OF AUSTRALIA. 277 Appeal allowed. Order of Supreme Court dis- H- ©. or A. charged. Question 1 answered as follows : peg The sum of £13,232 3s. 7d. forms part of —Comms- the dutiable estate of the deceased. Case ""gXP® 0F remitted to Supreme Court to carry out this (ew) susanar: Punrervan TRUSTEE Solicitor for the appellant, J. V. Tillett, Crown Solicitor for New pry South Wales. Solicitors for the respondent, Sly & Russell. J.B. rom ecg Oded fies tie QR? CaaS (HIGH COURT OF AUSTRALIA.) MoGEOCH é c - he J 3 . APPELLANT; AND THE FEDERAL COMMISSIONER OF LAND TAX = Responvenr. Land Tax—Assessment—Improvements—Clearing land and keeping free from prickly H. C. or A. __ pear—" Improvements thereon" —Unimproved value—Method of ascertaining— 1929, Land Tax Assessment Act 1910-1924 (No. 22 of 1910—No. 32 of 1924), secs. = G~ 3, 10—Land Tax Assessment Act 1910-1926 (No. 22 of 1910—No. 50 of 1926), SypNev, secs. 3, 10, Aug. 6. ; Held, by Knox C.J. and Dizon J. (Isaacs J. dissenting), that the eradication, Metpourne, destruction and removal of prickly pear plants which would otherwise spread Oct, 28, and deprive the land of its utility and value are 'improvements on" the land "a Ki CJ., within the meaning of the Land Tax Assessment Acts 1910-1924, 1910-1926, __Isunes and Dixon JJ. Morrison v. Federal Commissioner of Land Tax, (1914) 17 C.L.R. 498, and Jowett v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation, (1926) 38 C.L.R. 325, followed. Toohey's Ltd. v. Valuer-General, (1925) A.C. 439, considered. Held, also, by Knox C.J. and Dixon J, (Isaacs J. dissenting), that the unimproved value of land should be ascertained by considering what the land VOL, XLII, 19 278 HIGH COURT H.C.or A. would have sold for at the relevant date if improvements including th 1929. consisted in keeping the land free from prickly pear had not been Ww Bioenode considering what the land would have sold for as it exists in fact at the d FEDERAL of valuation. b CommIs- SIONER OF Toohey's Lid. v. Valuer-General, (1925) A.C. 439, followed. Lanp Tax. Case STateD. Robert Stewart McGeoch appealed to the High Court from am assessments of him by the Federal Commissioner of Land the years respectively ending June 1925 and June 1926 in of the unimproved value of certain lands owned by him, o grounds that the departmental valuations were excessive and 1 such valuations were determined on a basis contrary to law. - Full Court, a case which was'substantially as follows :-— 1. This appeal came on for hearing before me at Brisban 26th June 1929, when the following facts were admitted parties :— f 2. The appellant is a grazier and resides at Roma Downs, Ron in the State of Queensland. and containing an area of 12,973 acres of freehold lands a improvements thereon (hereinafter referred to as " the said land McGeoch, wife of the said Robert Stewart McGeoch, a business has been carried on for over thirty years prior acquisition thereof. The appellant acquired the said 12,97: of freehold land by purchase on or about 19th June 1925 for the of £22,250. : 4. The appellant at all material times has been the ow er the said lands and has continued to carry on the bus grazing thereon. . 5. Prior to the acquisition of the said lands by the appellant said lands became menaced by prickly pear. The said lands 1 ever since continued to be menaced by the said pear, and, u J —-43.C.L.B.] OF AUSTRALIA. prickly pear had not been prevented from establishing itself thereon by the expenditure thereon hereinafter referred to, the whole of the said lands would have become thickly infested with prickly pear. Other lands in the neighbourhood on which the said prickly pear has not been prevented from establishing itself have become thickly infested with prickly pear and 760 acres of the said lands on which the said prickly pear was not prevented from establishing itself have also become and still are thickly infested with prickly pear. Land in the neighbourhood which has been allowed to become thickly infested with prickly pear may be taken for the the purposes of this _ appeal to be of negligible value. 6. During the occupancy of the said lands prior to the acquisition thereof by the appellant all the said lands (with the exception of about 760 acres thereof, which were thickly infested as aforesaid) were kept clear of prickly pear, but the expenditure of moneys for labour and material was at all times necessary to keep the said lands clear of prickly pear. 7. Since the acquisition of the said lands as aforesaid the appellant has expended moneys for such labour and material as aforesaid, and in the year ending 30th June 1926 expended for that year a total sum of £288 15s. therefor. 8. On or about 25th November 1925 the appellant furnished a return under the provisions of the Land Tax Assessment Act 1910- 1924 in respect of the said lands owned by him on 30th June 1925, and duly set forth in such return the total improved value of the said lands at £22,250 and the unimproved value of the said lands at £8,603, with particulars of the improvements thereon as follows : —Water supply, £2,595 ; buildings, £720; fencing, £1,900; timber treatment, £5,189; " other—treatment of prickly pear estimated to cause appreciation of the improved value to at least 10s. per acre— minimum cost of eradication and maintenance," £3,243 :—Total £13,647. 9. On or about 18th March 1926 the respondent duly assessed _ the appellant upon the unimproved value as set forth in the said . return. 10. On or about 25th August 1926 the appellant furnished a return under the provisions of the Land Tax Assessment Act 1910-1926 in H.C. or A. 1929. we McGrocn v FEDERAL ComMis- SIONER OF Lanp Tax. 280 HIGH COURT H.C. or A. respect of the said lands owned by him on 30th June 1926, and du bi set forth the total improved value of the said lands at £22,250, McGrocu the total unimproved value of the said lands at £2,626, with particu ». FrepEraL oe buildings, £720 ; fencing, £1,935 ; timber treatment, £5,189 ; Lanp Tax. for cultivation 30 acres, £104 ; "' other—cost of eradication of pr ae pear over a period of 30 years at 14s. per acre, 12,973 acres," £9,081 — Total £19,624. ; 11. The said sum of £9,081 mentioned in the preceding paragrapl hereof was claimed as the cost of keeping the said lands clear prickly pear as hereinbefore mentioned. 12. On or about 8th July 1927 the respondent duly assessed appellant as for the year 1926-1927 upon an unimproved value of £13,130. 13. On 8th July 1927 the respondent altered the said assessmei for the year 1925-1926 so as to assess the appellant upon an unimp! value of the said lands of £13,130 on 30th June instead of £8, as aforesaid. said altered asséssments, lodged with the respondent objections writing against the said assessments on the ground that the s of the said lands are not the true unimproved value of the lands ; (iii.) that the valuations as determined by the Depa are upon a wrong basis ; (iv.) that such basis of valuation is contrary to law. 15. On 26th April 1929 the respondent further altered the assessments by reducing the said unimproved value to £1 instead of £13,130 on the said respective dates. 16. On 27th April 1929 the appellant, being dissatisfied wit further altered assessments, by notice in writing requested respondent to treat the said objections as appeals and to for them to the High Court, and the respondent has duly forw the same. J — 43C.L.R.] OF AUSTRALIA. 17. The appellant contends that the keeping of the said lands H- ©. or A. clear of prickly pear is an improvement which has given and continues to give an added value to the said lands and that the appellant should be allowed to deduct from the improved value the value of such improvement in determining the unimproved value of the said lands. 18. The respondent contends that no such deductions should be made. 19. On the hearing of the appeal, the following questions arose, which, in my opinion, are questions of law, and I state this case for the opinion of the High Court thereon :— (1) Whether the keeping of the said lands clear of prickly pear as aforesaid is an improvement within the meaning of the Land Taz Assessment Acts 1910-1924 and 1910-1926 ; (2) Whether, in estimating the unimproved value of the said lands by deducting from the improved value the value added thereto by the improvements, the enhancement in value of the said lands occasioned by the keeping of the same clear of prickly pear as hereinbefore mentioned should be deducted from the improved value of the said lands at the relevant dates ; (3) Whether the annual expenditure made in order to prevent prickly pear from establishing itself on the said lands is a capital or income expenditure. McGregor (with him Weston), for the appellant. To clear land of prickly pear is to effect an improvement within the meaning of the Land Tax Assessment Acts (In re Jones (1); Abbott v. Walsh (2); Minister of Lands v. Ross (3)). The distinction between what constitutes an improvement and what are simply acts of maintenance is shown in Abbott v. Deputy Federal Commissioner of Land Taz (4). Operations by a man on land which contribute to bring about an enhancement of its value are improvements (Commissioner of Land Taz v. Nathan (5); Morrison v. Federal Commissioner of Land Tax (6) ). The destruction of prickly pear is more important than the (1) (1892) 2 L.C.C. (NSW) 215, (4) (1915) 5 L.G.R. (N.S.W.) 100. (2) (1913) 23 L.C.C. (N.S.W.) 300. (5) (1913) 16 C.L.R. 654, at p. 662. (3) (1914) 24 L.C.C. (N.S.W.) 382. (6) (1914) 17 C.L.R. 498. 1929. Ww McGrocn v. FrepreraL Commis- SIONER OF Lanp Tax. H.C. or A. 1929. Ww McGerocn v. FepERAL Commis- SIONER OF Lanp Tax. Oct. 28. HIGH COURT clearing and ringbarking of timber which in Morrison's Case (1) wer held to be improvements. A licence granted under the Ligu 1912 is no part of the value of the land, therefore Toohey's Valuer-General (2) isnot applicable. When considering what impro ments have been effected the clearing of prickly pear cannot be ignored (Jowett v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation (3) ). i [Drxon J. referred to In re Land Tax Acts, Wilson's Case (4).) The subject land would be worthless if active measures had been taken to check and eradicate prickly pear. Jordan K.C. (with him Pitt), for the respondent. The subject land was not originally infested with prickly pear. The evidence that a more or less uniform amount has been spent each year fo many years in order to keep the land free of prickly pear. It v recurring expenditure each year in respect of the same land and fo precisely similar work, and such expenditure must therefore b regarded as an item of maintenance. "Improvements" do noi mean. past improvements now ineffective at the relevant date, bu means those still effective. In order to measure the prevention o prickly pear, regard must be had to the maximum extent to which the land has been infested, because the maximum improvemen cannot be more than the removal of the maximum infestment at particular time. The proper way of reflecting the state of th into the value of land is to consider that which has been carried since the last financial year. McGregor, in reply. Cur. adv. walt. The following written judgments were delivered :— Kyox C.J. anp Drxon J. The first question for decision in case is whether the keeping of certain lands owned by the appellant clear of prickly pear in the manner described in the case stated an "improvement " within the meaning of the Land Tax Assessmet Acts 1910-1924 and 1910-1926. 1) (1914) 17 C.L.R. 498. (3) (1926) 38 C.L.R. 325, at p. 330. (2) (1925) A.C. 439, sL.R. 399; 49 ALT. 43 C.L.R.] OF AUSTRALIA. By sec. 10 of the Act land tax is to be levied on the unimproved H. ©. or A. value of all lands within the Commonwealth owned by taxpayers. By sec. 3 of the Act " unimproved value " is defined as meaning the capital sum which the fee simple of the land might be expected to realize if offered for sale on such reasonable terms and conditions as a bona fide seller would require assuming that the improvements thereon or appertaining thereto and made or acquired by the owner or his predecessor in title had not been made. The facts stated in the case which are relevant to the determination of this question are as follows :—' The appellant at all material times has been the owner of the said lands and has continued to carry on the business of grazing thereon. Prior to the acquisition of the said lands by the appellant the said lands and other lands in the near neighbourhood of the said lands became menaced by prickly pear. The said lands have ever since continued to be menaced by the said pear, and, if the prickly pear had not been prevented from establishing itself thereon by the expenditure thereon hereinafter referred to, the whole of the said lands would have become thickly infested with prickly pear. Other lands in the neighbourhood on which the said prickly pear has not been prevented from establishing itself have become thickly infested with prickly pear and 760 acres of the said lands on which the said prickly pear was not prevented from establishing itself have also become and still are thickly infested with prickly pear. Land in the neighbourhood which has been allowed to become thickly infested with prickly pear may be taken for the purposes of this appeal to be of negligible value. During the occupancy of the said lands prior to the acquisition thereof by the appellant all the said lands (with the exception of about 760 acres thereof, which were thickly infested as aforesaid) were kept clear of prickly pear, but the expenditure of moneys for labour and material was at all times necessary to keep the said lands clear of prickly pear. Since the acquisition of the said lands as aforesaid the appellant has expended money for such labour and material as aforesaid, and in the year ending 30th June 1926 expended for that year a total sum of £288 15s. therefor." The necessity of keeping lands free from prickly pear in the neighbourhood of infested lands may be gathered from the legislation 1929. a McGrocu v. FreperaL ComMiIs- SIONER OF Lanp Tax. Knox €J. Dixon J. H.C. or A. 1929. ss McGrocn v. FreperaL Commtis- SIONER OF Lanp Tax. Knox ©.5. Dixon J. HIGH COURT of the Parliaments of Queensland and New South Wales on subject. See Queensland Land Acts 2 Edw. VII. No. 18, s inserting sub-division VII., 5 Edw. VII. No. 28, sec. 19, sub-division IX., sec. 162m (1), (7) and (8), and the Prickly j Destruction Acts 1912-1926 ; New South Wales Prickly-Pear 4 No. 31 of 1924 and previous legislation therein mentioned. See al observations of Griffith C.J. and O'Connor J. in Sparke v. Osborne(I It is manifest from the facts stated in the case that the of the lands clear of prickly pear was brought about by the operat of the successive owners or occupiers upon the land, that tho operations resulted in an enhancement of the value of the land, a that the benefit of them still continues. The operations, of cow involved the eradication, destruction and removal of plants u the land. When the special case speaks of keeping the lands of prickly pear, it refers to the work of eradicating, destroying ar removing plants which otherwise would spread and deprive the lat of utility and value. The decision of this Court in Morris Federal Commissioner of Land Taz (2) establishes that these o7 resulted in an improvement within the meaning of the Act. the suggestion which has been advanced that the decision in that ca: is inconsistent with the reasons given by the Judicial Commit Toohey's Ltd. v. Valuer-General (3), it would be unnecessary tos more than that, even if we did not agree with the decision on point in Morrison's Case, as we do, we should feel ourselves bound to follow it as a decision concurred in by five Justices which stood unquestioned for fifteen years and was expressly appro and acted on by a Full Court in Campbell v. Deputy Fed Commissioner of Land Tax (N.S.W.) (4), in Fisher y. Dep Federal Commissioner of Land Tax (N.S.W.) (5) and in Keo v. Deputy Federal Commissioner of Land Tax (N.S.W.) all decided in the year 1915. We think we are justifie assuming that, if these decisions ran contrary to the intention ¢ Parliament in enacting the definition of " unimproved value," th Act would have been amended so far as necessary to ensure # (1) (1908) 7 C.L.R. 51, at pp. 59-60, (3) (1925) A.C. 439. 70-71. (4) (1915) 20 C.LR. 49. (2) (1914) 17 C.L.R, 498. (5) (1915) 20 C.L.R, 242. (6) (1915) 20 C.L.R. 258. J C.L.R.] OF AUSTRALIA. 285 effect should be given to that intention, but no such amendment H ©. or A. has been made and the definition stands exactly as it did when those ps cases were decided. But as it has been suggested that the effect of McGrocx the judgment in Toohey's Case (1) is to exclude from the category of raoaed "improvements" in arriving at the unimproved value of land Peat es anything which is not at the relevant date visible as a physical "anv Tax. addition to or excrescence upon the land—such as a house or a fence Knox J. Dixon J. or a dam containing water—we think we should deal with the matter more fully in view of its importance as bearing on the liability of a great number of taxpayers engaged in rural industries. We may say at the outset that it was not contested at the Bar in this case that the removal of prickly pear from the land would be an "improvement" within the meaning of the Act, the contention for the Commissioner being that the prevention of infestation by prickly pear was not equivalent for this purpose to its removal when the Jand had become infested. But it is well known that the infestation of land by prickly pear is in its early stages a gradual, although unfortunately not a slow, process, manifested by the springing up of small patches or individual plants of the pear as the result of the dropping of seeds on the land by birds or of the deposit on the land by flood waters or otherwise of leaves or pieces of the plant which in due course take root and grow. It is apparent that an effective method of preventing the progress of the pear is from time to time to dig up and destroy the small patches or plants before they become too large or too numerous to be so dealt with; so that in fact it is necessary—or at any rate customary—in order to prevent infestation, to uproot and destroy plants actually growing on the land, an operation which is no different in kind from that carried out in the destruction and removal of timber growing on the land. The process is precisely similar to that adopted in eradicating the suckers or saplings which spring from the stumps or roots of trees which have been killed by ringbarking. In Morrison's Case (2) the improvements were alleged to consist in the following operations, namely, (a) killing growing timber by tingbarking, and clearing the land of dead timber including that which had been brought on the land by floods or had decayed and (1) (1925) A.C, 439, (2) (1914) 17 C.L.R. 498, H.C. or A. McGxrocn Freperat Commis- SIONER OF Lanp Tax. Knox 0.3. HIGH COURT fallen in the natural course of events, (b) burning tussocks and o grasses, which had the effect of improving the pasture. It is, of course, notorious that the greater portion of the occupied for pastoral purposes in Australia would have been of litt value unless it had been cleared of many of the trees growing on i in its natural state. In the course of this operation young trees o suckers spring from the stumps or roots of the trees which hay been killed, and it is necessary from time to time to remove suckers in order to derive any lasting benefit from the killing of th trees. If the suckers are allowed to remain, the result is that th land in time becomes densely covered with small trees and practi useless for pastoral, or indeed for any, purposes. An instance this is afforded by the facts in Kiddle v. Deputy Federal Commissione of Land Tax (1). Before the enactment in Australia of legislati imposing taxes on the unimproved value of land, it has been held by the Supreme Court of New South Wales in Ex parte Thomas (2 that the ringbarking of trees was or was capable of being an imp degrees be improved." years later by the Supreme Court of New South Wales in Hophi v. Minister for Lands (4). Pring J. said (5) :—" Improvements maj be roughly divided into two classes : (1) constructive, such as d fences, buildings, &c.; and (2) destructive, such as the eradicai ofnoxious weeds, . . . clearing, ringbarking, and suckering. A leg right such as property—strictly so called—cannot exist in the la class. What is meant by the phrase ' property in improvements' think, the benefit accruing to the land by reason of the impro" Improvements by ringbarking and suckering admit (1) (1920) 2 (2) (1881) 2 . OF AUSTRALIA. confer a benefit on the land exceeding the mere cost of effecting them." The New South Wales Act providing for the taxation of unimproved value of land was passed in 1895 and contained a definition of unimproved value corresponding to that applicable in this case. Both in 1895 and in 1910, when the Federal Land Tax Act was passed, it was recognized universally in Australia that the clearing of super- fluous timber from land was an improvement enhancing the value of that land, the benefit of which continued so long as the land was kept in its cleared state. And in many cases the cost of clearing was among the most important items of the expenditure necessary to bring the land to a reasonably productive capacity. As was said by Griffith C.J. in Morrison's Case (1) :—'* Applying these principles, the first question we are asked is whether certain operations are improvements. They are: ringing timber; clearing timber that had fallen in consequence of ringing ; clearing timber that had fallen _ through natural decay or storms; clearing timber that had been _ brought there by floods; actively burning timber on the ground ; actively burning tussocks and other grass; burning by bush fires which, so far as the owners of Killingworth were concerned, were accidental, and which burned off dead and useless timber, and burned tussocks and rank grass; as a result of which operations the land 'was sweetened and became sounder sheep country ; the stocking of the land consolidated to some extent, and otherwise improved it. Anyone familiar with Australia knows that all these operations do improve the value of land, and make it saleable at a higher price. It is also obvious that every one of these operations is only a means toanend. They enable the forces of nature to operate by bringing _ sunshine and rain to the soil. They sweeten the land and produce as important changes as the draining of a swamp." It was argued in that case, as it is now suggested, that the improvements to be taken into consideration were those then visible on the land and did not include the present effect of improvements which had disappeared. In Keogh's Case (2) our brother Rich took into account the effect of improvements which consisted (inter alia) in ringbarking, picking up _ and burning off timber, and the question whether these improvements be 4 (1) (1914) 17 C.LLR., at p. 504. (2) (1915) 20 C.L.R. 258, : H. C. or A. 1929,McGrocs v Feprran Commas- SIONER OF Lanp Tax. Knox C5. Dixon J, H.C. or A. 1929, Ww McGrocu v. FEDERAL Commis- SIONER OF Lanp Tax. Knox OJ. Dixon J. HIGH COURT had been maintained by destroying the suckers. In Fisher's G (1) this decision was approved by a Full Court, and the question of improvements effected by clearing timber was dealt with (see Isaacs and Gavan Duffy JJ. (2) ). It appears from what we hay said that the clearing of timber from the land has uniformly b regarded as an improvement, as also has the maintenance of effect of that improvement by destroying and thus preventing th growth of suckers, whether the question was as to an improvem in fact or as to an improvement within the meaning of the Land Ti Assessment Acts. Indeed clearing land in order to make it fit f pastoral or for agricultural purposes is in a country in course settlement an outstanding example of "improvement." Just as has been lost or impaired by the growth or re-growth of nat vegetation or of any of the many vegetable pests which have cot here, has always been considered an obvious and perhaps ty improvement of country land. The destruction of vegetati which if allowed to remain will spread and envelop the land h been thought to differ in character from the same operatic conducted on the lavish scale which would afterwards be m to reclaim the land. This view has, we think, been uniformly a¢ upon in the Courts with the exception, if it be an exception, of a ci decided in 1920 in the Supreme Court of New South Wales Ferguson J. In Abbott v. Deputy Federal Commissioner of Tax that learned Judge said (3) :—' A piece of land already from prickly pear is not improved by reason of the fact th pear has not been allowed to spread to it, though it may be imp by operations which render the pear less likely to spread to it. so far as land that was previously infested with pear is now from pear, or is less badly infested, there is an improvement, unimproved value is arrived at by assuming that that improv had not taken place. In so far as the result of the expendit simply been that the pear has been prevented from spre: din comes within the category, not of improvement, but of maintenam (1) (1915) (2) (1915) L.R. 242. (3) (1915) 5 L.G.R. (N.S.W. LR., at p. 253, 101, 102, — 43C.LR.] OF AUSTRALIA. The fact that such expenditure is necessary must, of course, be taken H. ©. or A. into account in estimating the value of the land, whether improved or unimproved." It appears that Ferguson J. considered that the removal of the prickly pear plants was a benefit to the land, and so an improvement, but that in obeying the statutory requirement and making the assumption " that the improvements (if any) thereon or appertaining thereto . . . had not been made" the valuer was not to assume that the land was in that condition which would inevitably follow from the omission to make the improvement. The reason which Ferguson J. gives for this view is that it is not the destruction of prickly pear which is the improvement but the benefit to the land from the destruction. He says (1) :—' The fallacy of the contention, I think, lies in the confusion of two distinct things—the destruction of prickly pear and the improvement resulting from the destruction. It is not the act of destroying the plant, it is the consequent alteration for the better in the condition of the land, that constitutes an improvement. If there is no alteration for the better, there is no improvement. A piece of land already free from prickly pear is not improved by reason of the fact that the pear has not been allowed to spread to it, though it may be improved by operations which render the pear less likely to spread to it." This reasoning appears to analyze the conception of improvement into two elements tather than to distinguish something which is not an improvement from animprovement. The improvementis the beneficial alteration in the condition of the land consisting in the absence of the prickly pear plants which were upon the land before their removal. The reason why their absence is a beneficial alteration is that their continued presence was a menace to the utility of the land. Apart from the fact that any appreciable growth of plants means an appreciable impairment of the area where they are, their presence means that a process has commenced which will with ever-increasing rapidity ruin all the land. If you are required to assume that this beneficial alteration has not been made, it seems almost impossible to suppose that the land is not in the condition in which without the beneficial alteration the land must certainly have been: the condition which it was the purpose of the improvement to prevent. This decision (1) (1915) 5 L.G.R., at p. 101. 1929. — McGrocn v. FEDERAL Commts- SIONER OF Lanp Tax. Knox 0.5. Dixon J. H.C. or A. 1929, eo McGrocn v, Feprrat Commis- SIONER OF 'Lanp Tax. Knox 6.5. Dixon J. HIGH COURT of Ferguson J. was disapproved in 1926 by our brother Rich int Court (Jowett v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1) ). whether the definition of "unimproved value" does or does condition into which it would have got if the improvement had n0 been made, it is clear that Ferguson J. did not doubt that destruction of prickly pear resulted in or involved an improven even if, as his opinion was, it did not itself constitute an impro In the legislation in Australia imposing tax on the unimpro value of land we think it is clear that the subject matter sought to be taxed has always been that part of the value of the land at the relevant date which has been commonly described as the " increment." The value at any given date of any given pa land has been considered as including two factors, namely, (1) th portion of the value at the relevant date attributable to improven on or appertaining to the land made by the owner or his predece extrinsic circumstances, such as public roads or railways, i settlement in the neighbourhood, public services brought ¥ unimproved value which is the subject of taxation under this . is the value at the relevant date of the land in its natural state continues as a factor in the then present value of the land. suggested that this view is inconsistent with the opinion ex by Viscount Dunedin, speaking for the Judicial Committee in Toohey (1) (1926) 38 C.L.R. 325. (2) (1918) N.Z.L.R. 95, at pp. 99, 103. (3) (1925) A.C, at p. 443. j 43 C.L.R.] OF AUSTRALIA. 291 designated by the expression 'prairie value.' The land must be H- ©. or A. taken as it exists at the date of the valuation."" We do not think acd Viscount Dunedin, when he made these observations, meant anything McGrocu inconsistent with what we have said, or indeed adverted at allto the peperan 4 et anit jon © prairie _ COMMIS- subject we are considering. In our opinion the expression " prairie [D000 value " in this quotation was used as denoting the value of the land Lanp Tax. on the assumption that there was to be excluded from such value Knox OJ. ixon J. not only any portion resulting from improvements made on the land by its successive owners but also the portion attributable to extrinsic circumstances existing at the relevant date. In other words, we think the phrase " prairie value '' was used to denote the value which the land in its natural state and surroundings would have had at the relevant time assuming that nothing had ever been done by the hand of man either on the land itself or in its neighbour- hood. The observation that "the land must be taken as it exists at the date of the valuation" appears to us to be directed to what we have called "the extrinsic circumstances," that is, to refer to the land in relation to the circumstances of the neighbourhood in which it is situated. We do not think the Judicial Committee decided or intended to decide that the conversion by the owner of a piece of swamp land, which in that condition was valueless, into valuable farm land by draining the swamp, could not be treated as an improvement on or appertaining to the land, because at the relevant date there was nothing in existence on the land to show what improvement had in fact been made; and if we are right in this view the decision in Morrison's Case (1) stands unaffected. Such a construction of the words of the Act as that suggested would, in the case of the greater part of the rural lands in Australia, result in the inclusion in the subject matter of the tax—the unimproved value of the land—of any amount wholly attributable to operations generally recognized as improvements in fact which had been effected by the owner at his own expense—a result which appears to us entirely inconsistent both with the expressed intention of Parliament and with the theory underlying the imposition of the tax. We are much strengthened in our view of Viscount Dunedin's observation by a consideration of the nature of the problem before (1) (1914) 17 C.LLR, 498. H.C. or A. 1929. Ww McGerocr v. FEDERAL Comatis- SIONER OF Lanp Tax. Knox €,J. Dixon J. HIGH COURT the Judicial Committee for decision in the case referred to an a perusal of the transcript of the argument before their It is true that in the course of the argument in Toohey's Case (1) some observations were made by Viscount Dunedin with referen to Commissioner of Land Tax v. Nathan (2) to the effect that Court had rightly not gone back to the time when the land was a swamp. His Lordship seems to have been under the impression that the sum of £7,000, the cost of filling in the swamp, was not allowed as a deduction from the improved value of the land. A perusal f the report of Nathan's Case above referred to will show that in fact the £7,000 was allowed. (See the statement of Fra evidence at p. 660 in which, after allowing that amount, he est the unimproved value of the land at £16,935, the amount subsequentl accepted by the Court as the unimproved value.) Viscount D observation seems to have been made merely to suggest a p explanation of what his Lordship otherwise found hard to unde in Nathan's Case. The remainder of the argument contains no allusion direct or indirect to the question now to be decided, whi d indeed was plainly irrelevant to the question before their Lordshiy The question in Toohey's Case (1), so far as we can see, in no touched or related to the definition of the word " improvement. The decision was concerned only with the question whether additional value given by the hotel licence inhered in the site or unimproved land. The argument did not raise or refer to question whether improvements might not consist in or result fron the destruction of undesirable vegetation or alterations not physical additions to the land. In these circumstances we think it is incredible that by such phrase Viscount Dunedin should have intended to decide so imp a matter and to decide it in a sense contrary to the settled view o the Australian Courts settled over a long period of time. : For these reasons we think the decision of our brother Rich on this point in Jowett's Case (3) was right, and that question 1 shoul be answered Yes. iv Question 2. In our opinion this question is concluded by th decision in Toohey's Case (1). Applying that decision, the (1) (1925) A.C, 439, (2) (1913) 16 C.L.R. 654. (3) (1926) 38 C.L.R. 325. 43 O.L.R.] OF AUSTRALIA. 293 unimproved value of the land should—subject to any question that H.C. or A. may arise out of the notice of objection given by the taxpayer—be hes ascertained by considering what the land would have sold for at the McGxocu relevant date if the improvements including that which consisted pypenar in keeping the land free from prickly pear had not been made. Our _Co™™s- e iis SIONER OF answer to this question is No. Lanp Tax. Question 3. It is not necessary to answer this question. Knox C4. ixon J. Isaacs J. Toohey's Case (1) governs the present case, there being no relevant distinction between the Commonwealth and New South Wales statutes. The judgment of the Privy Council is expressed in terms of plain unequivocal English. At times, as it seems to me, there has been anxious care to prevent the possibility of misapprehension. That applies to the point now under considera- tion. Misapprehension which would here involve an enormous gap in Commonwealth and State finances and create confusion, cannot, I think, occur if the words of the judgment receive their ordinary meaning. So read, I must candidly admit for myself that the judgment gives to the statute an operation more simple, more practical and more just to the Crown and the general body of taxpayers, than that which resulted from the prior decisions of this Court, in some of which I took part. My reasons for saying this I hope to make tolerably clear, though I must add that no commentary can surpass the text in clarity. As I understood the argument for the Commissioner, while it was admitted, and indeed could not be denied, that the clearing away of prickly pear was an improvement of or to the land, yet it was urged that the present freedom of the land from prickly pear was not an "improvement on" the land within the meaning of the Act, that is to say, an improvement which had to be disregarded in order to arrive at the taxable unimproved value of the land. No other meaning can, as it seems to me, be attributed to the first question submitted, and it is really now the only point of law in the case. The material portion of the judgment of Lord Dunedin for present purposes is contained in the following passage (2), the decisive portions of which I italicize :—"It is with the latter of the two . (1) (1925) A.C. 439. (2) (1925) A.C., at p. 443, Vou, XLII, 20 H. C. or A. 1929. we McGrocu FrperaL Commis- SIONER OF Lanp Tax. Isaacs J. HIGH COURT sections that the valuer has todo. Now, what he has to con is what the land would fetch as at the date of the valuation if improvements had not been made. Words could scarcely be to show that the improvements were to be left entirely out of They are to be taken, not only as non-existent, but as if they nev had existed. It is, therefore, to approach the question from a complete wrong point of view to begin with a valuation which takes in i improvements and then proceed by means of subtraction of a sun arrived at by an independent valuation in order to find the required figure. What the Act requires is really quite simple. Here is plot of land; assume that there is nothing on it in the way of improvement, what would it fetch in the market ? It will be obser that the value is not what has been sometimes designated by t expression ' prairie value." The land must be taken as it exists at th date of the valuation." The last two sentences evince the extreme care to avoid misunderstanding as to what is meant by " improys ment." There are four points in that passage which must be disti noted. They are: (1) improvements are to be considered as they had never existed ; (2) improvements are on or appe subtract the value of improvements ; (4) the only permissibl is to ascertain what the land itself would fetch in the market, not« prairie land, but as it exists at the moment of valuation. The t of the valuer is to observe and give effect to all these poi As to the first, no question submitted touches it. The prese case stated raises no such question for the Full Court, because # only relevant suggested improvement is the absence of prickly pe The second point is extremely important. Bearing in mind or are " appertaining," that is, " belonging " (see Barlow v. Rhod (1) and McDonald v. Deputy Federal Commissioner of Land Ta (1) (1833) 1 Cr. & M. 439, at p. 448; (2) (1915) 20 C.L.R. 231, at pp. 2 7 149 E.R. 471. 235, 43 C.L.R.] OF AUSTRALIA. land. An improvement "on " the land, or " appertaining thereto," is a concrete thing, having a recognizable existence and identity distinct from the land on which it is "made," with a locality and extension of its own. An improvement "of" the land has an abstract denotation indicating a better quality or condition of the land itself, but having no independent existence or identity. Tnstances of the former are readily suggested, as a house, a fence, a bank, a wall, a tank, a right of light or water from an adjoining tenement; and so on. The latter is not a thing, but the qualitative result of some act. The removal of scrub, of noxious weeds or vermin, the clearing of stones, the cutting down of a hill, the filling up of a hollow, the drainage of a swamp, the grubbing of stumps, are all acts which leave only beneficial results in the form of an improved condition of the land itself, that is, of the bare land or "site" as it exists at the moment of valuation, but add nothing to it, though they add to its valwe. Lord Dunedin's words seem to me as to this hardly susceptible of doubt; the "plot of land" as contrasted with "nothing on it in the way of improvement." To remove a detriment is, of course, an improvement to the land or of the land, but does not constitute an improvement on, or " appertain- ing to" the land. The force of this may be more fully appreciated when one remembers that after the removal, say, of valuable building timber naturally growing, it would not be correct to say there was a detriment on the land. The land was thereby probably rendered less valuable, but the absence of a given object does not constitute _ the presence of its opposite. To call the mere past removal of an obstruction or any other positive detriment—such as prickly pear— an existing improvement on the land as it exists at the date of valua- tion, is not, I think, consistent with the general understanding of the quoted passage in Toohey's Case (1). The prevention of a detriment is still further removed : it leaves the land precisely as it is. 'The third point is clear, and in effect it cuts away one source of confusion as to improvements. I need say no more about it except this: that it would, in my opinion, be a violation of it to substitute "value of improvement " for "improvement on the land." What Imean is this. It would be a violation of the third point to ask (1) (1925) A.C., at p. 443, H.C. or A. 1929. Ww McGrocn Frperat Comms- SIONER OF Lanp Tax. Isaacs J. H.C. or A. 1929, Ww McGrocn v. FEeprerau Commis- SIONER OF Lanp Tax Isaacs J. HIGH COURT what the land in fact free from prickly pear would fetch, and th deduct a sum as representing the value of the absence of prid pear. It is, in effect, the same thing to imagine what does x exist—namely, prickly pear—and deduct from the value of tf bare land as it in fact exists a sum representing the imagi cost of an imaginary removal of the imaginary prickly p The fourth point is that the land itself as it exists at the d valuation—that is, the "bare land "—of the taxpayer—the "plot of land," as Lord Dunedin calls it—is to be valued as a vacant and that value is the final figure of the problem. To quote Dunedin's words (1), "the valuer to make a valuation of the | itself as it at present stands with such advantages as it at p possesses, and viewed as bare land." '' Advantages" of the b land are factors in constituting its unimproved value, whether thi arise naturally or artificially. The absence of prickly pear is course, such an advantage as compared with land still infested, a1 adds to its unimproved value, just as any other incidental e would, but cannot be deducted from the capital value of the la it stands. To regard the absence of prickly pear as an improvemen on the land, and to value the land as if it were not presently fr from prickly pear, and therefore had not that advantage, is to val the bare land, not as it actually exists at the date of valuation, bi as it existed in the unlimited past, or as it would have still exis in the present, practically, that is, as " prairie land." My learned brothers have expressly approved the case of Jo v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation (2). I at once admit is in accordance with the conclusions at which they have arrive and in opposition to my own. It may usefully be examined, w the tests are there explicitly stated by my brother Rich in the words (3) :—''If the growth of the prickly pear had not b checked by early removal, what would be the condition of the land Would the price of the land be any different if the prickly p which would have been there had not been stopped from gro Applying these tests, Rich J. held that "the freedom of the lat from prickly pear must be treated as an improvement," that i of course, as an " improvement on the land." (1) (1925) A.C., at p. 445. (2) (1926) 38 C.L.R. 325, (3) (1926) 38 C.L.R., at p. 330. J C.L.R.] OF AUSTRALIA, That brings the matter to a point. With great respect, I consider H.C. or A. the test as leading to error. The land is to be taken as it is, not as it is not and never was but " would be " if something had happened that did not happen. And therefore the price is not what it " would be" if the land were different, but on the basis that the land was sold in its actual condition at the moment for valuation. The difference between my view and that expressed in Jowett's Case (1) arises, so far as the authority of Toohey's Case (2) is concerned, on afew words omitted in Jowett's Case (3) from the quotation made from Lord Dunedin's judgment. Those words are the two concluding sentences in the quotation already made in this judgment. I regard them as the keystone of the whole of this matter. If in order to get the " unimproved value " of the land, which means the net sum on which the tax is to be levied, you must take the land "as it _ exists at the date of valuation," it is an inescapable contradiction to apply a test which takes for that purpose the land as it would exist under different conditions. These concluding sentences are the evident result of great care and deliberation to prevent any notion that the word "improvement "' in the preceding sentence extended to cover a more improved condition of the land itself. Not only so : they are an essential part of the reasoning embodied in the actual order made. The order was to remit the cause to the Supreme Court "to direct the valuer to make a valuation of the land itself as it at present stands with such advantages as it at present possesses," &c. (4). It would, I confidently suggest, have been a clear departure from that direction if the valuer, for instance, had valued the land as it " would be " had it remained in its original condition, say, in the days of Captain Cook, or perhaps worse by reason of constantly accumulating natural growth, or natural disintegration. But Jowett's Case would require that and more. It may be well, in view of the circumstances, to do what I regard 4s a work of supererogation, namely, show how the view as expressed by Lord Dunedin (5) in this respect is based on the broadest grounds of accuracy. The unimproved land tax rests upon a very distinct (1) (1926) 38 O.L.R. 325. (3) (1926) 38 C.L.R., at p. 330. (2) (1925) A.C. 439. (4) (1925) A.C, at p. 445. (5) (1925) A.C., at p. 443. 1929. a McGrocn v. FEDERAL Commis- SIONER OF Lanp Tax, Isaacs J. H. C. or A. 1929. we McGrocn v. Feperan Commis- SIONER OF Lanp Tax. Isaacs J. HIGH COURT and obvious basis, differentiating it completely from all legislati provisions for settlement on Crown lands which were the ground of the New South Wales cases relied on for the opinion from whi I have the misfortune to differ. The land tax has no reference: relative improvement of Crown land by Crown tenants, or adjustment of equitable claims as between outgoing and incomi Crown lessees. Its basis is the duty to bear a share of public e general tax on present possessions. It takes the form of a ratable contribution to the revenue for the purposes of ordinary government, and is required from the taxpayer proportioned to his prese That " bare land " as a vacant site is necessarily to be valued asit! fact then exists. I say " necessarily" because any other concepti destroys the fundamental equality of the taxation. A has av piece of land, never altered by man, and worth, say, £1,000. B a vacant piece of land, also worth £1,000, but it was by an anc fifty years ago converted from swamp to arable land. C has a vacat slight expenditure, which will be duly acknowledged in his incon tax assessment. All three are equally competent to contribute to the Consolidated Revenue for current needs of the nation. Whi possible justification in reason is there for supporting an int discrimination ? A, by concession, would be assessable in t of the full £1,000. B, on the appellant's contention, would b absolved on the merits of his deceased ancestor. (© would on th warding off a possible danger whereby his land was as productive: before. In my opinion, so long as the land in its actual , r 43 C.L.R.] OF AUSTRALIA. condition, are nothing to the point. The all-sufficient fact in each H- ©. or A. case is that the taxpayer is owner of « bare land representing so much wealth in money, because the land as it stands would fetch that sum in the market. That amount of wealth is the taxable amount as being the unimproved value of the land. If the land is free of prickly pear, it would, let us say, fetch in fact £2. There is no intelligible principle on which a Court can presume it would fetch less merely because it was menaced, or because some former owner filled up some holes in it, or removed some stones, or burnt off some dead timber. The menace is one of many factors which vendor and purchaser would consider in arriving at the price. But the same must be said of every other business consideration in such a transac- tion. The other circumstances are not even so much. The plain truth is that Parliament, in levying the tax, supposes the valuer to go on to the property and view the concrete land, and all upon it, and make his valuation as a practical man. He sees the " plot of land," and he sees whatever there may be of " improve- ments" on it. He disregards the improvements, shuts them clean out of his mind, and looks at the vacant site. He does not trouble about ancestral efforts, or menaces averted, or any part alterations for good or evil; nor does he delve into the antiquarian history of the allotment, nor trouble himself with economic theories. He views the land as a present saleable commodity, and supposes a seller and a buyer. On what sum would those two agree in a fair market operation in respect of that piece of land? Intrinsically, the land is as it stands and as it would appear to the buyer ; extrinsically, all _ circumstances of supply and demand arising from the general affairs of the community come into the problem. The buyer would not give a penny more because the land possessed its advantages from _ natureand not man. The seller would not take a penny less because some of the advantages of the land were due to the hand of man and not to nature. Suppose the valuer were to take in hand the list of improvements set out in Morrison's Case (1), a list for which I acknowledge my share of responsibility, since I assented ; he would see included "actively burning timber on the ground; actively burning tussocks and other grass; burning by bush fires which, so " (1) (1914) 17 C.LR., at p. 504, 1929. oe McGEocx v. FEDERAL ComMIs- SIONER OF Lanp Tax. Isaacs J. H. C. or A. 1929. — McGrocu v FEDERAL Commis- SIONER OF Lanp Tax. Isaacs J. HIGH COURT far as the owners . . . were concerned, were accidental, which burned off dead and useless timber, and burned tussocks rank grass." These examples will serve. The valuer may see ther has been a fire, and that some timber has been burnt. He observe from the Act that even if the result be technically ; "improvement," he can discard it only if it has been "made | acquired "' by the owner or his predecessor in title. An accidental bush fire does not, nor does the actual burning of the timber, reason- ably answer that description. There is no assignable reason why if the gratuitous result prove advantageous to the owner, it shoul further entitle him to escape taxation. But further, how is tl valuer to know whether timber or tussocks were " actively burned" | How is he to tell whether a passing tramp or a negligent neighbow was not the cause of the fire ? Is he to institute inquiries, not only as to the natural condition of the land and all apparent alterations but as to whether each alteration is a benefit or a detriment or neithe and, if a benefit, whether it was " made or acquired " by the or his predecessor in title ? And all his conclusions are to be opent challenge. If the Act required all this, then it would not be true "what the Act requires is really quite simple." The one questio as it seems to me, the valuer has to answer is: "' What sum wou the hypothetical purchaser and the hypothetical vendor in opel market agree to as the fair price of the bare land as a vacant sit in its actual state at the statutory date of valuation?" That the land represents in cash, and is the statutory measure of owner's present pecuniary capacity to contribute to the needs of government. A purchaser might, of course, take in consideration the probable cost of keeping the land in its condition—dependent on his purpose. But that would be only on of the considerations—one of the items in his caleulation—in fixim or profit is to be added to that price-value. The cost as a reveml expenditure would probably find a place in income tax returns. — The present freedom of the subject land from prickly pear course, an "' advantage " which the land possesses over similar covered with prickly pear. But as directed, the value is to inelud - . OF AUSTRALIA. all "advantages it at present possesses." Ferguson J., in Abbott vy. Deputy Federal Commissioner of Land Tax (1), was so far right in declining to recognize " the prevention " of prickly pear as itself an improvement on the land. A fence on the land which had the effect of excluding vermin is, of course, such an improvement. But if their entry were " prevented " by watchmen and dogs operating on the land, I cannot see that the absence of the vermin could be regarded as an " improvement on the land." So if a firebreak were made by the taxpayer on his adjoining land, with the consequent "prevention" of fire spreading to the subject land, could the prevention reasonably be said to be such an improvement? I think not. Again, if the subject land, originally a swamp, were for many years protected from flooding by means of a wall on the land, the land being now long turned to profitable use, the results of the _ presence of the wall during the period of its existence would not be animprovement on the land, leading to a notional reversion to swamp. The wall itseli would be an improvement on the land. The land would still be regarded as in its present improved condition, but its unimproved value would have to be ascertained by including a factor of providing a wall, just as if that had been physically removed a moment before, unless the contemplated use of the land permitted swamp conditions. The truth is that an "improvement on the land or appertaining thereto" must in all reason be something present on or belonging to the land, and not something absent from it. It must be a part of the taxpayer's landed property. " Prevention" is not something on the site. The confusion is between " prevention" (abstract) and the "means of prevention" (concrete); and the presence of the means in the shape of an improvement on or appertaining to the land must exist at the moment of valuation. It was suggested during the argument that by " prairie value" Lord Dunedin meant that its surroundings are not to be regarded as prairie. I cannot, even with all the consideration I have given to the suggestion, read that meaning into his Lordship's words. To me ithas no relevancy to the rest of the judgment. It isa cautionary -adiltion to the previous sentence, and it refers simply to the absolute (1) (1915) 5 L.G.R. (N.S.W.) 100. H.C. or A. 1929. we McGrocx v. FrpERAL Commas- SIONER OF Lanp Tax. Isaacs J. H.C. oF A. 1929. we MoGrocn v. FrpERaL Commis. SIONER OF Lanp Tax. Isaacs J. HIGH COURT state of the plot of land the subject of valuation. The obser is in order to fix the actual condition of that plot as at the daté the valuation. Its purpose is to indicate time of the rele condition, and, so far as I can discern, there is no relation indicated to the general circumstances of the community. There was non for such an indication. No one has ever, so far as I know, s that the subject land should be valued as if the whole country ¥ still in the primeval state. No such contention was made in Too Case (1) that I can discover, or, indeed, in any other case I h seen. But it does appear to me that if the unimproved value of the subject land is to be estimated according to its own prairie conditi the surrounding land, which forms the chief standard of value, s also be reduced, for the purpose of comparison, to the same prai condition. You cannot measure the unimproved value of the subj land by the improved value of the neighbouring lands; for th would be manifestly unfair. But equally unfair is it to measure th unimproved value of the subject land on the basis of its natura condition, by the value of neighbouring land, with the added of human action. Merely deducting the value of human action the subject land does not correct the error. Both must be reduced toacommon basis. Otherwise it is impossible to measure the an of unearned increment attributable to the lands compared with tl subject land. If, for instance, a huge swamp of 1,000 acres wa that reclamation, it would be quite wrong to regulate the pres selling price of the subject land as it was twenty years ago, by selling price obtained for the other 900 acres as they are to-day. On principle, I cannot think the suggested interpretation should | implied. Its acceptance would set a task impossible to be carn d out in its integrity. What Lord Dunedin conveyed, as I understan his words, was that the subject Jand, while stripped notionally all improvements thereon or appertaining thereto, so as to m in short, vacant land—self-contained—was not itself to be re for valuation purposes to its original primeval condition. I ¥ not to be notionally considered as it was at the foundation 'Australia, or worse, if nature since made it so. It was to be ta (1) (1925) A.C, 439. 43 C.L.R.] OF AUSTRALIA. as bare land in its then present state, which might be better or might be worse than its original state. If stripped of valuable timber or clay, it would probably be less valuable ; if cleared of stone or dead timber, it would probably be more valuable. But the prairie value of that land was not to be the standard. The standard was the value of the bare land at the moment of valuation. " Prairie value" is a well-known economic term. Its meaning is given in the Oxford Dictionary under " Prairie." One of the references there mentioned is very clear. In the Contemporary Review for 1884 (vol.xtv.), at pp. 175 et seqq., is an article on the Irish Land Act by Mr. W. O'Connor Morris. At p. 185 occurs—so far as relevant—the following passage, representing a certain erroneous view as to rent :—" Rent, accordingly, should be assessed only on the value of the land inits rude state, when first let, centuries perhaps ago. . . . This is the celebrated doctrine of 'prairie value,' which . . . would all but annihilate landed property." (See also per Griffith C.J. in Campbell's Case (1).) The meaning of the expression is unmistakably shown in Sir Thomas Whitaker's book on Ownership, Tenure and Taxation of Land, pp. 86-88. He says (at p. 86): " What is the rental value of the land in the United Kingdom, meaning thereby the value of the land in its natural condition before anything has been spent on it—in a word, what is Imown as its ' prairie value'? " Further, he says (at p. 88) :— "Indeed I am satisfied that the rent of a very large proportion of the farms of this country is not more than 5 per cent of what would be the cost of reclaiming the land from its natural state and equipping it with house and buildings, roads, fences, &e. The prairie value is really nil." I have not been able to find any reference on which I could attribute to Lord Dunedin the use of the term in any sense other than that I have adopted. The improved condition of the land includes all improvements to the land, whether on it or of it, and their total notional elimination reduces the land to its prairie condition and value, which is expressly forbidden by Toohey's Case (2). Its antithesis, namely, the subject land in its present bare state, that is, as notionally stripped simply of all improvements on it, is taken as the taxable subject. (1) (1915) 20 C.L.R., at p. 51. (2) (1925) A.C. 439, H. C. or A. 1929. Ww McGrocu v. FEDERAL Commas- SIONER OF Lanp Tax. Isaacs J. H.C. or A. 1929, Ww McGxrocx v. FEDERAL Commis- SIONER OF Lanp Tax. Isaacs J. HIGH COURT It follows from Toohey's Case (1) that three main prior decisio of this Court can no longer be regarded as authoritative on questions now under consideration: they are Nathan's Case | Morrison's Case (3) and Campbell's Case (4)—the first, so far a runs counter to points 1 and 2 above stated; the second, beca inconsistent with points 2 and 3; the third, because in e with points 3 and 4. With respect, I am not prepared to parliamentary inaction as equivalent to legislative confirmat Ifit could be so regarded, then Nathan's Case must also be accep as correct, and other cases that followed it, and Toohey's should be wholly disregarded, so far as Federal law is concerned. to Morrison's Case, besides the observations already made upon it, the very foundation of its interpretation of "' improvements" i gone beyond recall. The judgment of Griffith C.J. (in which th rest of the Court concurred) rested on the interacting forces of th three expressions, "'improved value," "unimproved value" and "value of improvements" (5). Then, interpreting "value o improvements " as "'the present enhancement of the value of tl land attributable to the operation of man," from the beginning the land ceased to be Crown land, the rest followed. That br the "unimproved value of the land" to its value as it exi untouched Crown land. But as Toohey's Case destroys th foundation and fixes the relevant condition of the land as ai date of valuation, the whole structure falls. The doctrine of pri condition is part of the debris. It, therefore, appears to me b the question to appeal to those decisions, and some others de to support the taxpayer's contention. If Toohey's Case be faithfully applied, as I conceive it my plain judicial duty to: without questioning its accuracy, even if I did not agree with! I do not see how any of those prior decisions can be rega authoritative. I do not attempt to overrule them in this the Privy Council has done that. I simply follow the ulti tribunal. (1) (1925) A.C. 439, (4) (1915) 20 C.L.R. 49. (2) (1913) 16 C.L.R. 654. (5) (1914) 17 C.LR., at p. 50. (3) (1914) 17 C.L.R. 498, (6) (1915) 20 C.L.R., at pp. 252-254. (7) (1920) 27 C.L.R., at p. 319. 43: C.L.R.] OF AUSTRALIA. I do not think the New South Wales case of Hx parte Thomas (1) of any real assistance. The Crown lands legislation of that State has a special history. The Acts do not touch the subject of "unimproved values," nor that of taxation. They are in different terms, and have a different object. Their expressions must be construed secundum subjectam materiem. They reach very far back, and were for development and settlement purposes. I shall condense what I have to say about them :—They began in 1861, and offered facilities and inducements to settlers to purchase Crown lands. But they required the purchaser to prove his bona fide intention to settle, and so compelled him to improve the land. No definition of improve- ment was given, but a minimum value of improvement was insisted upon, as well as residence. Whether the land was so improved or not was a question of fact, to be ascertained if necessary by a jury, _ the only judicial direction being that there had to be " something that for the time will add appreciably to the value of the land" (McBean vy. Grieve (2) ). Amendments took place in 1875 that did not affect this matter. Ifa settler failed to complete and the land was resold, he could take away improvements, or be paid for such as he left. Ringbarking, which, of course, added to the value of the land, but was immovable, was for that reason held to be not a matter for which he could claim payment (Ex parte O'Dwyer (3) ). Then Parliament provided that improvements on the land, though irremovable, should, if left, be paid for. Under this, in Thomas's Case, the Court held he was entitled in respect of ringbarking. The Court based its view on the history of the subject as applied to the statutes, and particularly that the Act was intended simply to include irremovable improvements as they in that connection were understood. The core of that matter is that the legislation was dealing with Crown lands to be improved in value, and to be regarded as improved lands. Improvement was ¢o or of the land, so long as it was the result of acts on the land, and it was the value to the land that was the point of consideration. From that point of view it Was quite natural to read the words in the light of the subject matter (1) (1881) 2 (2) (1879) 2 (3) (1879) 2 a a S.W.L.R. 39. S.) (N.S.W.) 153, at p. 155. H. C. or A. 1929. — MoGrocnr v FepreraL Commis- SIONER OF Lanp Tax. Isaacs J. H.C. or A. 1929, Ww McGrocr a FEDERAL Commis- SIONER OF Lanp Tax. Isaacs J. HIGH COURT and scheme of the legislation. Obviously, however, those cannot lead the way in the present instance. The case of Hi v. Minister for Lands (1) cannot, as I think, be relied on as a sat guide here. It was decided upon a statute that called for the interpretation of the term "improvements the property of th holder," and the Court held by analogy to the Crown Lands decisions (see Minister for Lands v. Kitto (2) ) that " property " not mean property, and therefore the " improvements " did not meat the improvements themselves (3), but, in the words of Pring J (4), "the benefit accruing to the land by reason of the improve ments." That conclusion, as applied to those Acts and the history behind them, as set out in the judgments in Hopkins' Case Kitto's Case, I do not presume to criticize. But I resp 1 decline to accept it as controlling the construction of the Fede Land Taxation Acts, especially as they apply to every State Australia, and not merely to New South Wales. On the other hand, the New Zealand case of Cox v. Public Tru (5) seems to me to assist the Commissioner considerably. did not deal with an analogous statute, and it is pointed out at p.' of the report that the Acts with which it was concerned contained no reference to " unimproved value." The question was what, in ascertaining compensation to a lessee, was meant by " substanti improvements of a permanent character." In other words, how was the land substantially improved? If no definition of "unimproved value" of land is given, then one has to regard thi collocation and scheme in which the phrase occurs, and construe expression accordingly. That it may, and in the surroundings i the New Zealand case probably did, mean the total value given t the land by all the efforts to improve it, is undeniable. But the is a passage in the judgment of the Court which brings out ver prominently the point in this case. At p. 99 it is said :—* a natural state may receive an increase in value from two —one intrinsic, consisting of what has been done on or to the lal itself and may be comprised under the term 'improvements'; h other consisting of extrinsic circumstances, such as public roads 0 1) (1912) 12 S.R, (N.S.W.) 215. (3) (1912) 12.S.R. (N.S.W.), see P 2) (1912 12 S.R. (N.S.W.) 80. (4) (1912) 12 S.R. (N.S.W.), at p. (5) (1918 )N.Z.L.R. 95. 43 C.L.R.] OF AUSTRALIA. railways, public systems of drainage, increased settlement in the neighbourhood, public services brought within reach, or other causes +o which the tenant does not contribute. The object to be served by the valuations required by the leases under consideration is to give +o the tenant the benefit of so much only of the increased value as js due to substantial improvements of a permanent kind, and to leave to the landlord the value attributable to all other intrinsic improvements and the whole value due to extrinsic circumstances." 1 italicize certain words. It is, of course, evident how different is the problem there from that in the present case. It is assumed, to begin with, and indeed it is essential in that case, that the starting- point is the land in its natural state. That is the datum. Then circumstances increasing its value are divided into intrinsic and extrinsic. With the latter we have no concern here, and nowhere can I find any difference of opinion as to them. The intrinsic circumstances consist of " improvements," but these again are divided into "improvements on" the land, and improvements "to" the Jand. That is precisely the distinction recognized by the taxation Act here and the judgment in Toohey's Case (1), and the former class only is included in the statute now under consideration, just as in the New Zealand cases only "substantial improvements of a permanent character " were included. In our present case also the basic assumption made in Cox's Case (2), namely, " natural state " of the land—in other words, " prairie value '—is precisely what is precluded by Toohey's Case. Apart altogether from the distinct injunction of the Privy Council judgment, it would patently be not only a fruitless, but a wholly intolerable and often impossible task for Revenue purposes, to go back to the "natural state" of the land. Imagine the process in long settled districts, especially towns and capital cities. On the mature consideration induced by the decision in Toohey's Case (1), _ I cannot picture the Commissioner, when assessing land in Sydney, Melbourne or any other capital, investigating the primeval state of the block in George Street or Collins Street, or any other street, at the time of the first settlement of Australia or the Crown grant. He would find, to apply Sir Thomas Whitaker's words to most cases, (1) (1925) A.C. 439, (2) (1918) N.Z.L.R, 95, H.C. or A. 1929. ee; McGrocn v. FEDERAL Comis- SIONER OF Lanp Tax. Isaacs J H. C. or A. 1929. Ww McGrocu Ea Feperat Comms. SIONER 01 Lanp Tax. Isaacs J. HIGH COURT that " the prairie value is really nil," and the land tax would se: be worth collection. To follow Morrison's Case (1) would the result correctly stated in Rydge on Federal Land Tax Law, 45, and hardly, as I read it, with approval :—" The improver on a parcel of land in (say) George Street, Sydney, would inclu addition to the actual buildings erected thereon, the original cleat of the land when it was in its virgin state, the filling in of hol and the general levelling of the land for building purposes. In effe¢ it is necessary to trace all improvements made on the land since time the land ceased to belong to the Crown, provided that the b a of such improvements exist at the date of valuation." I w modify that only by saying the improvements must all be tra in order to see how far their benefit remains. Until so further instructed by the Privy Council, or until it be adjudged by this Court, I am quite unable to adopt an interpretati of Viscount Dunedin's words opposed not only to their pri meaning but also to the practical and reasonable administrati the Land Taxation system of the Commonwealth. Since writing the above I have had the opportunity of rea the transcript of the shorthand notes of the argument in Too Case (2) before the Privy Council. At p. 34 the following o tions by Lord Dunedin relative to Nathan's Case (3) occur = language may be obscure, but I think the learned Judge's appl of it to the facts of the case is right enough. The land was orig a swamp, and then it was filled in at a cost of £7,000 for the purpose because the question was the value of the land at the present tin Then at p. 44 the same learned Lord says: " You take the with all its potentialities, but you say you must take it as at October 1908." I regard those observations as concl confirming the interpretation I have given to his Lordship's jud (1) (1914) 17 C.L.R. 498. (2) (1925) A.C. 439. (3) (1913) 16 C.L.R. 654. : OLR] OF AUSTRALIA, nt of facts in Nathan's Case (1), thought the £7,000 for the swamp amation had been excluded by this Court. But that quite under- able error of fact in no way touches the validity or force of Lord Dunedin's clear legal proposition, namely, that that item should to the swamp era, "' because the question was the value of the land it the present time." The importance of the matter, as it appears to me, is that it puts beyond question the meaning of the crucial in the formal judgment of his Lordship. In my opinion the question should be answered in favour of the Commissioner. Questions answered : (1) Yes; (2) No. Answer to question 3 not necessary. Solicitors for the appellant, Cannan & Peterson, Brisbane, by lan, Westgarth & Co. Solicitor for the respondent, W. H. Sharwood, Crown Solicitor rt the Commonwealth. J.B. (1) (1913) 16 C.L.R. 654, is true the learned Lord, on reading the rather complicated state- H- C. or A. 1929. McGrocu vw FEDERAL Commis- SIONER OF have been deducted, and that it was quite right not to go back Lanp Tax. Isaacs J.