Supreme Court New South Wales Medium Neutral Citation: Semitecolos v Semitecolos [2021] NSWSC 1508 Hearing dates: 20 - 21 October 2021 Date of orders: 23 November 2021 Decision date: 23 November 2021 Jurisdiction: Equity Before: Hallen J Decision: The Court: (1) Directs the parties, within 10 days, to provide to the Court in hard and soft copy, Short Minutes of Order that reflect these reasons (2) Orders that the proceedings be stood over for directions at 2:00 p.m. on Wednesday, 8 December 2021 to enable the determination of costs Catchwords: SUCCESSION – Construction of deceased's Will - Administration - Effect of testamentary dispositions - Whether direction to pay debts and testamentary expenses displaces s 46C(2) of the Probate and Administration Act 1898 or whether the section inapplicable because of terms of the Will SUCCESSION – Family Provision – Claim by adult child of the deceased for provision under Ch 3 of the Succession Act – No dispute as to eligibility under s 57(1)(c) of the Act – Provision made for Plaintiff in the last Will of the deceased – No competing financial claim of the Defendant, and his sister, both of whom are also adult children of the deceased – Whether the Plaintiff was left without adequate provision for his proper maintenance and advancement in life – Whether an order for provision should be made for his proper maintenance and advancement in life and, if so, in what amount – Provision to be made for the Plaintiff in lieu of the provision made for him in the deceased's Will Legislation Cited: Civil Procedure Act 2005 (NSW) s 60 Conveyancing Act 1919 (NSW) s 145 Probate and Administration Act 1898 (NSW) ss 46, 46C, 86 Succession Act 2006 (NSW) ss 57-61, 63, 84, 88 Cases Cited: Blendell v Blendell [2020] NSWCA 154 Blendell v Byrne [2019] NSWSC 583 Borebor v Keane (2013) 11 ASTLR 96; [2013] VSC 35 Bowditch v NSW Trustee and Guardian [2012] NSWSC 275 Bowyer v Wood (2007) 99 SASR 190; [2007] SASC 327 Burke v Burke (No 2) [2015] NSWCA 195 Chapple v Wilcox [2014] 87 NSWLR 646; [2014] NSWCA 392 Ebert v Healey [1969] 2 NSWR 68 Estate of Aspasia Kandros [2019] NSWSC 757 Foley v Ellis [2008] NSWCA 288 Fulton v Fulton [2014] NSWSC 619 Gorton v Parks (1989) 17 NSWLR 1 Heyward v Fisher (Court of Appeal (NSW), Kirby P, 26 April 1985, unrep) Ibrahim v Nasr [2021] NSWSC 1321 Joyce v Cam (2004) 12 BPR 22, 231; [2004] NSWSC 621 Kay v Archbold [2008] NSWSC 254 Limberger v Limberger; Oakman v Limberger [2021] NSWSC 474 McKenzie v Topp [2004] VSC 90 North v Daniel [2021] NSWSC 828 Pontifical Society for the Propagation of the Faith v Scales (1962) 107 CLR 9 Re Healey Deceased; Ebert v Healey [1968] 2 NSWR 35 Sgro v Thompson [2017] NSWCA 326 Singer v United Israel Appeal Refugee Relief Fund & Ors [2013] NSWSC 1035 Smith v Johnson [2015] NSWCA 297 Steinmetz v Shannon (2019) 99 NSWLR 687; [2019] NSWCA 114 Sung v Malaxos [2015] NSWSC 186 Thomas v Pickering; Byrne v Pickering [2011] NSWSC 572 Tobin v Ezekiel (2012) 83 NSWLR 757; [2012] NSWCA 285 Verzar v Verzar [2012] NSWSC 1380 Yee v Yee [2017] NSWCA 305 Category: Principal judgment Parties: Ven John Semitecolos (Plaintiff) Jason Troy Semitecolos (Defendant) Representation: Counsel: C Simpson (Plaintiff) D Moujalli (Defendant) Solicitors: Somerville Laundry Lomax Solicitors (Plaintiff) Piper Alderman (Defendant) File Number(s): 2020/214394 Publication restriction: Nil Judgment Introduction 1. This is yet another case, involving two adult siblings, both children of the deceased, who are prepared to incur a significant amount, by way of costs, rather than coming to a resolution of the proceedings. Mercifully, it is not a case in which a major issue revolved around the character and conduct of the applicant, his relationship with the deceased, and the deceased's views of the relationship. 2. John Valerios Semitecolos (the deceased) died on 3 April 2019, aged 89. He left surviving him three, now adult, children being the Plaintiff, Ven John Semitecolos, Maria Jacqueline De Girolamo, who is a beneficiary named in the Will dated 1 February 2018, and Jason Troy Semitecolos, the Defendant and the executor named in that Will. The deceased's wife, Maureen, who was the mother of the three children, died in April 2012. 3. This Court granted Probate of the deceased's Will to the Defendant on 16 September 2020. 4. Without intending to convey undue familiarity or disrespect, and for clarity and convenience, I shall refer, hereafter, to the parties, and family members, after introduction, by the name used by the family members. 5. Ven filed a Summons on 22 July 2020. There is no dispute that it was not filed within the time prescribed by the Succession Act 2006 (NSW) (the Act) (that is, not later than 12 months after the date of the death of the deceased): s 58(2) of the Act. He filed, and at the hearing moved on, an amended Summons, filed on 4 December 2020, in which he sought the following relief: "1. An order pursuant to section 58(2) of the Succession Act 2006 (NSW) extending the time for the making of the Plaintiff's application herein up to and including 22 July 2020. 2. An order that provision be made for the Plaintiff's maintenance, education and advancement in life pursuant to s 59 of the Succession Act 2006 (NSW) out of the estate and/or notional estate of the late John Valerious Semitecolos, Port Macquarie, NSW, the date of death being 3 April 2019. 3. An order under Part 3.3 of the Succession Act 2006 (NSW) designating as notional estate such property as the evidence may disclose. 4. That the Plaintiff's costs of these proceedings be paid out of the estate of the late John Valerious Semitecolos. 5. A declaration that, on the true construction of the will of the late John Valerious Semitecolos dated 1 February 2018 and in accordance with section 46C and Part 2 of the Third Schedule of the Probate and Administration Act 1898 (NSW), all funeral, testamentary and administrative expenses, debts and liabilities of the estate are to be paid from the balance of the estate referred to in clause 6(c) of the said will. 6. Such other orders or directions as the Court deems fit." 1. It will be necessary to deal with most of the claims for relief as there were different views as to the way in which the case should be decided. (It should be noted that Ven's claim is actually for additional provision as he receives provision out of the estate of the deceased.) 2. The pandemic necessitated a remote hearing, with the use of video technology and electronic document handling software. This required co-operation, planning, and flexibility, on the part of all involved. The hearing was set down for two days and was completed within that time, even though extended hearing times, in some other cases, have occurred because of remote hearings necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic. 3. For the most part, the legal representatives endeavoured to manage the hearing, with the object of resolving the real issues between the parties in such a way that the cost to the parties was proportionate to the importance and complexity of the subject-matter in dispute: Civil Procedure Act 2005 (NSW) s 60. Even so, as will be read, substantial costs have been incurred on both sides. Some formal matters not in dispute 1. Section 57(1) of the Act provides that "eligible persons" may apply to the Court for a family provision order in respect of the estate of a deceased person. As a child of the deceased, Ven is an eligible person within s 57(1)(c) of the Act. The language of the subsection is expressive of the person's status, regardless of age, as well as his, or her, relationship to the deceased. It is not necessary that the child be a dependant at the time of the deceased's death in order to be an eligible person under this head of eligibility (as dependency is not an element of the definition of an "eligible person" in s 57(1)(c) of the Act). 2. However, under s 60(2) of the Act, relevantly for the purposes of the present case, the Court may consider, on the question whether to make a family provision order and the nature of any such order, "… (k) whether the applicant was being maintained, either wholly or partly, by the deceased person before the deceased person's death and, if the Court considers it relevant, the extent to which and the basis on which the deceased person did so …". This factor, however, will not be relevant, in the case of a child of the deceased, to the question whether the applicant is an eligible person. 3. As the deceased dealt with all of his estate in his Will, there is no scope for the operation of the intestacy rules, with the result that it is only necessary, hereafter, to refer to the Will of the deceased. 4. A family provision order may be made in relation to property that is not part of the deceased's estate, but is designated as "notional estate" of the deceased by an order under Pt 3.3 of the Act: s 63(5) of the Act. "Notional estate" of a deceased person is defined in s 3(1) of the Act to mean property designated by a notional estate order as notional estate of the deceased person. "Notional estate order" means an order made by the Court under Ch 3 of the Act, designating property specified in the order as notional estate of a deceased person. A person's rights are extinguished to the extent that they are affected by a notional estate order: s 84 of the Act. 5. Although there is some property that may be able to be designated as notional estate, the Court must not make a notional estate order unless it is satisfied that (a) the deceased person left no estate, or (b) the deceased person's estate is insufficient for the making of the family provision order, or any order as to costs, that the Court is of the opinion should be made, or (c) provision should not be made wholly out of the deceased person's estate because there are other persons entitled to apply for family provision orders, or because there are special circumstances: s 88 of the Act. 6. Counsel agreed that the value of the actual estate of the deceased, on any view, is sufficient for the making of any family provision order, and any order for costs, that may be made for Ven: Tcpt, 20 October 2021, p 03(35)-04(01). 7. The only eligible persons are the three children of the deceased. Jason is a party to the proceedings, whilst Maria has been served with a notice of the application, and of the Court's power to disregard her interests in the manner and form prescribed by the regulations or rules of court: s 61 of the Act. She has not brought any claim for additional provision out of the deceased's estate. 8. As will be read, each of the children of the deceased is a beneficiary named in the Will of the deceased. (Perhaps, this demonstrates that the deceased had given consideration to whether some provision ought to be made on his death for each of the children.) 9. Neither Maria nor Jason, as a beneficiary, has advanced her, or his, financial circumstances, as a competing claimant, on the bounty of the deceased. In respect of a beneficiary who chooses not to adduce evidence of her, or his, financial circumstances, the Court may infer that she, or he, has sufficient resources to meet her, or his, financial needs, whatever they might be, but must nevertheless assess the competing claims of the beneficiary as the chosen object of the deceased's bounty: Tobin v Ezekiel (2012) 83 NSWLR 757; [2012] NSWCA 285 at [94] (Meagher JA, Basten and Campbell JJA agreeing); see also Blendell v Byrne [2019] NSWSC 583 at [113]–[118] and on appeal, Blendell v Blendell [2020] NSWCA 154 at [17] and [42]. 10. Jason has given evidence of his competing claim, otherwise, on the bounty of the deceased. He did confirm, however, that he had received a lump sum of $500,000 from the deceased (to which reference was made in the deceased's Will). 11. The Act specifically provides that the interests of a beneficiary cannot be disregarded, even though he, or she, has not made a claim: s 61(1) of the Act. A beneficiary is entitled to rely upon the terms of the deceased's Will and his, or her, competing claim, respectively, as a chosen object of the deceased's testamentary bounty. Maria, however, has played no part in the proceedings. 12. As executor, Jason does not seek any commission, or percentage, for his pains and trouble as is just and reasonable, out of the estate of the deceased pursuant to s 86 of the Probate and Administration Act 1898 (NSW). Background Facts 1. It is next convenient to set out some other facts that are not in dispute. To the extent that any of them are identified as being in dispute, the facts stated should be regarded as the findings of the Court. 2. The deceased was born in Greece and migrated to Australia, settling at Port Macquarie, on the mid-north coast of NSW. He and his brother, Peter, ran a milk bar/delicatessen there. 3. Ven was born in January 1957 and is now almost 65 years old. Maria was born in June 1961 and is now 60 years old. Jason was born in July 1971 and is now 50 years old. 4. The family lived in rented accommodation in Port Macquarie until about 1967, by which time they had saved enough to build a house there (which house, thereafter, remained the family home, currently being the principal asset of the estate). 5. In about 1970, the deceased and Peter sold the milk bar and the deceased and his family went to Greece for a holiday. Upon his return to Port Macquarie, the deceased worked as a labourer and then established a "pinball parlour" business in Port Macquarie, which was initially quite successful. Subsequently, he purchased the interest of his business partner, and acquired the freehold premises in which the business was conducted. 6. Ven completed Year 12 at Port Macquarie High School in about 1974. He then undertook a diploma of fine arts at Newcastle College of Advanced Education which he did not complete. He then returned to Port Macquarie. 7. In about 1979, he and Maria opened a retail surf shop in Port Macquarie. The premises of the shop were owned by Peter. Ven and Maria were not required to pay rent for the storefront for 6 years. There was a dispute whether this was because the deceased had loaned Peter money for the construction of the block of shops, where the surf shop was located, and the brothers had agreed that the rent free use was in exchange for the deceased's loan. As I am not satisfied that any such arrangement, between the brothers, has been established, it is unnecessary to take this matter further. The business was sold in about 1988. Ven received about $80,000 as his share of the proceeds of sale. 8. In 1988, Ven married Karen Baz. They had two children together, being Emily, who was born in 1989 and John, who was born in 1992. They lived in, or near, Port Macquarie, until the marriage broke down, irretrievably, in 2008. 9. After he sold the surf shop, Ven worked in other forms of employment until, in 1996, at the request of the deceased, he started working for the deceased in the pinball parlour. He says that he worked long hours for little pay. By this time, the business was in long term decline, as a result of the growth of electronic, and digital, home amusement technology. 10. Jason, at about this time, was studying at Oxford University. He lived in the United Kingdom until about late 2003 or early 2004: Tcpt, 20 October 2021, p 71(05). Upon his return to Australia, Jason lived in Sydney until about 2009. Subsequently, he moved to Port Macquarie to live with his mother and the deceased. 11. In around mid-2010, the deceased closed the pinball parlour business and leased the freehold of the property to a third party. Thereafter, Ven completed a certificate in assistance nursing and worked in aged care. 12. Between about August 2011 and February 2015, Ven lived in Alstonville, a town in the Northern Rivers area of New South Wales. He began working as a Lifestyle Co-ordinator at Maronoa Baptist Care. During this time, he would visit the deceased at least every three months. 13. The deceased's wife died in April 2012. 14. In around February 2015, Ven received a telephone call from the deceased who told him that Jason had pushed him to the ground and that he feared continuing to live with him. Ven also stated that the deceased told him (and Maria) that he slept with a knife under his pillow due to his fear of Jason: Affidavit, Ven John Semitecolos, 11 September 2020 at par 89 and Tcpt, 20 October 2021, p 48(07-09) and p 48(36-38). Jason denied that he had pushed the deceased and also that the deceased had slept with a knife. 15. Shortly after the alleged incident, Ven left his job and moved back to Port Macquarie to live with the deceased and Jason. In cross-examination, he stated that he never saw any knife: Tcpt, 20 October 2021, p 48(15-17). He also confirmed, in cross-examination, that during the 6 weeks he was living with the deceased, he did not see any "abuse from Jason directed towards [his] father": Tcpt, 20 October 2021, p 46(09-11). 16. Bearing in mind the terms of the deceased's Will, to which I shall refer, even if the event occurred, apparently, it was not sufficiently serious to impact upon the deceased's testamentary intentions. 17. After 6 weeks, Ven moved to Woodburn, a small town, about 34 kilometres south of Lismore, with his daughter and her partner. He stated that, whilst he was living there, he continued to visit the deceased, but it became more difficult as Jason prevented him, and Maria, from staying at the deceased's home, a matter which Jason disputed, and which was not the subject of evidence from Maria (who had given no evidence in the proceedings). Again, I am not satisfied that Jason prevented Ven's visits, although it is likely that the relationship between the two brothers was not harmonious. 18. The deceased and Ven would talk regularly on the phone, at least fortnightly and sometimes weekly. 19. In or around October 2018, the deceased was diagnosed with cancer. After his diagnosis, Jason cared for the deceased. He arranged doctors' appointments, bought groceries, assisted with household chores, and assisted with paying bills. As the deceased's cancer progressed, Jason became the deceased's full-time carer until his death. The Deceased's Will 1. As stated, the deceased left a duly executed Will dated 1 February 2018. Relevantly, the Will provided for the revocation of all former Wills (Clause 1) and appointed Jason as the sole executor of the Will and trustee of the deceased's estate (Clause 5). 2. Because of the dispute between the parties as to the construction, and the claim for additional provision made by Ven, it is necessary to repeat Clause 6 and Clause 9 of the deceased's Will verbatim: "6. I GIVE all of my estate to my Trustee: (a) To pay all debts, legacies, funeral and testamentary expenses and any death, estate or succession duties; (b) To divide the remaining proceeds of any bank accounts held in my name at the date of my death equally between my said son VEN JOHN SEMITECOLOS and my daughter MARIA JACQUELINE DE GIROLAMO; (c) To give the balance of my estate remaining to my said son JASON TROY SEMITECOLOS, the balance of my estate includes but is not limited to: (i) Any real estate I own, in Australia and Greece; (ii) Any motor vehicle I own; (iii) My firearm collection, accessories, safe and coin collection; (iv) The proceeds from any debts owed to me; (v) The contents of my safes; (vi) The contents of the home I am residing in at the date of my death, along with my gardening tools/instruments/machinery; and (vii) Any and all other personal property belonging to me. … 9. IN MAKING THIS MY WILL I acknowledge and disclose that I have considered that: (a) I live with my said son JASON TROY SEMITECOLOS, he is my carer, I love and trust him and we share a special bond. (b) At the time of making this Will I have advanced money to my three (3) children as follows: (i) The sum of five hundred thousand dollars ($500,000.00) to my said son JASON TROY SEMITECOLOS; (ii) The sum of sixty one thousand dollars ($61,000.00) to my daughter MARIA JACQUELINE DE GIROLAMO; and (iii) The sum of sixty one thousand dollars ($61,000.00) to my said son VEN JOHN SEMITECOLOS." 1. The gifts of money referred to in Clause 9(b) of the Will were given between about 2016 and 2018. The source of the money for the gifts was the proceeds of sale of the freehold premises on which the deceased had operated the pinball parlour business: Tcpt, 20 October 2021, p 74(46). 2. Although I shall return to the topic later in these reasons, the question of construction raised in the amended Summons relates to how the payment of all debts, legacies, funeral and testamentary expenses and any death, estate or succession duties should be borne. 3. Jason submits that they should be paid out of the proceeds of any bank accounts held in the deceased's name at the date of the deceased's death, before distribution of what remains equally to Ven and Maria. Ven submits that they should be paid out of the balance of the deceased's estate. Interestingly, both refer to the use of the word "remaining" in each sub-clause. 4. I shall return to the construction of the deceased's Will later in these reasons. The nature and value of the deceased's estate 1. On 15 September 2021, the Court directed the parties to provide, in hard and soft copy, an agreed schedule that contained: 1. the assets and liabilities of the estate at the date of death; 2. the assets and liabilities of the estate at the date of the schedule; 3. the estimated costs and expenses of any property that is to be sold; 4. the estimated costs of each party calculated on the ordinary, and on the indemnity, basis, inclusive of GST; and 5. any costs of any party that have been paid, and in relation to the Defendants, whether those costs have been paid out of the estate of the deceased. 1. I have taken what follows from the Agreed Schedule, which was marked, without objection, Ex JS1, and from discussions with counsel during the course of the hearing. (I have omitted, and shall continue to omit, any reference to cents. This will explain any apparent arithmetical miscalculation.) 2. The deceased's estate at the date of death comprised real property located in Port Macquarie ($460,000), cash in bank accounts ($16,358, $657,914 and $1), a debt of Penny Page (the subject of contested proceedings in the District Court) ($333,396), a motor vehicle ($1,800), firearms ($7,790), household goods ($5,000), a nominal amount in cash, a health fund refund and one third interest in land in Greece (combined totalling $359). The gross total of the deceased's estate, at the date of death, was estimated to be $1,482,620. 3. The deceased's estate, at the date of the schedule, comprised the real property in Port Macquarie ($837,500), cash in the Defendant's solicitor's trust account ($512,490), a motor vehicle ($1,800), firearms ($7,790), household goods ($5,000), a debt of Penny Page (estimated by the Plaintiff to be $266,631 and estimated by the Defendant to be $166,631), a nominal amount in cash, a health fund refund and a one third interest in land in Greece (combined totalling $359). The gross value of the deceased's estate was estimated to be $1,631,571 by the Plaintiff and $1,531,571 by the Defendant. (In my view, nothing will turn on the difference in the estimates of the value of the estate at the hearing as on either estimate, there is more than sufficient to satisfy the claim for provision, and costs, made by Ven.) 4. More important, it seems to me, is that there is no certainty that the Defendant, on behalf of the estate will recover the debt said to be owed by Penny Page. There are currently District Court proceedings against Ms Page for repayment of the alleged debt. Those proceedings were instituted on 23 January 2018 and had not been concluded by the hearing. The matter is next listed, in February 2022, for a Status Conference, in the District Court. 5. Jason has not had an official valuation of the land in Greece completed. However, he was informed by another co-owner that the land is "worth nothing, has no road access, and cannot be built on". (This evidence was not the subject of objection or challenge.) 6. The estate also had liabilities at the date of the schedule totalling $3,462. In addition, the costs and expenses for the sale of the Port Macquarie property are estimated to be $3,999 (inclusive of GST). 7. The Schedule of Costs in Ex JS1 included testamentary expenses ($7,770) and funeral expenses ($10,901). The funeral and testamentary expenses have already been paid out of the deceased's bank account. (These will need to be returned to the bank account if Ven is successful on the construction issue). 8. At the hearing, the estimated net value of the estate, according to Ven, was $1,628,109 and was $1,528,109, according to Jason. (These estimates include legal costs already paid by the estate). Costs of the proceedings 1. Ven's solicitor estimated costs, calculated on the ordinary basis, to be $57,000 and, calculated on the indemnity basis, to be $91,474. 2. Jason's solicitor estimated costs on the indemnity basis to be $184,468. Of this amount, $134,365 has already been paid out of the bank accounts held by the estate relating to costs of the family provision proceedings. 3. Another $26,499 has been paid out of the bank accounts held by the estate for legal proceedings in the District Court brought to recover the alleged debt owed by Ms Page. The Plaintiff estimated a further cost of $55,000 for the costs up to, and including, the final hearing: Ex JS1 and Tcpt, 21 October 2021, p 94(31-40) and p 109(04). (The reference to "the Plaintiff" in the transcript is the reference to Jason, the Plaintiff in the District Court proceedings.) 4. I am unable to determine the issue of costs at this point as the parties have stated that there may be documents relevant to any determination of costs: Tcpt, 20 October 2021, p 10(01-02). 5. If one assumes the estimates of costs and expenses are accurate, the total amount deducted for debts, costs, testamentary and funeral expenses (including the Defendant's costs of the Penny Page proceedings) are $341,639: Tcpt, 21 October 2021, p 127(43-49). I shall return to this topic in more detail in paragraph 63 (the construction claim section). Submissions Construction claim 1. Ven submitted that the debts, funeral and testamentary expenses should be borne by residue in accordance with s 46C and the Third Schedule of the Probate and Administration Act 1898 (NSW) which provide that assets included (either by a specific or general description) in a residuary gift are applied towards testamentary expenses in priority to assets specifically disposed of in the Will. He submitted that the following factors supported the submission: 1. Clause 6 of the Will refers to giving "all of my estate" to the trustee and does not expressly provide that expenses are meant to be paid from any specific asset or category of assets. 2. Clause 6(b) is a term with its own "temporal provision" meaning that it already states the point in time the remaining estate is to be determined, which in this case, was at the date of death. This interpretation of Clause 6(b) is consistent with the statutory order and thus, there would be no need to make any implication as urged by Jason: Tcpt, 21 October 2021, p 86(40-48) and 87(12-19). 3. In any event, an intention should not be implied into a will unless it is a necessary implication. In this case, as it was not clear what the deceased intended by the use of the word "remaining" in Clause 6(b) it cannot be a necessary implication. The word "remaining" is used again in Clause 6(c) in relation to a residuary gift. The use of that word in Clause 6(c) could not have a different meaning to its use in Clause 6(b). "Remaining" in Clause 6(c) could not mean "remaining after distribution of the bank accounts" as that concept is already conveyed by the term "balance of my estate", which is expressly defined to exclude the bank accounts. Accordingly, if the Will, in Clause 6(b) recognised that bank accounts may be subject to the payment of expenses, it simultaneously recognised that residue may also be used to enable such payment. Even in this interpretation the Will is silent as to the order of priority between them so that the Third Schedule should apply. 1. A direction to the executor to pay the debts, funeral and testamentary expenses is to be construed as an "administrative direction" that the executor do what they would have been required to in any event and does not have the substantive effect of altering the statutory order: Singer v United Israel Appeal Refugee Relief Fund & Ors [2013] NSWSC 1035. Hence, the Third Schedule would apply. 2. The statutory order is only to be replaced by a direction in a will for the payment of debts where it is clear that the testator intended the order should be displaced and indicated the way in which the debts or liabilities are to be borne: Re Healey Deceased; Ebert v Healey [1968] 2 NSWR 35 and affirmed on appeal in Ebert v Healey [1969] 2 NSWR 68. 3. Even if Jason were correct in his interpretation and the reference to "remaining" means 'remaining after payment of expenses' that is not sufficient to displace the statutory order. The use of the term does no more than recognise that there may be circumstances in which the bank accounts will bear some, or all, of the expenses. It does not provide for the circumstances in which that should happen or address the order of priority. 4. The Will was drafted by lawyers, who should be taken to have been aware of the order of statutory priority. If it had been intended that the statutory order was to be displaced, it would have been easier for the draftsperson to have expressly stated that rather than rely on implication by referring to the payment out of the bank accounts. 5. One of the two powers the deceased expressly gave in the Will, found in Clause 8(b), was the power to postpone a sale of real or personal property. That power would not have been provided if there was no power to sell property in the first place. This clearly demonstrates that the deceased turned his mind to the possibility that real and personal property might need to be sold: Tcpt, 21 October 2021, p 88(37-44). 1. Jason did not dispute the provisions of that statute but argued that the application of the Third Schedule were displaced by the provisions of the Will and that looking at the Will, as a whole, there was the clear intention that debts, legacies, funeral and testamentary expenses are to be paid from the bank accounts, with the remaining balance in the accounts to be divided equally between Ven and Maria. 2. Jason pointed to the following factors to indicate that the deceased intended debts, legacies, funeral and testamentary expenses to be paid from the bank accounts: 1. Sub-clauses (a), (b) and (c) of Clause 6 set out a logical order in which things were to occur. If it were not intended for the expenses to be paid from the bank accounts, the gift of the bank accounts would have been made as the first dispositive provision in Clause 6. 2. There is no mention of cash forming part of the deceased's estate in Clause 6(c). Thus, the only source for the payments of debts, legacies, funeral and testamentary expenses the deceased could have contemplated was the bank accounts. He also specifically provided these be paid before the distribution from the bank accounts to Ven and Maria. 3. The deceased, if he had intended the balance remaining in Clause 6(b) to mean the amounts in the bank accounts at the date of death, could have clearly stated that. 4. No specific power was given in the Will to the executor to sell any asset for the payments of debts, legacies or funeral and testamentary expenses. This suggested that the deceased contemplated there would be funds in the estate for the payment of expenses and the only possible source of such funds were the bank accounts. 5. The act of specifying the assets which make up the deceased's estate that were to go to Jason, identified in Clause 6(c) demonstrated a clear intention that Jason was to receive all assets of the estate after distribution of the balance of the bank accounts to Ven and Maria, without the need to sell any assets for the purpose of paying the debts, legacies, funeral and testamentary expenses. 6. If Ven's view of the construction of the Will were correct, the items listed in Clause 6(c) may not go to Jason because at least some would have had to be sold in order to pay the debts, funeral and testamentary expenses: Tcpt, 21 October 2021, p 106(40-43). 1. It was agreed that, on the basis that the total debts, funeral and testamentary expenses, including both Ven's costs and Jason's costs of the proceeding come out of the deceased's bank accounts, Ven would receive $166,317: Tcpt, 21 October 2021, p 128(04-35). In the alternative, if Ven's submission is to be accepted and the total debts, funeral and testamentary expenses including the Defendant's costs and the Plaintiff's costs are paid from residue, Ven would receive $337,137: Tcpt, 21 October 2021, p 128(37-44). 2. Whichever decision was reached on the question would be relevant to whether any additional provision ought to be provided by the Court for Ven. Family provision claim 1. I shall next deal with additional facts relevant to the claim for a family provision order. Reasons for delay in application 1. Ven commenced his action on 22 July 2020, that is about 15.5 months after the death of the deceased, or about 3.5 months after the prescribed period had expired. It was not until the amended Summons was filed, on 4 December 2020, that he sought an order pursuant to s 58(2) of the Act, seeking an extension of time for the making of his application. 2. Ven submitted that any prejudice to the beneficiaries from the delay in the administration of the estate has been occasioned from Jason's conduct rather than his own. 3. Ven was informed of the deceased's death on 3 April 2019. He stated that at the time of the funeral, there was no discussion about the deceased's Will or his estate. However, he understood that Jason had been appointed the executor of the deceased's estate. 4. In about July 2019, Ven received a letter from Searson Shannon & Co Solicitors, who were retained by Jason to assist with obtaining Probate of the deceased's Will. The letter stated that he would be notified "in due course once an Estate distribution has occurred" and the process was likely to take around 6 months. Ven complied with the request, made in the letter, to fill out a statutory declaration. 5. Ven stated he did not take any further action as he believed Jason's solicitors would contact him when the estate was ready for distribution. 6. In cross-examination, Ven admitted that he had a copy of the deceased's Will, which had been enclosed with the letter from Searson Shannon & Co, since July 2019: Tcpt, 20 October 2021, p 62(20-33). 7. In around early 2020, Ven had still not heard anything from Jason's solicitors. Sometime later, he was contacted by Maria who informed him that she had contacted Searson Shannon & Co Solicitors, and that she had been informed that the firm had ceased to act for Jason. 8. Between early 2020 and June 2020, Ven made various attempts to contact Jason, who did not answer, or return, the telephone calls. Due to COVID-19, Ven was unable to travel to Port Macquarie to see Jason in person. 9. Ven stated throughout this time he was unsure of his legal rights and had no information about the estate. He stated he was in a poor financial position and had been reluctant to gain legal advice due to costs concerns. 10. By July 2020, he had still not heard from Jason and sought legal advice. 11. On 14 July 2020, he had an initial conference with a solicitor at Somerville Laundry Lomax, during which he was advised of his eligibility to make a family provision claim and the applicable limitation period. He was also advised that at that time Probate had not yet been granted. 12. On 21 July 2020, Ven instructed Somerville Laundry Lomax to file the claim and the Summons was filed on 22 July 2020. 13. Ven submitted that the delay in making the claim could not be considered "unduly long". He also submitted that even if he had been aware of his right to make a family provision claim earlier, he could not have been aware of the merits of any claim until he knew of the size and nature of the estate, which was not disclosed by Jason until around 16 months after the deceased's death. 14. Jason did not consent to the extension of time being granted. He submitted that Ven's claim had insufficient strength to warrant an extension of time being granted. It was accepted that Jason could not show any prejudice as a result of the delay in commencing the proceedings (Tcpt, 21 October 2021, p 90(06)) and no unconscionable conduct, by either party, was relied upon. 15. During submissions, very fairly if I may say, counsel for Jason confirmed that, in the event it were found that adequate and proper provision had not been made for Ven, the order for extension of time was not opposed: Tcpt, 21 October 2021, p 90(36-41). 16. In Thomas v Pickering; Byrne v Pickering [2011] NSWSC 572, at [84] – [90], I set out the applicable legal principles relating to an application to extend the time. In view of the appropriate concession made by counsel for Jason, I shall not repeat all of the principles stated there. 17. Apart from the reason(s) for the lateness of the claim, the factors to which the Court must look include whether beneficiaries under the Will would be unacceptably prejudiced if time were to be extended; whether there has been any unconscionable conduct by either side; and, finally what is the strength of the claim made by the party seeking an extension of time. The onus lies on the applicant to establish "sufficient cause". It will be for the Court to determine the strength of the applicant's claim. 18. I am satisfied that there has been a satisfactory explanation for the commencement of the proceedings out of time, which, in part may be laid at the feet of Jason; there is no evidence that Maria, the only other beneficiary named in the Will, would be unacceptably prejudiced if time were to be extended; and nor is there any evidence of any unconscionable conduct by either side. 19. In any event, since I am of the view that since an order for additional provision should be made for Ven, there is no opposition to an order extending the time. The Plaintiff's financial circumstances 1. Ven stated that he grew up in a time when there was less access to money and that the opportunities provided to him were less than those provided to Jason. Jason disputed the assertions, stating that all three of the deceased's children had attended the same primary, and the same high school, and each had been provided with further educational opportunities, which Ven had chosen not to complete. He added that, in fact, he had been the child who had grown up when the family was in a worse financial situation. 2. There was no dispute that in the 1970s, the deceased had given Ven an allowance of $20 per week whilst he was studying in Newcastle. This allowance had lasted for 5 years, until Ven discontinued his diploma course: Tcpt, 20 October 2021, p 21(50) -22(15). 3. In 1985, the deceased, in order to assist Ven and Maria to pay off a business loan taken out from a firm of solicitors, had loaned them $10,000. Ven could not recall if he had ever repaid this loan: Tcpt, 20 October 2021, p 31(34-38). The deceased had also guaranteed a loan for Ven and Maria to assist with their business (although it was not suggested that the guarantee had ever been called upon). 4. In around 1996, Ven commenced working at the deceased's pinball parlour. He stated that during his time working for the deceased at the pinball parlour he worked significant hours (over 50 hours a week) and received very little remuneration. Jason stated that the deceased told him that he paid Ven $500 per week for 3.5 days work. (No documents were produced, by either side, to support the contention advanced by him.) 5. In 2009, Ven and his ex-wife entered into an agreement to sell their property at Sarah's Creek to their daughter, Emily and her then fiancé, Mitch. He had agreed to sell his share of the property for an initial deposit of $8,000 with the balance of approximately $180,000 to be repaid over five years. Ven's ex-wife had agreed to sell her share of the property for $80,000: Tcpt, 20 October 2021, p 40(03-04). 6. Emily and Mitch had taken out a mortgage and used the proceeds to pay out the entirety of her mother's share and the $8,000 deposit to Ven: Tcpt, 20 October 2020, p 39(39) and p 40(03-23). The property was then transferred to Emily and Mitch. 7. A short time after moving into the property, Emily and Mitch ended their relationship and she was, thereafter, unable to meet the repayments. Shortly thereafter, they sold the Sarah's Creek property and they received enough to cover most of the mortgage debt, with a small amount still to be repaid: Tcpt, 20 October 2020, p 39(26-33). Ven did not receive any of the agreed $180,000: Tcpt, 20 October 2021, p 39(48). 8. Ven stated that he had chosen not to pursue legal proceedings to recover the funds as he did not want to commence proceedings against his daughter: Tcpt, 20 October 2021, p 38(18-32). He had never sought legal advice on the ability to recover the funds or any part thereof: Tcpt, 20 October 2021, p 38(42-48). 9. The deceased had been aware of the agreement and that the funds had not been repaid: Tcpt, 20 October 2021, p 42(44)-43(01). 10. Ven also stated that his relocation to Port Macquarie in 2015 at the request of the deceased was at a significant cost and had caused him to resign from his managerial position at Baptist Community Services: Tcpt, 20 October 2021, p 49(16-18). He put forward no evidence of his income at Baptist Community Services at the time of his departure in 2015 and was unable to substantiate, to my satisfaction, that his allegation was correct. No doubt, however, there was some contribution made by him to the welfare of the deceased. 11. Jason stated that the deceased did not ask Ven to move back to the family home and neither he, nor the deceased, had any idea that Ven was moving back to Port Macquarie. Furthermore, whilst living with the deceased in Port Macquarie, he was not paying any rent (to the deceased or for any property elsewhere in NSW): Tcpt, 20 October 2021, p 55(01-07). This fact suggests that there may have been some consideration for doing what he did. 12. Ven stated that after relocating to Woodburn in 2015, his financial circumstances became strained and that he had withdrawn $18,000 from his superannuation. Again, no specific evidence to corroborate his assertion was provided. 13. Ven's current income is derived partly from employment with Northcott Society and partly from Centrelink. In September 2021, Ven's income with Northcott Society was around $2,228 per month and he remained employed on a permanent part-time basis. He provided an illegible copy of his last four payslips from Northcott Society. 14. The assistance Ven receives from Centrelink has decreased with the end of any COVID-19 government supplement. The fortnightly amount he receives changes depending on the income received from Northcott Society. However, Ven stated that on average he gets $175 a fortnight from Centrelink. He stated that his total net monthly income is $2,578. This is a reduction on his income from his previous affidavit in September 2020. 15. He stated that due to this decline in income he has been required to rely upon his small savings. He noted that his bank account is in overdraft of about $309. 16. Ven has not sold, or purchased, any real estate, or shares, in the last three years. 17. In his affidavit, Ven stated that around February 2018, the deceased had given him $61,000 (as noted in the Will). The funds were paid in three instalments: Tcpt, 20 October 2021, p 55(22-24). The first instalment of $10,000 was received on 14 March 2016: Ex JTS2/20. The second instalment of $50,000 was received on 29 July 2016: Ex JTS2/27. The third instalment of $1,000 was received on 23 April 2018: Ex PA/2. He stated that he had used these funds to give his daughter $18,000, to pay off a number of debts, including a car loan and credit card debt, to provide a rental bond for his current flat in East Ballina, and to purchase household goods. 18. Despite providing a gift of $18,000 to his daughter, Ex JTS2 shows that between April 2015 and February 2017, Emily had made a number of payments to Ven totalling around $2,951. In cross-examination he stated that he could not recall what all the transactions were for but that some of them were for personal items that he had sold to her: Tcpt, 20 October 2021, p 57(19-32). Between April 2015 and March 2016, he had also received a number of payments from his son, John, totalling around $4,125. 19. Ven stated in cross-examination he has not filed tax returns in at least 8 years: Tcpt, 20 October 2021, p 50(01). 20. He has no current liabilities. 21. A summary of Ven's assets are set out below (as of 7 September 2021): Description Value Savings $ 309 Household Contents $ 3,500 Superannuation $17,554 Total $20,745 1. A summary of Ven's expenditure are set out below (as of 7 September 2021): Description Monthly Amount Rent $1,480 Food and household items $ 800 Telephone $ 110 Clothing and shoes $ 50 Entertainment $ 120 Electricity $ 65 Public transport $ 50 Medical $ 30 Total $2,705 The Plaintiff's needs 1. Ven stated that, at the age of 64, he has a limited number of working years left. He only has a small amount of superannuation, which he states will not meet his needs for retirement "even at a modest level". He owns no property and has stated that it was extremely difficult to find rental accommodation in the mid north coast of NSW. He stated that his lease is due to expire around October 2021 and he is uncertain whether his lease will be renewed. 2. He resides by himself and is not dependent upon anyone else. 3. Ven would like to purchase a modest two-bedroom unit in Ballina to be closer to his daughter and his employment. He estimated this will cost approximately $500,000. At annexure VS-4 of Ven's affidavit of 7 September 2021, he refers to two-bedroom properties in the area ranging from $550,000 - $585,000. 4. Ven stated he required a two-bedroom unit because he is a painter and uses the spare bedroom as an art studio: Tcpt, 20 October 2021, p 59(43-44). He has put forward no evidence of the cost of a one-bedroom apartment in the Ballina area. 5. Jason disputed Ven's estimate of the purchase price of a two bedroom home in the Ballina area. The affidavit of James Peter Poulos, affirmed 7 October 2021, attached various one, and two, bedroom homes in the East Ballina area which ranged from $175,000-$305,000. 6. He has made no enquiries as to whether he would be able to borrow any money to put towards the purchase price of accommodation in circumstances where he receives the provision under the Will or otherwise: Tcpt, 20 October 2021, p 61(03). 7. Ven does not own a car and relies on public transport. He would like to purchase a motor vehicle in the range of $20,000. He also stated that he will require a cash sum for contingencies of life and living expenses. 8. In the last few months, Ven has also had three procedures to remove skin cancers and a large filling fall out requiring dental surgery. He was advised he will need a wisdom tooth extraction in the near future. Whilst he stated that he is in good health for his age, Ven anticipates that he may require medical assistance as he ages. 9. As stated, neither Maria nor Jason has advanced her, and his, financial circumstances as a competing claimant upon the bounty of the deceased. Submissions on claim for family provision order 1. Counsel for Ven submitted that regardless of the outcome of the construction suit, the provision made for Ven in the deceased's Will is inadequate. He stated that, even if the construction argument is accepted, Ven will require additional provision to take the total amount he ought to receive to $580,000: Tcpt, 21 October 2021, p 99(28-30). This will allow him to purchase accommodation, a motor vehicle and have a small cash buffer. 2. Ven submitted that, on all the facts, he and the deceased had a close and loving relationship up until the time of his death and that the deceased owed him a responsibility, in light of his material circumstances, to make greater provision for him than he had made in the Will. Namely, to provide for a vehicle, enough to purchase accommodation, and an amount for exigencies of life, as he has virtually no capacity to meet unforeseen contingencies and with "the inevitable march of human life", his medical needs will likely increase: Tcpt, 21 October 2021, p 91(46-49). 3. Counsel for Ven submitted that given his age, he is unlikely to be able to continue his part time work beyond the next few years and will then be wholly or largely dependent upon government support to survive. He also stated that a cash sum provision will reduce the size of any pension Ven is entitled to, whereas a house will not: Tcpt, 21 October 2021, p 103(22-25). He admitted there is no evidence that Ven would be unable to borrow by way of mortgage or reverse mortgage, however he stated that as Ven is nearing retirement and has no assets, it is unlikely he would be able to get a mortgage or reverse mortgage: Tcpt, 21 October 2021, p 103(32-35). He also submitted that as Ven ages it is likely his rented accommodation will become less appropriate as he may need to make capital modifications to his house: Tcpt, 21 October 2021, p 103(17-22). 4. Ven admitted that the amount he currently receives under the Will would make some difference to his circumstances but qualified that any difference would be minimal. 5. Ven conceded that Jason had cared for the deceased in the final years of his life, but repeated that Jason had already received a gift of $500,000 from the deceased, that he had served no evidence of his financial circumstances, or about any competing financial need, and that if the Will is undisturbed by further provision, he will receive up to an additional $1.25 million. Whilst accepting that Jason's interests as a beneficiary cannot be disregarded, Ven submitted that the Court may, and should, infer that he has adequate resources upon which to meet his needs. 6. Whilst Maria has not put on evidence of her financial situation, Ven submitted that the burden of any additional provision should not be borne from her share of the estate. 7. Ven submitted that he had assisted the deceased, at his request, in the pinball parlour for 12 years, for very little remuneration. He had done this during a critical period of his working career, which, he asserted, had contributed to his current financial circumstances. During this time, the business was in decline and eventually closed, so that this was not a case where Ven had worked in exchange for the opportunity to take over the business: Tcpt, 21 October 2021, p 92(35-40). 8. Counsel for Ven disputed the evidence of one bedroom accommodation put forward in the affidavit evidence of Mr Poulos. He noted, from the bar table, that rather than a strata title unit or a freehold home, they were "trailer home[s] in a residential park" where "the amount paid is to buy the mobile dwelling erected on the park and rent still has to be paid": Tcpt, 21 October 2021, p 101(15-21) and p 101(37-40). He argued that this would not provide the same level of security of tenure and is not comparable to the types of accommodation Ven has put forward: Tcpt, 21 October 2021, p 101(41-45). 9. From the bar table, he stated that there is a real shortage of one bedroom accommodation in the Northern Rivers area and that the cost of any "would not be materially less than the cost of the two-bedroom unit that's been referred to": Tcpt, 21 October 2021, p 102(16) and 102(30-31). 10. Ven submitted that the deceased had said to him at various times that the three children would receive equal benefit in his Will. Whilst he acknowledges the "special bond" between the deceased and Jason, counsel for Ven submitted that this was a "slightly unusual" scenario as the deceased left a gift with a fluctuating disposition to Ven and Maria: Tcpt, 21 October 2021, p 98(30-35). He stated that there was a possibility that when the deceased made his Will, he expected that he was broadly effecting an equal division of his assets in monetary value between his children. However, due to external circumstances, the value of the gifts have altered in a way that the Court should not give as significant a weight to the deceased's testamentary intentions in the Will as it would normally: Tcpt, 21 October 2021, p 99(05-14). He submitted that this, in turn, should reduce the weight given by the Court to the superior position of the deceased. 11. To support this submission counsel for Ven made various observations, most of which were speculative, including that the deceased may have anticipated that any recovered funds from the District Court proceedings be finalised and form part of his gift to Ven and Maria, and that the deceased was unlikely to have anticipated the unprecedented growth in the value of the Port Macquarie property. 12. Counsel for Ven submitted that the context and testamentary nature of the deceased's gifts to his children has direct relevance to the adequacy of provision and the Court should consider that, in reality, Jason is receiving $1.7 million (before expenses): Tcpt, 21 October 2021, p 96(21-32); Tcpt, 21 October 2021, p 97(06-08). 13. Jason submitted that the amended Summons should be dismissed. Counsel for Jason stated that even if his position on the construction issue was accepted, $166,317 would be adequate and proper provision for Ven: Tcpt, 21 October 2021, p 128(46-50). 14. If this is the case, and the bank accounts have been dissipated due to costs of these proceedings, Jason submitted that it was as a result of Ven's own conduct. He argued that the starting point for determining the adequacy and propriety of the provision is what was made for Ven in the Will without the costs of these proceedings being incurred: Tcpt, 21 October 2021, p 132(01-05). 15. He submitted that there is no evidentiary basis to justify provision to be made for Ven to acquire a two-bedroom home. Searches made by his solicitors indicate that the provision already made for Ven would be sufficient to assist him to purchase a one bedroom unit and supplement his superannuation as a financial reserve. 16. Jason also submitted that the Court should have regard to the assistance that the deceased provided to Ven during his lifetime. This includes the gift of $61,000, a business loan, acting as guarantor to another business loan, and the use of rent free premises for the surf shop (likely a result of the deceased's relationship with the landlord). 17. Counsel for Jason submitted that the financial assistance the deceased provided to Ven over his lifetime is "highly relevant" because it shows a lifelong pattern of assistance and highlights that the deceased was in a much better position than the Court to determine what was adequate provision: Tcpt, 21 October 2021, p 114(08-16). 18. Counsel for Jason submitted that the evidence shows Ven had sufficient funds over the period of working at the pinball parlour, so much so as to allow him to enter into an agreement to sell his share of his marital home to his daughter at a reduced price. Counsel relied on this agreement to say that one of the reasons why Ven does not own a home is because of his own poor decisions: Tcpt, 21 October 2021, p 117(39-47) and p 118(06-08). 19. Counsel also submitted that Ven's proposed buffer of $80,000 was excessive in light of the facts that Ven is employed; he has no plans to retire; there is no reason to assume his superannuation will not continue to accumulate; and should provision be made to allow him to buy a property, there will be a saving of around $1,500 a month since he will no longer pay rent: Tcpt, 21 October 2021, p 126(06-12). 20. Furthermore, it was submitted that there is no community expectation for a parent to provide an adult child with an unencumbered two bedroom home when he lives alone, has no disability, enjoys good health, has been provided with assistance during the parent's lifetime, and where the adult child has effectively given away significant assets to his own child. The Law Construction claim 1. In Fulton v Fulton [2014] NSWSC 619, which I referred to more recently in Estate of Aspasia Kandros [2019] NSWSC 757, I wrote, at [201] - [206]: "The object of a will construction suit is to ascertain the intention of the deceased as expressed in his, or her, will, or codicil, when it is read as a whole. The intention of the maker of the testamentary instrument has been referred to as the 'pole star' in the construction of wills: Thomson v Thomson [2008] VSC 375. Campbell JA, in Byrne v Macquarie Group Services Australia Pty Ltd [2011] NSWCA 68, at [2], wrote, in another context, that construction is a process of coming to understand the meaning of a text, which meaning is disputed. It involves a consideration of the disputed text in itself, both as a whole, and in its constituent parts. … Of course, in New South Wales, in relation to the estate of a person who dies after 1 March 2008, it is necessary to consider the Act, which, so far as is relevant, by s 32, provides: '32 Use of extrinsic evidence to construe wills (1) In proceedings to construe a will, evidence (including evidence of the testator's intention) is admissible to assist in the interpretation of the language used in the will if the language makes the will or any part of the will: (a) meaningless, or (b) ambiguous on the face of the will, or (c) ambiguous in the light of the surrounding circumstances. (2) Despite subsection (1), evidence of the testator's intention is not admissible to establish any of the circumstances mentioned in subsection (1) (c). (3) Despite subsection (2), nothing in this section prevents evidence that is otherwise admissible at law from being admissible in proceedings to construe a will.' … Finally, in Coorey v Coorey (Supreme Court (NSW), Powell J, 22 February 1986, unrep), Powell J said, in a passage approved by Bryson J in Perpetual Trustee Co Ltd v Wright; Re Will of James Paul Gee Cox Junior, Deceased (1987) 9 NSWLR 18, at 33, and repeated again by Hamilton J in Hatzantonis v Lawrence [2003] NSWSC 914, by Gzell J in Peoples v Simpson [2005] NSWSC 355 and by Campbell JA in Fairbairn v Varvaressos [2010] NSWCA 234, at [19]: '... It seems to me that one's task is, first, if it be possible, to ascertain what was the basic scheme which the deceased had conceived for dealing with his estate and then, so to construe the will as, if it be possible, to give effect of the scheme so revealed.'" 1. In the Estate of Aspasia Kandros, I wrote, at [45]-[47]: "In Muir v Winn [2009] NSWSC 857, Bryson AJ wrote, at [24]: 'It is necessary to seek to understand the scheme of a testator's dispositions. Where the terms of the will are perfectly clear search for the scheme may be of little use, but where the language is obscure or the effects of the literal reading and the reasoning impliedly underlying it are startlingly unlikely, as in this case, the scheme of dispositions is very important.' In ANZ Executors & Trustee Co Ltd v McNab and Another [1999] 3 VR 666, Fullager J wrote, at [5]: 'The search for testamentary intention must be a search for intention disclosed by the words used, and in this search words must prima facie be given their ordinary meanings and, if the law has consistently given a particular meaning to some word or phrase, that is the meaning which the word or phrase must prima facie be given. Nevertheless, the intention is to be gathered from a study of the will as a whole, and in the light of any relevant and admissible evidence of surrounding circumstances.' Yet, as was written in The Public Trustee of Queensland v Smith [2009] 1 Qd R 26, per Atkinson J, at [26]: 'It follows from the foregoing discussion that the court of construction should start with the words of the will. If their usual meaning is clear, the will will be given that construction. If not, the court may have regard to such extrinsic evidence as allowed by the rules of construction traditionally applied by the courts with the addition of the aids to construction found in s 33C of the Act.' 1. As stated, the question of construction relates to how the liabilities of the estate for debts, funeral and testamentary expenses and duties are to be borne as between Ven and Maria on the one hand and Jason on the other. 2. Before proceeding to the terms of the Schedule, reference should be made to s 46 of the Probate and Administration Act, which relevantly provides that "the real as well as the personal estate of every person dying … shall be assets in the hands of the person's executor to whom probate has been granted, or administrator, for the payment of all duties and fees, and for the payment of the person's debts in the ordinary course of administration". 3. Then, pursuant to s 46C of the Probate and Administration Act, subject to any contrary direction in the will, and subject relevantly to s 145 of the Conveyancing Act 1919 (NSW), the burden of funeral, testamentary and administration expenses, debts and liabilities are to be borne in the order mentioned in Pt 2 of the Third Schedule to the Probate and Administration Act. Part 2 of the Third Schedule prescribes the following order for the application of assets to pay funeral, testamentary and administration expenses, debts and liabilities for a solvent estate: "… 2 Assets not specifically disposed of by will but included (either by a specific or general description) in a residuary gift, subject to the retention out of such property of a fund sufficient to meet any pecuniary legacies, so far as not provided for as aforesaid. … 6 Assets specifically disposed of by will, rateably according to value." 1. Thus, subject to the provisions in the Will, if any, that disclose an intention to vary the order of the application of assets, Pt 2 of the Third Schedule applies. The intention must be found in the Will itself. Thus, the question of whether a will has disclosed an intention to vary the statutory order is a question of construction to which the ordinary principles of construction apply. 2. In Joyce v Cam (2004) 12 BPR 22, 231; [2004] NSWSC 621, Campbell J wrote at [48] – [49]: "Section 46C is not a provision which deals with the order in which an executor ought sell assets for the purpose of paying debts and other testamentary expenses. It is not a section which, in any final way, interferes with an executor's discretion concerning what property should be sold for the purpose of paying the debts and testamentary expenses which must be discharged in the course of administration. Rather it is a section which provides a default rule ('subject to the provisions of any Act as to charges on property of the deceased and to the provisions, if any, contained in the deceased person's will') for how the burden of debts and testamentary expenses is to be borne amongst different types of beneficiaries. … An illustration of the way in which the law about the order of application of assets does not affect the power of an executor to sell for purposes of administration whatever asset is most convenient, arises if an executor sells or retains, for purpose of administration, property which has been the subject of a specific legacy or devise. Property subject to a specific legacy or devise is a late class of property to be encroached upon for payment of debts, under the general law concerning administration of assets, when the will did not make that property available for payment of debts. It has long been established that if an executor sold property which was the subject of a specific legacy or devise, or kept such property in case it needed to be sold for payment of debts, then the legatee is entitled, by a process of adjustment of the rights of beneficiaries between one another, to be put into the position he would have been in if the property the subject of the specific legacy had not in fact been sold, or kept in case it needed to be sold." 1. In Singer v United Israel Appeal Refugee Fund & Ors, White J, at [19] – [21] wrote: "The direction in cl 3 for the executors to pay debts, funeral and testamentary expenses and other duties is to be construed as an administrative direction that the executors do what they would in any event be required to do, but does not have the substantive effect of altering the statutory order in Part 2 of the Third schedule (Re Healey Deceased; Ebert v Healey [1968] 2 NSWLR 35 at 37-38; and on appeal Ebert v Healey [1969] 2 NSWR 68, particularly at 73-74). In Ebert v Healey, Street J (as his Honour then was) at first instance and the Court of Appeal applied observations of Kitto J in University of Western Australia v WA Trustee Executor and Agency & Co Ltd (1961) 105 CLR 71 at 95 in holding that the statutory order is only to be displaced by a direction in a will for the payment of debts where one can glean both that the testator intended that the order should be displaced and also indicated in what way the burden of debts and liabilities was to be borne or apportioned. Accordingly, the question raised by para 6 of the summons should be answered by its being declared that cl 3 of the will does not operate to displace the provisions of s 46C(2) of the Probate Administration Act." Determination of the construction issue 1. Clause 6 of the deceased's Will provides for all of the deceased's estate, to be divided, first for the payment of all debts, legacies, funeral and testamentary expenses and any death, estate or succession duties, and then the remainder to be given as set out in sub-clauses (b) and (c). However, the Clause does not say how the burden of such debts, legacies, funeral and testamentary expenses and other duties, is to be borne between the different gifts in sub-clauses (b) and (c). 2. There is no direction in the Will given to displace the statutory order and no specific indication of the way in which the burden of debts and liabilities is to be borne or apportioned. Bearing in mind the legislation and the principles to which I have referred, the Court should declare that Clause 6 of the deceased's Will does not operate to displace the provisions of s 46C(2) of the Probate and Administration Act. 3. It follows that the debts, funeral and testamentary expenses and duties are to be borne out of the residuary estate. It also follows that the amounts paid out of the proceeds of any bank accounts held in deceased's name at the date of his death must be repaid so that each of Ven and Maria receive, one half thereof, calculated as at the date of death. In view of the agreement of the parties, each is entitled to $337,137. Statutory scheme 1. The relevant provision is s 59 of the Act. Since the Plaintiff's eligibility is not disputed, the Court must determine whether adequate provision for the proper maintenance, education or advancement in life of the applicant has not been made by the Will of the deceased: s 59(1)(c) of the Act. It is only if the Court is satisfied of the inadequacy of provision that consideration is given to whether to make a family provision order: s 59(2) of the Act. Only then may "the Court … make such order for provision out of the estate of the deceased person as the Court thinks ought to be made for the maintenance, education or advancement in life of the eligible person, having regard to the facts known to the Court at the time the order is made". In all cases under the Act, what is adequate and proper provision is necessarily fact specific. 2. In North v Daniel [2021] NSWSC 828, another case regarding an adult child seeking further provision from his father's estate, I discussed the legal principles surrounding inadequacy of provision at [110]-[133]: "As has been observed, the words 'adequate' and 'proper' are relative. Regard may be had, among other things, to the matters set forth in s 60(2), including the applicant's financial position, the size and nature of the deceased's estate, the totality of the relationship between the applicant and the deceased, and the circumstances and needs of other applicants, beneficiaries and potential beneficiaries. Importantly, the question of the inadequacy of provision is to be assessed at the time when the Court is considering the application. This does not mean, however, that considerable weight should not be given to the assessment of a capable testator, who has given due consideration to the claims on his, or her, estate: Sgro v Thompson [2017] NSWCA 326 at [6] (Payne JA). The basis upon which the evaluative judgment is to be undertaken is unrestricted. There is no automatic entitlement to provision stipulated by the Act, and the deceased's Will applies unless a specific application is made, and acceded, to by the Court. Relevantly, other than by reference to the provision made by the Will of the deceased, s 59(1)(c) of the Act leaves undefined the norm by which the Court must determine whether the provision, if any, is inadequate for an applicant's proper maintenance, education and advancement in life. The question would appear to be answered by an evaluation that takes the Court to the provision made for the applicant in the Will of the deceased, on the one hand, and to the requirement for maintenance or advancement in life of the applicant on the other. No criteria are prescribed in the Act as to the circumstances that do, or do not, constitute inadequate provision for the proper maintenance or advancement in life of the applicant. The word 'adequate' connotes something different from the word 'proper'. 'Adequate' is concerned with the quantum, described by Rosalind Atherton in "The Concept of Moral Duty in the Law of Family Provision – A Gloss or Critical Understanding?" (1999) 5(1) Australian Journal of Legal History 5, 10, as reached upon 'a purely economic and objective basis', whereas 'proper' prescribes the standard of the maintenance, education and advancement in life: Devereaux-Warnes v Hall (No 3) (2007) 35 WAR 127; [2007] WASCA 235 at [72], [77] (Buss JA, Pullin JA agreeing), which seems to invite more subjective criteria. In Pontifical Society for the Propagation of the Faith v Scales (1962) 107 CLR 9; [1962] HCA 19, Dixon CJ (McTiernan J agreeing), at 19, pointed out that the words 'adequate' and 'proper' are always relative and that what the testator regarded as 'superior claims or preferable dispositions' is a relevant consideration: 'The "proper" maintenance and support of a son claiming a statutory provision must be relative to his age, sex, condition and mode of life and situation generally. What is 'adequate' must be relative not only to his needs but to his own capacity and resources for meeting them. There is then a relation to be considered between these matters on the one hand, and on the other, the nature, extent and character of the estate and the other demands upon it, and also what the testator regarded as superior claims or preferable dispositions. The words "proper maintenance and support", although they must be treated as elastic, cannot be pressed beyond their fair meaning.' In Goodman v Windeyer (1980) 144 CLR 490; [1980] HCA 31, Gibbs J (as his Honour then was) (Stephen and Mason JJ agreeing) wrote, at 502: '… the words "adequate" and "proper" are always relative. There are no fixed standards, and the court is left to form opinions upon the basis of its own general knowledge and experience of current social conditions and standards.' (Citations omitted). In Vigolo v Bostin (2005) 221 CLR 191; [2005] HCA 11 at [114], Callinan and Heydon JJ wrote: '… the use of the word "proper" … implies something beyond mere dollars and cents. Its use, it seems to us, invites consideration of all of the relevant surrounding circumstances and would entitle a court to have regard to a promise of the kind which was made here … The use of the word "proper" means that attention may be given, in deciding whether adequate provision has been made, to such matters as what used to be called the "station in life" of the parties and the expectations to which that has given rise, in other words reciprocal claims and duties based upon how the parties lived and might reasonably expect to have lived in the future.' The word 'maintenance' and the phrase 'advancement in life' are not defined in the Act. In Vigolo v Bostin, Callinan and Heydon JJ, at [115], commented: '"Maintenance" may imply a continuity of a pre-existing state of affairs, or provision over and above a mere sufficiency of means upon which to live. "Support" similarly may imply provision beyond bare need. The use of the two terms serves to amplify the powers conferred upon the court. And, furthermore, provision to secure or promote 'advancement' would ordinarily be provision beyond the necessities of life. It is not difficult to conceive of a case in which it appears that sufficient provision for support and maintenance has been made, but that in the circumstances, say, of a promise or an expectation reasonably held, further provision would be proper to enable a potential beneficiary to improve his or her prospects in life, or to undertake further education.' In Alexander v Jansson (2010) 6 ASTLR 432; [2010] NSWCA 176, Brereton J (Basten JA and Handley AJA agreeing), wrote, at [18]: '"Proper maintenance" is not limited to the bare sustenance of a claimant … but requires consideration of the totality of the claimant's position in life including age, status, relationship with the deceased, financial circumstances, the environs to which he or she is accustomed, and mobility.' (Citations omitted) In McCosker v McCosker (1957) 97 CLR 566; [1957] HCA 82, Dixon CJ and Williams J wrote, at 575: 'The presence of the words "advancement in life" in the ... Act in addition to the words "maintenance and education" is not unimportant ... "Advancement" is a word of wide import.' In Bartlett v Coomber [2008] NSWCA 100 at [50], Mason P (Hodgson JA agreeing) wrote: 'The concept of advancement in life goes beyond the need for education and maintenance. In a proper case it will extend to a capital payment designed to set a person up in business or upon marriage (McCosker v McCosker 97 CLR 566 at 575; Stiles v Joseph, (NSW Supreme Court, Macready M, 16 December 1996); Mayfield v Lloyd-Williams [2004] NSWSC 419).' White J (as his Honour then was), in Slack v Rogan; Palffy v Rogan (2013) 85 NSWLR 253; [2013] NSWSC 522, wrote, at [123]: 'The question of what level of maintenance or advancement in life is "proper" depends on all of the circumstances of the case "including the applicant's financial position, the size and nature of the deceased's estate, the totality of the relationship between the applicant and the deceased, and the relationship between the deceased and other persons who have legitimate claims upon his or her bounty" (Singer v Berghouse (1994) 181 CLR 201 at 210).' Whether the disposition of the deceased's estate is not such as to make adequate provision for the proper maintenance, education, or advancement in life of the applicant will always, as a practical matter, involve an evaluation of the provision, if any, made for the applicant on the one hand, and the applicant's "needs" that cannot be met from her, or his, own resources on the other: Hunter v Hunter (1987) 8 NSWLR 573 at 575 (Kirby P, Hope JA agreeing). This statement is not intended to suggest that an applicant's "needs", when compared with the provision made for him or her, out of the estate, should be the dominant consideration. The existence, or absence, of "needs" which an applicant cannot meet from her, or his, own resources, will always be highly relevant, and quite often decisive: Singer v Berghouse at 227 (Gaudron J, albeit in dissent in the result); Bkassini v Sarkis [2017] NSWSC 1487 at [296]–[297] (Robb J). As was written in Devereaux-Warnes v Hall (No 3), by Buss JA, at [81]–[84]: 'The term "need" has been used to refer to the claimant's inability to satisfy his or her financial requirements from his or her own resources: see Singer per Gaudron J at 227. "Need" has also been used in the context of a value judgment or conclusion, namely, that the claimant is "in need" of maintenance, etc, because inadequate provision has been made for his or her proper maintenance, etc: see Gorton v Parks (1989) 17 NSWLR 1 per Bryson J at 10-11. The determination of whether the disposition of the deceased's estate was not such as to make adequate provision for the proper maintenance, etc, of the claimant will always, as a practical matter, involve an evaluation of the provision, if any, made for the claimant on the one hand, and the claimant's "needs" that cannot be met from his or her own resources on the other. See Hunter per Kirby P at 575. Although the existence or absence of "needs" which the claimant cannot meet from his or her own resources will always be highly relevant and, often, decisive, the statutory formulation, and therefore the issue in every case, is whether the disposition of the deceased's estate was not such as to make adequate provision for his or her proper maintenance, etc: see Singer per Gaudron J at 227. Compare Gorton per Bryson J at 6-11; Collicoat v McMillan [1999] 3 VR 803 per Ormiston J at 816 [38], 820 [47].' However, as will be read, s 60 of the Act invites the Court to have regard to various matters, including, but not limited to, financial need: s 60(2)(d). If the Court does so, as will also be read, one of the purposes for which that is done is for determining 'the nature of any [family provision] order': s 60(1)(b) of the Act. No doubt, this has prompted White J to write, in Sam Wardy v Gordon Salier; William Wardy v Gordon Salier; Hassiba Wardy v Estate of late Edmond Wadih Wardy developer and Ch 3 of the Succession Act 2006 [2014] NSWSC 473 at [147], that '… the need a claimant must demonstrate is a need for "proper" maintenance, education and advancement in life', but that does not mean that '… adequate provision for proper maintenance and advancement in life implies no more than provision for the necessities of life, irrespective of the size of the estate and the effect, if any, of an order for provision on others …'. Respectfully, I agree. Of course, 'need' is a relative concept: de Angelis v de Angelis [2003] VSC 432 at [45] (Dodds-Streeton J). It is different from 'want' and does not simply mean 'demand' or 'desire'. The latent difference between the words was stated by Lord Neuberger (the former President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom), in the House of Lords decision, R (on the application of M) v Slough Borough Council [2008] 1 WLR 1808; [2008] UKHL 52 at [54]: '"Need" is a more flexible word than it might first appear. "In need of" plainly means more than merely "want", but it falls far short of "cannot survive without".' In Boettcher v Driscoll (2014) 119 SASR 523; [2014] SASC 86 at [41], David J added: '"Need'' is not so synonymous with "want" such that the two are interchangeable.' However, no narrow view of what is encompassed by the concept of 'need' is to be adopted. In Gorton v Parks (1989) 17 NSWLR 1 at 8, Bryson J (as his Honour then was) commented that '[i]t does not seem possible to give a complete or exhaustive statement of the concept'. Yet, as Basten JA wrote in Chan v Chan, at [22]: 'A significant set of factors in many cases is that identified as "the financial resources (including earning capacity) and financial needs, both present and future, of the applicant…". However, it is important not to elide the distinction between needs and adequate provision; the former is but one indicator of the latter. The adequacy of provision is not to be determined by a calculation of financial needs. The background to any consideration of the appellant's needs required determination of the size of the estate and the claims of others on the beneficence of the testator.' Callinan and Heydon JJ emphasised in Vigolo v Bostin at [122] that the question of the adequacy of the provision made by the deceased 'is not to be decided in a vacuum, or by looking simply to the question whether the applicant has enough upon which to survive or live comfortably'. The inquiry is not confined only to the material circumstances of the applicant. Adequacy is a broader concept, which requires consideration of matters necessary to guard against unforeseen contingencies. The whole of the context must be examined. Sackville AJA (Macfarlan and Ward JJA agreeing) pointed out in Smith v Johnson (2015) 14 ASTLR 175; [2015] NSWCA 297, at [84], that: '… the assessment of an applicant's needs is not a mechanical process. In Andrew v Andrew (2012) 81 NSWLR 656 at [12], Allsop P observed that "[a]ccepted and acceptable community values permeate or underpin many, if not most, of the individual factors in s 60(2)". That observation applies to the concept of "financial needs" embodied in s 60(2)(d) of the Succession Act. The needs of a person depend on a range of factors that will vary from case to case. Some of those factors, such as the person's age and earning capacity, are specifically mentioned in s 60(2). Other factors, such as the person's financial or non-financial responsibilities to family members, or the standard of living which the deceased encouraged the person to enjoy, are not expressly identified in s 60(2) of the Succession Act.' If the Court is satisfied that, at the time when the Court is considering the application, adequate provision for the proper maintenance, education or advancement in life of the applicant has not been made by the Will of the deceased, it determines whether to make an order for provision and what provision ought to be made." 1. In Limberger v Limberger; Oakman v Limberger [2021] NSWSC 474, at [473]-[474], I repeated the principles that relate to a claim by an adult child: "I have, in many cases, referred to some general principles in relation to a claim by an adult child of the deceased. I repeat the principles that I have set out: (a) The relationship between parent and child changes when the child attains adulthood. However, a child does not cease to be a natural recipient of parental ties, affection or support, as the bonds of childhood are relaxed. (b) It is impossible to describe, in terms of universal application, the moral obligation, or community expectation, of a parent in respect of an adult child. It can be said that, '… ordinarily the community expects parents to raise and educate their children to the very best of their ability while they remain children; probably to assist them with a tertiary education, and where that is feasible; where funds allow, to provide them with a start in life — such as a deposit on a home, although it might well take a different form. The community does not expect a parent, in ordinary circumstances, to provide an unencumbered house, or to set their children up in a position where they can acquire a house unencumbered, although in a particular case, where assets permit and the relationship between the parties is such as to justify it, there might be such an obligation': Taylor v Farrugia [2009] NSWSC 801 at [57] (Brereton J); McGrath v Eves [2005] NSWSC 1006 at [67]–[71] (Gzell J); Kohari v Snow [2013] NSWSC 452 at [121]; Salmon v Osmond (2015) 14 ASTLR 442; [2015] NSWCA 42 at [109]–[110] (Beazley P, McColl and Gleeson JJA agreeing). (c) Generally, also, '… the community does not expect a parent to look after his or her children for the rest of [the child's life] and into retirement, especially when there is someone else, such as a spouse, who has a prime obligation to do so. Plainly, if an adult child remains a dependent of a parent, the community usually expects the parent to make provision to fulfil that ongoing dependency after death. But where a child, even an adult child, falls on hard times and where there are assets available, then the community may expect parents to provide a buffer against contingencies; and where a child has been unable to accumulate superannuation or make other provision for their retirement, something to assist in retirement where otherwise they would be left destitute': Taylor v Farrugia at [58] (Brereton J). (d) There is no need for an applicant adult child to show some special need or some special claim: McCosker v McCosker at 576 (Dixon CJ and Williams J); Kleinig v Neal (No 2) at 545–546 (Holland J); Bondelmonte v Blanckensee [1989] WAR 305 at 309–310 (Malcolm CJ, Nicholson J agreeing); Hawkins v Prestage (1989) 1 WAR 37 at 44–45 (Nicholson J); Taylor v Farrugia at [58]. (e) The adult child's lack of reserves to meet demands, particularly of ill health, which become more likely with advancing years, is a relevant consideration: MacGregor v MacGregor [2003] WASC 169 at [179]–[182] (Templeman J); Crossman v Riedel [2004] ACTSC 127 at [49] (Gray J). Likewise, the need for financial security and a fund to protect against the ordinary vicissitudes of life are relevant: Marks v Marks [2003] WASCA 297 at [43] (Wheeler J, albeit in dissent in the result). In addition, if the applicant is unable to earn, or has a limited means of earning, an income, this could give rise to an increased call on the estate of the deceased: Christie v Manera [2006] WASC 287 at [74]–[90] (Martin CJ). (f) The applicant has the onus of satisfying the Court, on the balance of probabilities, of the justification for the claim: Hughes v National Trustees, Executors and Agency Co of Australasia Ltd (1979) 143 CLR 134 at 149 (Gibbs J, Mason and Aickin JJ agreeing); [1979] HCA 2. A very similar statement of these principles, which I set out in Bowditch v NSW Trustee and Guardian [2012] NSWSC 275 at [111], was cited with approval in Chapple v Wilcox at [21] (Basten JA); and was referred to, with no apparent disapproval (although in that appeal there was no challenge to the correctness of those principles), in Smith v Johnson at [62] (Sackville AJA)." 1. Whilst most of these principles were stated in the context of the former Act, they are equally apt in a claim brought pursuant to the Act. However, I do not intend what is written above to become rigid formulae, elevated into rules of law, or to constrain the Court's discretion in these matters in any way. 2. Noting that no two cases are alike, Basten JA in Foley v Ellis [2008] NSWCA 288, at [3], wrote that the state of satisfaction "depends upon a multi-faceted evaluative judgment". In Kay v Archbold [2008] NSWSC 254, at [126], White J wrote that the assessment of what provision is proper involved "an intuitive assessment". 3. Importantly, the question of the inadequacy of provision is to be assessed at the time when the Court is considering the application. This does not mean, however, that considerable weight should not be given to the assessment of a capable testator, who has given due consideration to the claims on his, or her, estate: Sgro v Thompson [2017] NSWCA 326 at [6] (Payne JA). The basis upon which the evaluative judgment is to be undertaken is unrestricted. There is no automatic entitlement to provision stipulated by the Act, and the deceased's Will applies unless a specific application is made, and acceded, to by the Court. 4. The Court's discretion in making an order is not untrammelled, or to be exercised according to idiosyncratic notions of what is thought to be fair, or in such a way as to transgress, unnecessarily, upon the deceased's freedom of testation: Pontifical Society for the Propagation of the Faith v Scales (1962) 107 CLR 9 at 19 (Dixon CJ); [1962] HCA 19; McKenzie v Topp [2004] VSC 90 at [63] (Nettle J). 5. Bryson J noted in Gorton v Parks (1989) 17 NSWLR 1, at 6, that it is not appropriate to endeavour to achieve "an overall fair" division of the deceased's estate. It is not part of the Court's function to achieve some kind of equity between the various claimants. 6. As Pembroke J repeated in Sung v Malaxos [2015] NSWSC 186 at [5]: "Fairness and equality are not touchstones for relief under the Succession Act." 1. The role of the Court is not "to address wounded feelings or salve the pain of disappointed expectations" that the applicant might feel: Heyward v Fisher (Court of Appeal (NSW), Kirby P, 26 April 1985, unrep) at 7. 2. The size of the estate is a consideration in determining an application for provision. However, its size does not justify the Court re-writing the deceased's Will in accordance with its own ideas of justice and fairness: Bowyer v Wood (2007) 99 SASR 190; [2007] SASC 327 at [41] (Debelle J, Nyland and Anderson JJ agreeing); Borebor v Keane (2013) 11 ASTLR 96; [2013] VSC 35 at [67] (Hargrave J). 3. As I have stated in many cases (see, for example, Bowditch v NSW Trustee and Guardian [2012] NSWSC 275), I do not intend what I have described as "principles" or "general principles" to be elevated into rules of law, propositions of universal application, or rigid formulae. Nor do I wish to suggest that the jurisdiction should be unduly confined, or the discretion should be constrained, by statements of principle found in dicta in other decisions, or by preconceptions and predispositions. Decisions of the past do not, and cannot, put any fetters on the discretionary power, which is left largely unfettered. I do not intend what is provided as a guide to be turned into a tyrant. 4. It is necessary for the Court, in each case, after having had regard to the matters that the Act requires it to consider, to determine what is adequate and proper in all the circumstances of the particular case. In addition, in each case, a close consideration of the facts is necessary in order to determine whether the basis for a family provision order has been established. Every case is different and must be decided on its own facts. As Lindsay J wrote in Verzar v Verzar [2012] NSWSC 1380, at [131]: "Whatever guidance one might draw from analogous cases all analogies, and any guidelines drawn from a pattern of similar cases, must yield to the text of the legislation, the duty of the Court to apply that text to the particular circumstances, and the totality of material circumstances, of each case. Preconceptions and predispositions, comforting though they may be, can be the source of inadequate consideration of the jurisdiction to be exercised: Bladwell v Davis [2004] NSWCA 170 at [12] and [18]-[19]." 1. The importance of the qualifications to which I have referred have been stressed in Chapple v Wilcox [2014] 87 NSWLR 646; [2014] NSWCA 392, by Basten JA at [18]-[20] and by Barrett JA at [66]-[67]; in Burke v Burke (No 2) [2015] NSWCA 195 at [84]-[85]; in Yee v Yee [2017] NSWCA 305 at [172]; and very recently, by White JA, in Steinmetz v Shannon (2019) 99 NSWLR 687; [2019] NSWCA 114 at [37]. They must be remembered. Determination 1. What is written below should be read as a continuation of what has been written above. In addition, I have had regard to all of the factual, and other, matters, so far as they are relevant, to my conclusions set out below. Merely because specific reference has not been made to facts previously identified, should not lead to the conclusion that they have not been fully considered. 2. The main claim for provision made by Ven relates to the fund of money to enable him to purchase accommodation. In Smith v Johnson [2015] NSWCA 297, the Court of Appeal found that the primary judge had erred in making provision for an adult child of a fund to enable the purchase of a two bedroom home instead of a one bedroom home, without sufficient evidence of need. Sackville AJA (with whom Macfarlan and Ward JJA agreed) stated at [83] and [85]: "No doubt there will be cases where an applicant who has no family responsibilities and no prospects of paid employment requires more space than is provided by a one bedroom unit. But the evidence in this case did not establish that Andrew's circumstances created a need for anything other than a reasonably appointed one bedroom unit in the St Mary's area. Specifically, the evidence did not show that Andrew had existing or foreseeable family responsibilities or work or other commitments that created a need for a two bedroom unit. … Nonetheless, an assessment of needs, particularly where it is directed to such an important matter as the nature and cost of accommodation required by an applicant, must have a sound evidentiary foundation. In my view, the evidence in the present case does not support his Honour's finding that Andrew required a two bedroom unit. The evidence established that Andrew desired a two bedroom unit, not that he needed anything larger than a one bedroom unit. His Honour therefore made a material error of fact which vitiated both his determination that the Will did not make adequate provision for Andrew's maintenance or advancement in life and his decision to award Andrew $500,000 'in hand'." 1. In this case, Ven has no family responsibilities and his stated need for the second bedroom is to enable him to use it as an art studio in his spare time. (In Smith v Johnson, the Plaintiff sought a two bedroom unit to have a space to work on his hobby of advocating for West Papua and as a guest room for friends. Sackville AJA stressed that it was incumbent on a plaintiff to adduce evidence in support of his, or her, case.) 2. In this case, it was Jason's solicitor who has provided evidence of the cost of a one-bedroom residence. Apart from a statement from the Bar table, which I ignore, Ven provided no evidence of the unavailability of one bedroom units or the value of a one bedroom home in the East Ballina area. If Ven had wished to assert that one-bedroom units were not available, he could have given evidence of his searches and the difficulties he had experienced to find a suitable one-bedroom home unit. 3. Similarly, if he had disagreed with the estimates of the cost of a one-bedroom unit, or had wanted to qualify the evidence served, he could have relied upon evidence he had obtained. He did not do either. 4. Nor am I satisfied that Ven "needs" a two-bedroom unit in which to live. However, this does not mean that there is insufficient evidence of need to make any order for substantial provision. 5. Yet, there is evidence that Ven has minimal assets; an income seemingly insufficient to meet his expenditure; that he is living in rented accommodation; and, that with age, he will likely have increasing medical, and other, expenses. He also has a reduced earning capacity. 6. What is also of significance is that neither Maria, nor Jason, has given evidence of her, and his, financial circumstances, respectively. This, in my view, is a matter which must be considered. Another important matter, it seems to me, is the fact that during the deceased's lifetime, he made significant provision ($500,000) for Jason. 7. However, I remember that Ven is, at least in part, the author of his financial misfortune, in that he transferred the interest in his former matrimonial home to his daughter and her then fiancé, with the consequence that he no longer has the property, or its equivalent value. 8. The question that must be answered is whether, taking into account all the circumstances, the provision made for Ven in the deceased's Will, particularly as the question of construction has been decided in his favour, is inadequate for his proper maintenance and advancement in life. 9. Taking into account all the circumstances, I am satisfied that, at the time when the Court is considering the application, adequate provision for the proper maintenance or advancement in life for Ven, as the person in whose favour the order is to be made, has not been made by the Will of the deceased. 10. The more difficult question is what order for provision out of the estate of the deceased ought to be made for Ven's maintenance or advancement in life, having regard to the facts known to the Court at the time the order is made. In this regard, I have considered that he is not cohabiting with another person; that he did make a contribution to the estate of the deceased and to the deceased's welfare; that he does receive provision from the deceased's estate, and also that he received some provision during the deceased's lifetime, albeit not nearly as much as the provision received by Jason; that Ven was not being maintained, either wholly or partly, by the deceased before the deceased's death; and that there is no other person liable to support him. 11. I have also not forgotten the significant contribution made by Jason and his strong competing claim upon the bounty of the deceased. 12. As has been recently noted by Leeming JA, sitting at first instance, in Ibrahim v Nasr [2021] NSWSC 1321, at [301]: "It is difficult to articulate calculations supportive of the conclusion I have reached. It is a 'mixture of inextricable considerations', to use Windeyer J's language in a different area of discourse in Uren v John Fairfax & Sons Pty Ltd (1966) 117 CLR 118 at 150; [1966] HCA 40. The nature of an order for provision by way of a buffer is that it is insusceptible to precise articulation: see Strang v Steiner [2019] NSWCA 143 at [150]-[151] and [191]; cf [88]-[89] but note [92]." 1. Doing the best I can, I propose to treat the lump sum that Ven will receive under the Will of the deceased (about $337,000) as an accommodation fund. He can use that amount to purchase, or put towards the purchase, of accommodation, or as a fund to pay rent. I shall allow a modest sum to enable him to pay stamp duty and purchase some whitegoods. 2. Then, what is required is a modest capital sum for the purchase of a car (about $20,000) and a lump sum for the exigencies of life. I am of the view that he should receive additional provision of $120,000. There is evidence of his needs, summarised above. This lump sum should be the amount that he receives, by way of additional provision out of the estate of the deceased. 3. The additional provision should be provided out of the residuary estate of the deceased, which means that it will be provided out of the share of the deceased's estate that passes to Jason. (The other lump sum will be provided out of the bank accounts to which reference has been made when it is reimbursed by Jason.) 4. This should still leave a reasonable share of the deceased's estate for Jason. 5. It follows that Ven has been successful in the proceedings. However, I am unable to determine the question of costs. In the circumstances the Court: 1. Directs the parties, within 10 days, to provide in hard and soft copy, Short Minutes of Order that reflect these reasons. 2. Orders that the proceedings be stood over for directions at 2:00 p.m. on Wednesday, 8 December 2021 to enable the determination of costs. ********** DISCLAIMER - Every effort has been made to comply with suppression orders or statutory provisions prohibiting publication that may apply to this judgment or decision. The onus remains on any person using material in the judgment or decision to ensure that the intended use of that material does not breach any such order or provision. Further enquiries may be directed to the Registry of the Court or Tribunal in which it was generated. Decision last updated: 25 November 2021