property comprised in those securities, I am entitled against Turnbull's Official Assignee to be repaid out of Turnbull's "property, which vested by law in his Official Assignee for distribu- on among approved creditors, some part at least of the money I ent to Turnbull." The statement of such a contention should, "we think, be sufficient to ensure its rejection. "Tt was suggested during the argument that the fact that the 'money lent by Goldstein to Turnbull was applied in payment of debts which would otherwise have been provable in Turnbull's Dankruptey might give rise to some right in Goldstein to stand in the place of those creditors and be admitted to prove in the bank- - mptey. If any right of this kind exists, as to which we express no 'opinion, nothing in this decision prevents Goldstein from asserting it, but such a right, if it exists, affords no answer to the claim of the Oficial Assignee on this motion—a claim, as pointed out above, for 'the value of goods belonging to the Official Assignee which the 'mspondents unlawfully and without any colour of right seized and sold, _ For these reasons we are of opinion that the order appealed "aginst should be varied by striking out the following words, tamely: "Provided always that the respondent Solomon Gold- 'tein shall be admitted to prove as a creditor in the estate of the 'tid bankrupt in respect of all principal moneys advanced by the Sid Solomon Goldstein to the said bankrupt but not in respect of 'Sty interest upon such principal moneys And this Court doth order that the said Solomon Goldstein shall not be admitted to _ Prove as a creditor in the said estate in respect of such principal 'Toneys until the said amount so certified as aforesaid and the costs ECorA. 1021. se ormenas, Asstoxes Gornsres. oor 0. Rich or his solicitor Mr. Harold Prescot Harriott respectively." 'The respondents are to pay the costs of this appeal This order is not to prejudice any proceedings the Solomon Goldstein may be advised to take with regard to mon applied in payment of any legitimate debts of Turnbull, Hicerss J. 'The motion and the facts have been suffici stated in the judgment of my learned brothers. Now, under sec. 134 of the Bankrupley Act 1898 the Court in its bankruptcy jurisdiction has power to decide all questions wh soever, whether at law or in equity, in any case of bankmy expedient or necessary to decide for the purpose of doing comp justice or making complete distribution of property." Under sth sec. 4 the Court may determine the question where the Assignee " claims any property as part of the bankrupt's estate"— the claim made by this motion— and make such order thereupon as he may deem expedient or necessary, for the purpose of doing complete justice between all the parties interested"; and under sub-sec, 7 "the Court shall have the same power of giving ri to any party interested . . . as the Supreme Court would have if such matter or proceeding were pending before it in either its common law or equitable jurisdiction." In short, the Court can do complete justice, and give effect to any equities, In my opinion, these provisions enable the Court to give effect to any equitable right in respect of the assets seized, whatever be the fom of the motion, and to impose such terms as are justifiable in equity with respect thereto. But, even if under the equitable jurisdiction of the Supreme Court Goldstein is entitled to be allowed to prove for the £1,400, it has been pointed out that the condition in the form prescribed by the learned Judge of first instance is one that it is impossible for the Official Assignee to perform. 'The Oficial Assignee does not admit, or reject, proofs: that is the function of the Registrar, acting judicially (Bankruptcy Act 1898, see. 3 @h sec. 47; Sched. IIL, rules 22- 4. CLR) OF AUSTRALIA, But has Goldstein any equitable right which he could assert sgainst the appellant in any proceeding ? It is provided in see. 2 {ay(oof the Money-lenders and Infants Loans Act 1905 as follows : 4 money-lender, as defined by this Act, . . . shall not enter into any agreement in the course of his business as a money-lender with respect to the advance and repayment of money, or take any security for money in the course of his business as a money-lender otherwise than in his registered name." It is also provided that if the money-lender fail to comply with the requirements of the section, he shall be liable on first conviction to a fine of £100, and for a second conviction to imprisonment for three months or to a fine of £100, or to both. It has been held, under the English Act from which this Money-lenders and Infants Loans Act is copied, that, the transaction being illegal and Goldstein made liable to punish- ment, there can be no debt arising out of the illegal transaction. Under see. 10 (1) of the Bankruptcy Art, on the sequestration order the property of the bankrupt (and the property included the assets in the securities held by Goldstein) vested in the Official Assignee, and was divisible among the creditors of the bankrupt. Goldstein 'was not a creditor of Turnbull, at the sequestration, under the illegal 'mtract; and the property of the bankrupt was all divisible among those who were creditors and have proved as such (see. 80 (2) )— to the exclusion of Goldstein. G and, as the result of the erime of (innocently) using another man's tame in the transaction, he ean take no benefit from the securities. ; There was no debt owing to him under the illegal contract at the __Suestration for which he could have sued or for which he can now | Hoven the estate, This pos Court of Appeal in Bonnard v. Dott (1), where a money-lender, Bp iete's defendant, counterclaimed for the breach of the express | entraet to deliver certain further documents. 'The contract— - that is, the contract of lending and borrowing—is void, so far as emeers the money-lender. 'The lender cannot compel the bor- tower to retum the money lent, while the borrower, being one of the lass which the Act meant to protect, can compel the lender to ldstein, in law, was a criminal ; ion of the ion is clear from the di ' (1) (2906) 1 Ch, at p. 745. H.C. oF Ay 1921. Ovrican ASSIGNEE Goupsrem. Hiezins 3. B.C. or A. 1921. ~ Orricray ASSIGNEE Gounsrers. 'Wigsins 3. HIGH COURT retum the securities, " at any rate on the terms of repaying the lent" (see also Victoria Daylesford Syndicate Ltd. v. Dott (1)), On the other hand, Goldstein's money has been applied in payi off Thomas and Berkman, creditors. 'These creditors could (as | assume) have proved on the estate; but by the aid of Goldstein's money the estate is relieved of the two debts, and the value of net estate has been increased at the expense of Goldstein, Act makes the transaction of loan illegal, but it does not purport to. turn the transaction into a gift. Goldstein's money, not being a gift to Turnbull; has been traced into the hands of legitimate creditors, satisfying their claims. 'The question is: Is the estate at 'the same time to be treated as under no obligation to Goldstein, and yet as taking the benefit of the increased value imparted toi by the transaction? Is the estate of the bankrupt not only pro- tected from all loss attributable to the illegal transaction, but isi also to be allowed to be a gainer by that transaction ? - It appears, according to In re Robinson's Settlement; Gant ¥. Hobbs (2), that the money cannot be recovered by Goldstein as money had and received under an implied agreement where the consideration, the agreement under which the money was paid by Goldstein, has failed. The point was raised by eminent counsel in that case after the Court had decided that a mortgage was invalid as given to an unregistered money-lender, 'The Master of the Rolls, Fletcher Moulton and Buckley L1J. seem to have rejected the argument very emphatically, and Cave K.C, thought it not becoming for him to argue the point further (3). 'The Master of the Rolls treated the point as settled by Bonnard v. Dott (4), which I have but in that case there seems to be no argument as to an implied contract when the express contract is void. 'That the illegality of the express contract does not infect with illegality all the relations of the lender and the borrower would appear from the case of Lodge v. Nationcl Union Investment Co, (5), where Parker J., in an equitable action by the borrower to recover sectti- ties mortgaged to an unregistered money-lender—the mortgnge mentioned abov (1) (1905) 2 Ch., 624. (4) (1906) 1 Ch., 740. @) (913) 1 Ch 717. (5) (1907) 1 Ch., 300. (8) (1912) 1 Ch, at pp. 723-724. . j OF AUSTRALIA. 301 'ping illegal under the Money-lenders Aet—refused to order the H-C. oF Jender to deliver up the securities except on repayment of the = 'money actually advanced by "treated the decisions under the old Usury Acts, which made us "contracts illegal and imposed penalties, as authorities to guide him "ander the Money-lenders Act. The same principle would appear "from the ease of Dott v. Brickwell (1), where an unregistered money- '|ender was held to be entitled to maintain an action for mis- "representation whereby the lender was induced, to advance the money. He was not suing on the contract of lending, and it might be anged that the Money-lenders Act, sec. 2 (1) (c), merely forbids the "express agreement in the course of the business of money-lender, If it be said that to give effect to any such implied agreement where 'the express agreement, being illegal, cannot be carried out would render the Act nugatory, the statement is inaccurate, The lender 'would, at most, get back his money without interest, as there is no (valid) agreement for interest. 'The Act is not nugatory if it prevents the money-lender who does the business illegally from getting any interest or profit as well as subjects him to the penalty. But the principle that the lender who lends on a contract which is ultra vires of the borrower is not entitled to recover the money as for money had and received, is laid down in Sinclair v. Brougham (2). 'The reasoning seems to be that if the whole transaction of lending made invalid by law, there cannot be any implied contract to repay in the transaction (see per Viscount Haldene (3), per Lord Parker (4) and per Lord Sumner (5)). 'The law cannot imply a promise to repay where the promise, if express, would be invalid. It does not follow, however, that in ultra vires 'contracts other than contracts of borrowing a count for money had and received will not lie—as in the case of money paid for the pur- chase of land which the company had no power to sell, or as in the 'ease of a policy of insurance which the company had no power to on (see per Lord Parker (4); In re Phanix Life Assurance Co. » him, 'The learned Judge in that case Opriciat, ASSIGNEE: jous under the circumstances () 37K, 6. 9 ae (4) (191) Ac (3) (amg) a: at p. 44 59s, (3) (1914) A.C. at p. at p44 (6) 25.8 H, 44s, H.C.or A. Orreus. ASSIONEE Goupsrers. 'igang J. HIGH COURT 'There are, however, certain cases of high authority which to be faced. In Blackburn Building Society v. Cunliffe, Brooks Co, (1) a society which had no power to borrow overdrew account with its bankers, depositing deeds as security for the b due from time to time. Some of the moneys borrowed had been applied in payment of withdrawing members, salaries, &e., and i was held that the bankers were entitled to hold the deeds as security for such part of the money advanced as had been applied in payment of the liabilities of the society properly payable and had not been repaid to the bankers. In Bannatyne v. Maclver (2) the same doctrine was applied to the case of a London agent for a busines firm who had exceeded his authority by borrowing. Collins MLR. (3) said: "Those who pay legitimate demands which they bound in some way or other to meet, and have had the benefit of 'other people's money advanced to them for that purpose, shall retain that benefit, so as, in substance, to make those other people pay their debis." As a result, the Court of Appeal decided that, 0 far as the money borrowed could be shown to be applied for the benefit of the defendant firm in paying claims for which it was legally liable, the money could be recovered on equitable grounds. In Sinclair v. Brougham (4) Lord Parker said, speaking of money borrowed ultra vires of a society, "it appears to be well settled that if the borrowed money be applied in paying off legitimate indebtedness of the company or association . . . the lenders are entitled to rank as creditors of the company or association to the extent to which the money has been so applied." 'The House of Lords leaves the question open whether this is because there is m0 real increase in the indebtedness of the company through the transaction under such circumstances, or whether the principle rests on subrogation of the lender to the rights of the legitimate creditors who have been paid off (5). "Secondly" (says Lord Parker) "it appears to be also well settled that the lender in am ultra vires loan transaction has a right to what is known as a tracing order." At law the lender can recover the money so long as he cam a ( 22.ch. D. 61 (4) (1914) A.C, at pp A404. {2) (1906) 18., 108. (5) (918) A.C, tp. {8) (1900) 1B, at p. 108, OF AUSTRALIA. 'agents and the lender is treated as a fiduciary relationship, and the money is treated as trust money in their hands. But these cases, however, are cases where the borrowing transaction was ultra vires, Connah's Quay Railway Co, (1) Vaughan Williams LJ. drew the distinction sharply :—" If the ultra vires loan is to be treated as an illegal prohibited transaction, as distinguished from a contract into 'which the company have no capacity to enter, there is no artion at Taw or in equity by which the lender can recover back moneys which he poid over in pursuance of the illegal contract. If, on the other 'hand, the ultra vires loan is to be treated merely as something ultra 'ies, and not as an illegal transaction, there is no reason why the ender should not recover the money thus paid from the company, 'as money received to the use of the lender, by reason of the f 'of consideration arising out of the ineapacity of the company to borrow, provided always that the dealing by the company with the 'money has not been such as to show that, notwithstanding the form 'faction adopted, the money has really been so dealt with by the 'company as that, in the interval between the lending of the money and the bringing of the action, the company has increased its borrowing obligations beyond its borrowing powers." This is a dictum, not a decision ; but it was a dictum in a case in which 'the members of the Court of Appeal all addressed themselves to the fundamental principles governing the relations of a company which borrowed ultra vires from a bank, and the borrowed moneys 'were applied by the company in discharging legal debts and liabilities. 'There is, however, another class of cases, starting from Ex parte James: In re Condon (2), and culminating in In re Thellusson; Ex Parte Abdy (3), a case on which the learned Judge below relies in this case, as well as Lodge's Case (4). Lodge's Case relates to the Money-lenders Act; Thellusson's Case did not. Thellusson's Case 'is based on the principle that the trustee in bankruptcy is an officer 'of the Court, and that the Court ought to set an example to the jure Rie e- 0 {H0, a p 45, (3) (1919) 2 K.B., 735. (4) (1907) 1 Ch, "300. it, In equity the relationship between the directors or H. ©. oF A. 1921, ee Orion, ASSLONEE not prohibited by law—illegal; and in In re Wrerham, Mold and De 'igzins 3. Gornsrer. 'igsine 3. - world by paying back money to the person who is in j HIGH COURT entitled to it although it is not recoverable by any form of In James's Case the facts were simple. A creditor had levied execution, and had received the proceeds from the sheriff. Banke ruptcy ensued, and the trustee threatened the execution creditor with proceedings if the proceeds of the exeention were not paid him, The creditor complied under the mistake of law that the trustee was entitled to the moneys, and afterwards claimed 4 refund, 'This was not a ease of proof against the estate : it wast the trustee had treated another man's hat as belong. ing to the bankrupt, and refused to return it, The trustee was compelled to return the money, The subsequent developments James's Case have rather startled me, but 1 do not feel justified in saying, in the face of such high authority, that they are wrong. Indeed, I rather think that the decision in Zn re Thellusson may be justified on the ground that moneys paid under a mistake of fact (for both parties were ignorant of the receiving order) can be recovered from the official assignee if they have reached his hand, a well as from the bankrupt before his bankruptcy. Tt appears that all the three Judges recognized the mistake of fact, although they chose to base their decision on the principle of Ex perte James (I) and "dishonourable " condnet of the assignee (2). 'The trustee or assignee took no better right to that money than the debtor (Ex porte Holthausen (3)). 1 notice that in In re Wigzell (4), a case decided on 15th March of the present year, relating to the analogous: position where a trustee in bankruptey follows property acquired by the bankrupt after sequestration, Serutton LJ. said that Tht: lusson's Case went further than any case before, the trustee being treated as bound where the bankrupt had " dishonourably" received money from another person after the receiving order. But even in Wigzell's Cese (5) the Master of the Rolls said: "If the sums so paid out" (drawn out by the bankrupt from his bank) "went to relieve the estate by satisfying creditors, the County Court Judge might have said that he ought only to give the trustee the £165 paid into the bank" by the bankrupt, 'subject t ® the same a ()) LR. 9 Ch., 609. (3) LR.9Ch, (2) (i919) 1 at pp. 745, 750- (37 TLR 75), 758-75. 8. 6) 37 TER, OF AUSTRALIA. "deduction from that of the amount by which the estate had H: benefited by its being available for payment out" (see also in In Thave referred to these three lines of cases because they leave the "necessary " or " expedient," or even proper, to decide the ultimate rights of Goldstein on this application. He seized after sequestra- tion, and sold, goods which admittedly were vested in the Official 'Assignee of the bankrupt ; and he must restore them, or their value "He cannot rely on his wrongful act as a basis for putting pressure on the Assignee to grant his claims, The right (if any) which Gold- stein has in respect of such money of his as was applied in p of Turnbut!'s legitimate creditors can be asserted whether the goods, ortheir value, be restored or not; and there is no equitable principle qualifying the legal right of the Official Assignee to claim the assets seized, or their value. The right (if any) of Goldstein is not in respect of the assets converted, or relevant to the claim for their conversion. 'The right of the Assignee to the goods is unconditional ; and, if Goldstein is to get any relief, it must be in a direct, sub- ment stantive proceeding. In the present state of the authorities any proceedings taken by Goldstein would be risky; but he ought to beallowed to take the risk if he choose. Teoncur with my learned brothers in varying the order as pro- Posed, though not quite on the same grounds; but it ought to be distinctly understood that the decision is without prejudice to any PYoeeedings which Goldstein may be advised to take with regard tohis money applied in payment of any legitimate debts of Turnbull : Appeal allowed. Order cppealed from varied as above stated. Respondents to pey costs of appeal. Solicitors for the appellant, Harriott & Solomon. Solicitors for the respondents, John Williamson d Sons. BLL. (1) 6 Morr, Bhy., 42, at p. 47. 'jaw in an unsatisfactory state as applicable to the relations of Gousre Goldstein to the official assignee. In my opinion, however, it is not Hissin 395, w "re Olark; Bx parte Kearley (1) )- Ormoan ASSIGNEE