Supreme Court New South Wales Medium Neutral Citation: Wingate v Lee [2021] NSWSC 1339 Hearing dates: 4–6 August 2021, 18 October 2021 Decision date: 18 October 2021 Jurisdiction: Equity Before: Kunc J Decision: Cross-claimant entitled to reimbursement for work undertaken on property; Trustees for sale to be appointed if parties cannot agree on method for sale Catchwords: EVIDENCE — Burden of proof — Civil proceedings — Where cross-claimant deprived of means of direct proof of expenses incurred by action of cross-defendant — Nature of presumption against cross-defendant LAND LAW — Co-ownership — Rights between co-owners — Construction of co-ownership agreement — No issue of principle Cases Cited: Armory v Delamirie (1722) 1 Stra 505; 93 ER 664 LJP Investments Pty Ltd v Howard Chia Investments Pty Ltd (1989) 24 NSWLR 490 Warner v Hung, in the matter of Bellpac Pty Ltd (Receivers and managers appointed) (In liq) (No 2) (2011) 297 ALR 56; [2011] FCA 1123 Texts Cited: Edelman, James, McGregor on Damages (Sweet & Maxwell, 21st ed, 2021) Herzfeld, Perry and Thomas Prince, Interpretation, (Thomson Reuters, 2nd ed, 2020) Category: Principal judgment Parties: Lainie Wingate (Plaintiff) Robert Lee (Defendant) Representation: Counsel: J L Polese (Plaintiff) M Maconachie (Defendant) Solicitors: CVC Law (Plaintiff) Kells (Defendant) File Number(s): 2019/364077 Publication restriction: No EX TEMPORE Judgment (REVISED) Summary 1. These proceedings concern the ownership of a property at Unanderra near Port Kembla (the Property). Without any disrespect intended, I shall refer to the parties by their given names. 2. The plaintiff (Lainie) and the defendant (Robert) were friends. The precise nature of their friendship is not relevant to the present dispute. In early 2015, they purchased the Property. They sought legal assistance and recorded the basis of that purchase in a "Deed of Agreement" made on 2 April 2015 (the Agreement). An unsigned copy of the Agreement is reproduced as a schedule to these reasons but, for the purposes of this summary, it is sufficient to set out its recitals, which broadly reflect what occurred: "a) Robert and [Lainie] are close friends but are not in any formal relationship. b) Lainie desires to purchase a property, but does not have sufficient resources to obtain a mortgage to purchase the property solely in her own name and Robert has agreed to assist Lainie to purchase the property and become a joint borrower with Lainie and for Robert to provide additional security required by the mortgagee, but subject to the terms of this agreement. c) On 25 February 2015 contracts were exchanged in respect of the purchase of the property known as XX Jenkins Street, Unanderra ("Jenkins St"), being the whole of the properly in Certificate of Title Folio Identifier XX/XXXXX for the consideration of $320,000. d) As at the date of exchange a deposit bond was obtained and a loan of $350,000 has been approved to Robert and Lainie from Suncorp Metway Limited ("the Mortgagee") to complete the purchase price, payment of stamp duty and payment of legal fees. e) The Mortgagee will secure the loan advance by obtaining a registered first mortgage of the property at XX Jenkins Street, Unanderra which will be held by Robert as to 99% share and Lainie as to 1% as tenants in common and XX Barnes Street, Berkeley ("Barnes St") which is solely in Robert's name as registered proprietor. f) As at the date of the making of this agreement, Robert and Lainie propose to use from the loan advanced by Suncorp approximately $30,000 to carry out renovations, repairs and extensions to the property at Jenkins St and that such works will be carried out by Robert. g) The parties agree that Lainie will be the sole occupant of the property at Jenkins St and that the property shall be her principle [sic] place of residence. …" 1. There was no dispute that Robert arranged, undertook and paid for building works on the Property as contemplated by the Agreement (the Works). Unfortunately, the existence of the Agreement has not prevented the parties falling into dispute, with Lainie filing her summons on 10 November 2019. The matter then proceeded on pleadings. 2. By her statement of claim filed on 21 September 2020, Lainie seeks relief, including: "1 A declaration that the oral agreement between the plaintiff and the defendant made in December 2014 and the Deed of Agreement of April 2015 (the Agreement), in relation to the transfer and share of the property located at XX Jenkins Street, Unanderra NSW, being the property more specifically identified as folio XX/XXXXX (the Property), is valid and enforceable. 2 A declaration that the co-ownership of the Property between the Parties has ended. 3 A declaration that the plaintiff is entitled to a 100% interest in the Property, being the sole owner. 4 An order directing the defendant to sign a transfer, to effect the change in ownership of the Property, being that the plaintiff takes sole ownership of the Property, for consideration in the sum of $30,000.00 or another amount which the Court deems just and equitable. 5 In the alternative to the relief sought at 4 above: a. an order pursuant to s 66G (1) Conveyancing Act NSW 1919, that Elizabeth Gonza be appointed as trustee for the sale of the Property; b. Order that the Property vest in Elizabeth Gonza subject to incumbrances affecting the whole of the respective properties but free from incumbrances (if any) affecting any share therein to be held by the said trustees [sic] on the statutory trust for sale under Division 6 of Part 4 of the Conveyancing Act 1919 (NSW); c. Order that the plaintiff's costs be paid out of the proceeds of sale of the Property and that the defendant bear his own costs of the proceedings. 6 Further or in the alternative to order 3 above, a declaration that the Property is held on trust by the Defendant for the Plaintiff." 1. By his cross-claim filed on 5 May 2020, Robert seeks order including: "1. Judgment for the cross-claimant in the sum of $163,695.26. 2. An order that Warren Lloyd Budd and Mark Alexander McDonald be appointed as trustees for sale of the land contained in certificate of title folio identifier XX/XXXX (Property). 3. An order that the Property be vested in the trustees, subject to encumbrances affecting the entirety of the lands but free from encumbrances (if any) affecting any undivided share or shares therein to be held by the said trustees upon statutory trust for sale under Division 6 of Part 4 of the Conveyancing Act 1919. 4. An order that the sum of $163,695.26, or such other amount as the Court determines, be paid out of the proceeds of the sale of the property to the cross-claimant. 5. An order that the costs of the trustees be paid out of the proceeds of the sale of the property." 1. Robert does not assert any beneficial interest in the Property. He does not suggest that he has any entitlement to be reimbursed for his own time undertaking the Works. His only concerns in these proceedings are to recover the amount he says he is entitled to under the Agreement that he has spent on labour and materials for the Works and for his liability as a mortgagor in respect of the Property to be discharged, in particular over his own property at Barnes St. 2. The parties accepted that if Lainie cannot refinance her ownership of the Property, it will have to be sold. She did not dispute that upon either of those things happening, Robert's obligations as mortgagor should be discharged. As the proceedings have evolved, there were only two matters genuinely in dispute requiring resolution by the Court. 3. The first question was whether, on their proper construction, the effect of recital (f) and cl 2(f) of the Agreement was to limit the amount Robert could recover (if he could prove the expenditure) to $30,000. The Court answers that question in the negative for the reasons set out below. In summary, recital (f) is a recital rather than an operative provision, and cl 2(f) is clear in its terms in applying to all expenses in relation to the Works. 4. The second question is the amount which Robert is entitled to recover under the Agreement. He claims "$163,695.26, or such other amount as the Court determines". Proving his claim has been complicated, he says, because Lainie took and has now failed to produce a yellow folder in which he says he kept the relevant invoices and other records of expenditure. 5. Robert adduced expert evidence that the cost of the Works (labour and materials) was $162,424.48 (including a 15% allowance for preliminaries and excluding GST). Lainie had expert evidence supporting a figure of between $61,079.00 (including GST) and $73,193.00 (including GST), although based on different assumptions. 6. As a result of a conclave ordered by the Court, the three experts arrived at a cost of $65,049.00 (including GST), comprising $35,179.00 for labour and $29,870.00 for materials, on a different basis again, being the reasonable cost of a competent builder undertaking the Works. For the reasons set out below, the Court is satisfied that Robert has proven an entitlement under the Agreement to that amount, to which he is entitled out of the proceeds of sale of the Property if Lainie is unable to refinance. 7. Mr J L Polese of Counsel appeared for Lainie. Mr M Maconachie of Counsel appeared for Robert. The parties and the Property 1. Since May 2021, Lainie has been a project administrator in a construction company. Before then, and at the times relevant to these proceedings, she was an accounts administrator for a large seafood wholesaler. 2. Robert has worked as a builder for over 30 years. He has never held a builder's licence, but was qualified by experience, telling the Court that "I've worked with developers and builders alongside the builders, but I worked as a builder as I was qualified equally as the builders that I was working alongside with" (Tcpt, 5 August 2021, p 110(49)–111(1)). 3. Lainie and Robert first met in 2009. From 2010 to 2014, they lived in a property rented by Lainie. In 2014, they moved into Barnes St, being a property owned by Robert. They lived there until their relationship ended in about June 2017, when Lainie moved to her mother's home. 4. There was no dispute that without Robert's involvement, including providing Barnes St as security, Lainie would not have been able to buy a property of her own. They recorded their arrangements in relation to the Property in the Agreement. Clause 3 of the Agreement provided that their arrangement would come to an end during 2016, on a date not later than one year after the purchase of the Property had settled. Why this has not occurred was a matter of contention between the parties which it is not necessary for the Court to resolve. 5. There was ample evidence and no real dispute that between 2015 and 2016, Robert undertook the Works. Lainie does say, however, that some of the Works are defective and that she will have to spend money on both rectifying alleged defects and completing the renovations so that the Property is habitable and can be sold. Construction of the Agreement 1. It is convenient at this point to reproduce recitals (d) to (f) and cl 2 of the Agreement: "d) As at the date of exchange a deposit bond was obtained and a loan of $30,000 has been approved to Robert and Lainie from Suncorp Metway Limited ("the Mortgagee") to complete the purchase price, payment of stamp duty and payment of legal fees. e) The Mortgagee will secure the loan advance by obtaining a registered first mortgage of the property at XX Jenkins Street, Unanderra which will be held by Robert as to 90% share and Lainie as to 1% as tenants in common and XX Barnes Street, Berkeley ("Barnes St") which Is solely in Robert's name as registered proprietor. f) As at the date of the making of this agreement, Robert and Lainie propose to use from toe loan advanced by Suncorp approximately $30,000 to carry out renovations, repairs and extensions to the property at Jenkins St and that such Works will be carried out by Robert. … 2. At all relevant times, and during the period that Robert and Lainie are registered proprietors of Jenkins St irrespective of the share held by the parties as tenants in common, Lainie shall be solely responsible to pay no later than the due date, all expenses in respect of the upkeep and maintenance of the Jenkins St property, including but not limited to the following: a. Any mortgage repayments, including all expenses of the mortgagee imposed as a result of the setting up and continuation of the mortgage; b. All council rates, water rates, if any; c. All land tax liabilities, if any; d. All insurances in respect of any buildings erected or located on the property, and any public liability and/or workers compensation insurance, if any; e. All service charges, if any; f. All expenses in relation to the building works on the property, including but not limited to the cost of any design, all council and building approvals and related expenses, clearing and preparation of land, hire of security barriers, legal services, all water service approvals, and additional mortgage expenses if any. Further, in the event that Lainie, does not pay the mortgage repayments and other expenses including the upkeep and maintenance of Jenkins St property, and Robert makes any payment which Lainie is responsible for, Lainie shall reimburse and indemnify Robert any payment made by Robert within a reasonable time of such payment being made or upon the sale and/or transfer of the Jenkins St property." 1. In his final written submissions, Mr Polese contended that the Agreement should be construed as follows: 1. The parties agreed to allow for $30,000.00 for the Works, of which $17,508.60 is paid out of a small re-finance on the mortgage, paid directly to Robert, which Lainie was responsible for and continued to pay; 2. Recital (f): agreed amount of $30,000.00 for "renovations, repairs and extensions ... and that such works will be carried out by Robert"; 3. Recital (g): Lainie was supposed to be the sole occupant. She has never had the benefit of this; 4. Clause 2: Lainie was to pay for all expenses and maintenance on the Property, including the Works, which were agreed at $30,000.00. Robert would only be reimbursed for expenses and maintenance, to be paid in a reasonable time, or at a sale or transfer; 5. Clauses 3, 4 and 5: Lainie was to have the Property re-financed and transferred to her. This was neither conditional on nor subject to the Defendant being reimbursed or paid for any apparent work first; 6. Clause 6: the Property would be sold if re-finance could not occur; and 7. Clause 7: if a sale were effected, then reimbursement to the Defendant would occur following the sale. 1. In his final written submissions, Mr Maconachie contended that the Agreement should be construed as follows: 1. Recital (f) merely recites a common intention, as at 2 April 2015, that approximately $30,000.00 would be drawn against the Suncorp loan to fund renovations that would be carried out by Robert; 2. Clause 2(a) provides that Lainie is responsible for all mortgage repayments. Given the provisions of recitals (d) and (e), the expression "mortgage repayments" can only refer to the Suncorp loan secured by the mortgages against the Property and Barnes St. The Suncorp loan is the only loan referred to in the Deed; 3. Accordingly, if the only building works contemplated by the parties were to be paid for from funds drawn against the Suncorp loan, Lainie would be responsible for those costs through her repayments of the loan; 4. It was clearly contemplated that there would likely be building costs other than those contemplated in recital (f), and that Robert was entitled to be reimbursed for any out of pocket expenses he incurred in relation to those other works. There is no other reason for cl 2(f) to have been included in the Agreement; 5. Those building works, to be paid otherwise than from the Suncorp loan, were not the subject of any estimate or upper limit. That is unsurprising given that the Agreement was entered into prior to settlement of the purchase of the Property, which occurred on 8 April 2015. 1. I accept Mr Maconachie's submissions and add these further reasons. 2. Recital (f) is in terms a recital rather than an operative clause. It sets out what Lainie and Robert proposed to do "[a]s at the date of the making of this agreement". It contains no express language purporting to limit the cost of the work to $30,000.00. It is no more or less than a statement of their present intention as at the date of the Agreement. 3. Clause 2, by its subclauses, extends what Lainie is responsible to pay as "all expenses in respect of the upkeep and maintenance of" the Property. In my respectful view, "all expenses in relation to the building works on the [P]roperty" (emphases added) in cl 2(f) means exactly that. It is not limited to $30,000.00 and its scope is extended to include the balance of the items listed in cl 2(f). 4. There are three further points to be made in relation to construction. 5. First, there can be no doubt that "the building works" in cl 2(f) are the "works which will be carried out by Robert" referred to in recital (f), which phrase itself refers back to "renovations, repairs and extension to the [P]roperty" earlier in that recital. 6. Second, giving the expression "all expenses" at the start of cl 2(f) a very wide meaning is consistent with the clear context of the Agreement read as a whole: the Property was to be Lainie's alone and Robert was getting nothing out of carrying out the Works. Read in its entirety, it is obvious from the Agreement that Robert was not to be left out of pocket in relation to any aspect of his participation in the Agreement. 7. Third, writing about often used terms such as "in relation to" in Perry Herzfeld and Thomas Prince, Interpretation (Thomson Reuters, 2nd ed, 2020) at [4.350], the learned authors provide this summary (citations omitted): "where expressions such as … "in relation to" … are used, a broad connection, not necessarily causal, is generally sufficient but the degree of connection is required is determined by the context". 1. The context to which I have referred in [26] reinforces the conclusion that the degree of connection connoted by "in relation to" between "all expenses" and "the building works" was to be understood expansively. On any view, the cost of labour and materials for the Works are expenses well within the requisite degree of connection and they are not limited to $30,000.00. The yellow folder 1. In turning to consider the amount to which Robert may be entitled under the Agreement, it is necessary, first, to deal with what came to be referred to as "the yellow folder". Robert's case on the quantum of his reimbursement depended on his word alone. He had no contemporaneous documents or lay witnesses to corroborate his claim. His case depended on expert evidence which assumed the truth of Robert's instructions as to what he had done and how long it had taken. 2. Mr Polese submitted that in the absence of primary records the Court should find Robert had failed to prove his entitlement to any amount under the Agreement. Mr Maconachie submitted that Robert's records that would have substantiated his claim (and which were said to include a diary recording the time taken by tradespeople on various tasks which was then reflected in the amount they were paid in cash by reference to an hourly rate) were contained in a yellow folder that had been taken by Lainie and which she had failed to produce in answer to various interlocutory requests. He submitted that the issue of quantification should, therefore, be resolved against Lainie by accepting Robert's evidence of a figure higher than Lainie's experts, because it was her misconduct that had made it so difficult for Robert to prove his loss. That submission invited the Court to draw at least an analogy with the old case of Armory v Delamirie (1722) 1 Stra 505; 93 ER 664 (Armory). A modern example of its application is the decision of Hodgson J (as his Honour then was) in LJP Investments Pty Ltd v Howard Chia Investments Pty Ltd (1989) 24 NSWLR 499. 3. Because I would have come to the same view as to quantum, irrespective of the applicability of the principle in Armory, it is not strictly necessary for me to decide the issue of the fate of the yellow folder. However, in case the matter goes further, I will briefly explain why I would find, if it were necessary, that there was a yellow folder of records that would have assisted Robert, which was taken by Lainie and has not been produced by her: 1. Irrespective of whatever trust they may have had in each other when their friendship was flourishing, I am satisfied as a matter of inherent likelihood that: 1. As an accounts administrator, Lainie would have asked Robert (as he says she did) to keep accounts, invoices and other records to substantiate what was being spent on the Works; and 2. For his own protection, Robert would have kept such records, knowing that under the Agreement he would not be reimbursed until the Property was refinanced or sold, if Lainie had not paid him in the meantime as expenses were incurred. 1. I accept the evidence of three independent witnesses called by Robert that in June 2017, on a day when Robert was not there, they saw Lainie at Barnes St removing papers, including, according to two of them, a yellow folder. 2. I have serious reservations leading to an adverse view about Lainie's credit on this issue for two reasons: 1. She initially did no more than in a responsive affidavit deny Robert's evidence about the yellow folder. Her evidence was that Robert just kept her in the dark about what he was spending and would not give her any information in reply to her requests. However, in the witness box, she said that they had at least discussed the Works to be undertaken and accepted she went to the Property from time to time. In addition to the inconsistency, I find it incredible that she would not have kept an eye on expenditure or that she would have tolerated Robert refusing to give her information. Furthermore, there is no credible reason why Robert would have withheld such information; and 2. Photographic evidence emerged of a yellow folder at the Property on 7 April 2020 (when Robert's expert witness inspected the Property). Robert said that the folder in the photos was the folder of his documents. Lainie admitted that she had removed such a folder from the Property, but said that it only had a few personal documents in it. She produced that folder to the Court. The difficulty for Lainie is that the folder in the photographs is bulging open with papers, whereas what she produced to the Court was not. Her steadfast assertion, contrary to the visual evidence, that what she had produced was the same as what was in the photo (and irrespective of whatever its contents may have been) leads me to an adverse view of her credit, in particular in relation to the issue of the yellow folder. The expert evidence as to quantum 1. Robert called Dr John Cunniffe, an accredited building consultant. His qualifications were impressive as recorded in his affidavit: "2. I am a licensed Builder (NSW Builder's Licence No XXXXXX), an accredited building consultant with the Master Builders Association (No XXXXX), and a member of the Australian Society of Building Consultants (No XXX), and the Society of Construction Law Australia. 3. I have over 15 years' experience in the building and construction industries, and hold a Certificate III in Carpentry, a Certificate IV in Building and Construction, a Certificate IV in Workplace Health and Safety, and a Certificate IV in Training and Assessment. I am qualified to provide opinion on building defects and building related matter, in that I am a Licenced Builder and have successfully completed 84 building projects to date. My construction pathway began as a labourer, carpenter, site supervisor, project manager, general manager, Licensed Builder, and now as a building consultant." 1. Dr Cunniffe assumed what works had been done in accordance with instructions provided by Robert (noting in his expert report that "no plans, project diary, quotes, invoices or receipts have been produced"). He also inspected the Property. He applied his experience by reference to the Cordell Housing Building Construction Cost Guide for 2015 to cost the individual items, activities and times that he had assumed. His figure for "what those works would have cost [Robert] (in 2015 terms) in terms of materials and labour hire to complete" (to quote his task from his letter of instructions) was $162,424.48 (including 15% for preliminaries, but exclusive of GST). 2. Lainie called two experts. The first was Mr Tony Bean, a semi-retired quantity surveyor. While he is a member of the Australian Institute of Quantity Surveyors, by his own admission in his curriculum vitae Mr Bean explained that "he has gained his qualifications by experience and his knowledge has been gained by doing the job." His view was that the "commercial value of the works completed to date" was $61,079.00 (including GST). He stated in cross-examination that he had not been prepared to allow for work he considered as having been inefficient or unproductive. 3. Lainie's second expert was Mr Mark Colecliffe, an experienced licenced builder and building inspector. He valued the Works at $73,193.00 (including GST) if they had been undertaken as a continuous contract. This last point is important because it was Robert's undisputed evidence that he had arranged for the Works to be done sporadically, on an ad hoc basis when he could find tradespeople who had openings between other jobs. The experts agreed this approach led to inefficiencies with the overall job taking longer if done that way, in contrast to being undertaken in a coordinated, continuous fashion. That, if I may respectfully say so, accords with common sense. 4. Finally, the Court directed the experts to meet in conclave. They produced a joint report. In that report, they addressed the question of the reasonable cost of a competent builder doing what Robert said had been done. This is to be contrasted with the ad hoc way in which the Works had been done, including resulting in what they all agreed were some imperfect outcomes. The approach in the joint report was explained by Dr Cunniffe during the concurrent evidence (Tcpt, 6 August 2021, p 206(20–25)): "I think we wrestled with the costings that I had allowed in my work, because I was going off instructions of what Mr Lee — the time it took to do certain things, and my colleagues sort of came back to me with, well, you know, a competent builder would have done that in a much shorter time. So, I ended up going with that approach." The joint report arrived at a cost for the Works of $65,049.00 (including GST) comprising $35,179.00 for labour and $29,870.00 for materials. Quantum — Consideration 1. As I have noted above, Mr Maconachie urged that I should apply the principle in Armory to adopt the figure most favourable to Robert. Armory was an action in trover where a chimney sweeper's boy found a jewel and took it to a goldsmith. The goldsmith's apprentice took the jewel out of its setting and would not return it. The nominate report records: "As to the value of the jewel several of the trade were examined to prove what a jewel of the finest water that would fit the socket would be worth; and the Chief Justice directed the jury, that unless the defendant did produce the jewel, and show it not to be of the finest water, they should presume the strongest against him, and make the value of the best jewels the measure of their damages: which they accordingly did." 1. What needs to be borne firmly in mind is that, ultimately, the Court must be actually satisfied on the balance of probabilities of a fact, in this case that fact being the amount Robert actually expended on labour and materials for the Works. In the present case, if that fact is to be found, it must be inferred from the expert evidence. 2. For the reasons which follow, the Court is so satisfied and finds that Robert spent the amounts identified in the experts' joint report. I am unable to reach the requisite state of satisfaction for any greater amount. This would have been the result irrespective of whether the principle in Armory applied (by reason of Lainie having taken and not produced the yellow folder as referred to in [30]), but, in what follows, I shall at least begin with Armory. 3. Armory offers a "rule" of evaluating evidence and not a rule of substantive law: James Edelman, McGregor on Damages (Sweet & Maxwell, 21st ed, 2021) at [10-008]. To use the language of the nominate report, it involves a presumption. Even in a case where an Armory presumption may be available, the Court's task in considering evidence remains subject to issues such as plausibility, reliability and the need for the Court to be actually satisfied on the balance of probabilities. It does not require the automatic or unthinking acceptance by the Court of a figure that has been propounded by a claimant as being most favourable to that claimant. Mr Maconachie, with respect correctly, did not suggest otherwise. 4. The concept of actual persuasion was elucidated by Emmett J (as his Honour then was) in Warner v Hung, in the matter of Bellpac Pty Ltd (Receivers and managers appointed) (In liq) (No 2) (2011) 297 ALR 56; [2011] FCA 1123 at [48]: "Under s 140(2) of the Evidence Act 1995 (Cth) (the Evidence Act), the Court must, in deciding whether it is satisfied that a case has been proved to the requisite standard, take into account: ● the nature of the cause of action or defence; ● the nature of the subject matter of the proceeding; and ● the gravity of the matters alleged. When proof of any fact is required, the Court must feel an actual persuasion of the occurrence or existence of that fact before it can be found. Mere mechanical comparison of probabilities, independent of any belief in reality, cannot justify the finding of a fact. Actual persuasion is achieved where the affirmative of an allegation is made out to the reasonable satisfaction of the Court. However, reasonable satisfaction is not a state of mind that is attained or established independently of the nature and consequences of the fact to be proved. The seriousness of an allegation made, the inherent unlikelihood of an occurrence of a given description, and the gravity of the consequences flowing from a particular finding are considerations that must affect whether the fact has been proved to the reasonable satisfaction of the Court. Reasonable satisfaction should not be produced by inexact proofs, indefinite testimony or indirect inferences (see Briginshaw v Briginshaw [1938] HCA 34; (1938) 60 CLR 336 at 361-2)." 1. There are four reasons why, even if one starts with Armory, I do not consider that it is applicable to the present case by analogy or otherwise so as to justify the Court in finding for the higher figure propounded on behalf of Robert. 2. First, the evidence in this case is not comparable with what occurred in Armory. In that case, the measure of damage was determined by evidence as to the value of the best quality jewel that would have fitted in the setting. This gave the Court the benefit of what might be called an objective standard. Here, there is no such element of objectivity because Dr Cunniffe's report assumes Robert's evidence, in particular his instructions of how long tradespeople worked on particular tasks. In my respectful view, if the Court is to have an objective standard to measure damages, it is provided by the experts' joint evidence as to what a reasonably competent builder would have expended and taken in time to undertake the Works. 3. Second, it is of great concern to the Court in assessing Robert's case that, notwithstanding the lack of the material in the yellow folder, he could not call anyone and was unable to provide any other form of proof at all, whether it be bank statements, credit card records or the like to substantiate his claims. It may be accepted that he had his reasons for doing everything in cash, but in cases such as this, when proof is required, it is often the consequence that a Court cannot readily accept, in the absence of any other form of corroborative evidence at all, a statement that a particular amount of cash has been paid. For example, in some cases cash payments can be proven by submitting that the Court can infer them from bank statements which show the withdrawal of the cash from a bank account at the time of the alleged payment. Robert could not even do that because his evidence was he used cash he had received from other jobs. Nor could he call even one of the tradespeople whom he had employed. 4. In making the observations in the preceding paragraph, I have not overlooked Robert's evidence that at least with some of the tradespeople his relationships have soured, but that is no excuse. Such people and their records could have been subpoenaed, if necessary. He also said he had lost contact with others. However it may be expressed, and unfortunately for his case, Robert's complete inability to provide any form of corroborative evidence, even allowing for the loss of the material in the yellow folder, is a matter which makes it difficult for the Court to accept unreservedly his evidence as to what he says was done or, in particular, how long he says things took which was reflected in the costs that he paid the various tradespeople. 5. Third, five or so years have passed between the Works being undertaken and Robert preparing his evidence and instructing his expert. By Robert's own admission, the Works were undertaken in an ad hoc fashion, a day or two here or there. This gives the Court further genuine concern, without wishing in any way to be critical of Robert, as to the reliability of his recollection. It is the experience of courts, particularly in a bitter dispute such as the present, that even an honest witness doing their best to tell the truth may well exaggerate or have an incomplete memory. The acrimony or even just the frustration or annoyance of a litigant that accompanies litigation of this kind to recover funds said to be owed is not conducive to a completely reliable recollection. 6. The Court's doubts particularly turn on Robert being able to recollect some years later how long particular tradespeople worked in a sporadic fashion on particular tasks from time to time. I am not suggesting that Robert was in any way being deliberately dishonest. However, given the passage of time, and the ad hoc or intermittent way in which the Works were undertaken, I am unable to be satisfied to the requisite degree that the full amount he claims, as calculated by Dr Cunniffe, was paid. 7. Fourth, and perhaps it is only a minor point, Robert's evidence was that he did not pay all the tradespeople and that no one was still chasing him for payment from that group to whom he may have owed money. He is only entitled to recover what the Court finds he has, in fact, expended. This entirely proper concession casts some further doubt on the overall reliability of the evidence on which Dr Cunniffe has based his calculations. 8. For these reasons, the Court is unable to be actually satisfied to the requisite degree that the amount expended by Robert is any more than the amount arrived at by the experts in their joint report. Defects 1. Part of Lainie's claim was for a sum of money that her experts had determined would be necessary to pay to remediate what were said to be defects in the Works and to complete the renovation of the Property to render it habitable and able to be sold. Mr Polese argued, in a way which, with respect, was not entirely clear, that the Court should set-off or make some adjustment in respect of those amounts against whatever it may be satisfied was owed to Robert. 2. I am unable to identify any principled basis on which that could be done. If there are defects to be remedied, and if there is work to be done to complete the Property, whether or not she chooses to do so is entirely a matter for Lainie. Because there is no dispute that the Property is beneficially entirely hers, whatever she chooses to spend in that regard will inure to her benefit upon sale. 3. I do not understand the legal or equitable basis on which it could be said that any costs for allegedly defective or additional works could be visited on Robert, given that the parties' rights are entirely determined by the Agreement. Even in a Court-ordered sale by trustees, adjustments ordered by the Court must reflect the parties' rights at law or in equity. The Court is not persuaded that there is any such basis in respect of either remedying alleged defects or completing the renovation of the Property. Conclusion 1. The parties will be given an opportunity to agree upon short minutes to give effect to these reasons and as to costs. In particular, if Lainie cannot refinance, I have urged the parties to attempt to agree upon a regime for sale that will save them the costs of the appointment of trustees for sale. However, if they are unable to reach agreement on that point, then the Court will appoint independent trustees for sale of the Property, enter judgment for Robert in the amount to which the Court has found he is entitled under the Agreement, and give directions that he be paid that amount out of the proceeds of sale. ********** Wingate v Lee Deed of Agreement (211132, pdf) Amendments 20 October 2021 - Deed of Agreement attached to judgment DISCLAIMER - Every effort has been made to comply with suppression orders or statutory provisions prohibiting publication that may apply to this judgment or decision. The onus remains on any person using material in the judgment or decision to ensure that the intended use of that material does not breach any such order or provision. Further enquiries may be directed to the Registry of the Court or Tribunal in which it was generated. Decision last updated: 20 October 2021