Court of Criminal Appeal Supreme Court New South Wales Medium Neutral Citation: Fakhreddine v R [2024] NSWCCA 74 Hearing dates: 11 March 2024 Date of orders: 15 May 2024 Decision date: 15 May 2024 Before: Ward P at [1]; Rothman J at [2]; Wright J at [20] Decision: (1) Grant leave to the applicant to bring his application for leave to appeal out of time. (2) Grant leave to the applicant to appeal. (3) Allow the appeal. (4) Quash the sentence imposed on the applicant by the District Court on 22 June 2020. (5) In lieu, sentence the applicant to imprisonment for a non-parole period of 6 years and 11 months commencing on 8 August 2017 and expiring on 7 July 2024, with a balance of term of 4 years and 7 months expiring on 7 February 2029. Catchwords: CRIME – appeals – appeal against sentence – attempt to import commercial quantity of border-controlled drug – ground of appeal based upon Totaan v R [2022] NSWCCA 75 – sentencing judge did not accept hardship to family as exceptional and held it thus did not operate to reduce significantly the otherwise appropriate penalty – Crown conceded "Totaan error" – hardship to family and dependents taken into account – parity with co-offenders considered – applicant resentenced Legislation Cited: Crimes Act 1914 (Cth), ss 16A(1), 16A(2)(p) Criminal Appeal Act 1912 (NSW), s 5(1)(c) Criminal Code (Cth), ss 11.1(1), 11.2A(1)(a), 11.2A(1)(b)(ii), 307.1(1) Supreme Court (Criminal Appeal) Rules 2021 (NSW), r 3.5(5) Cases Cited: AB v The Queen (1999) 198 CLR 111; [1999] HCA 46 Ahmad v R [2023] NSWCCA 294 Dib v R [2023] NSWCCA 243 DL v The Queen (2018) 265 CLR 215; [2018] HCA 32 Ibrahim v R [2022] NSWCCA 161 Kentwell v The Queen (2014) 252 CLR 601; [2014] HCA 37 Markarian v The Queen (2005) 228 CLR 357; [2005] HCA 25 R v Ahmad, Ahmad; R v Fakhreddine, Hassan [2020] NSWDC 370 R v Hinton [2002] NSWCCA 405; (2002) 134 A Crim R 286 R v Sinclair (1990) 51 A Crim R 418 Totaan v R (2022) 108 NSWLR 17; [2022] NSWCCA 75 Category: Principal judgment Parties: Hassan Fakhreddine (Applicant) Rex (Respondent) Representation: Counsel: T Edwards SC (Applicant) C Tran (Respondent) Solicitors: Zahr Partners (Applicant) Solicitor for Public Prosecutions (Respondent) File Number(s): 2017/00241867 Decision under appeal Court or tribunal: District Court Jurisdiction: Criminal Citation: [2020] NSWDC 370 Date of Decision: 22 June 2020 Before: Yehia SC DCJ File Number(s): 2017/00241867 HEADNOTE [This headnote is not to be read as part of the judgment] Mr Hassan Fakhreddine (the applicant) pleaded guilty to an offence contrary to ss 11.1(1) and 307.1(1) with ss 11.2A(1)(a) and 11.2A(1)(b)(ii) of the Criminal Code (Cth). On 22 June 2020, Yehia SC DCJ sentenced the applicant for that offence to imprisonment for 13 years and 7 months with a non-parole period of 8 years. The applicant sought leave to appeal, under s 5(1)(c) of the Criminal Appeal Act 1912 (NSW), against that sentence. Hardship to the applicant's family was raised as a relevant consideration during the sentence proceedings but it was held that such hardship was "not exceptional and [did] not operate to significantly reduce the otherwise appropriate penalty" in accordance with law as it was then understood. On 11 April 2022, in Totaan v R (2022) 108 NSWLR 17; [2022] NSWCCA 75 (Totaan), a bench of five judges held in effect that a judge imposing a sentence for a Commonwealth offence was not required to be satisfied that the circumstances of hardship to a family member or a dependant satisfied the epithet 'exceptional' before such hardship could be taken into account under s 16A(2)(p) of the Crimes Act 1914 (Cth). Between August 2022 and 30 November 2023, three of the applicant's co-offenders were successful in their appeals against the sentences imposed on them in respect of the same offending. The grounds of appeal, on which the leave to appeal was sought, raised the issues of: whether the sentencing judge, although acting upon an understanding of the law which was then conventional, erred in failing to take into account hardship to the applicant's family or alternatively in applying a wrong principle to consideration of the matter; and whether the applicant has a justifiable sense of grievance in the light of the sentences imposed upon the co-offenders. The Court held (Wright J, Ward P and Rothman J agreeing) granting the leave to appeal and allowing the appeal: The sentencing judge had fallen into error in the consideration of the probable effect of any sentence on the person's family or dependents in light of the decision in Totaan: Wright J at [31]-[34], Ward P at [1], Rothman J at [2], [19]. Since error was established under the first ground of appeal and considerations of parity were taken into account in exercising the sentencing discretion afresh, it was not necessary to deal separately with the second ground of appeal relating to parity: Wright J at [35], [40], Ward P at [1], Rothman J at [2], [19]. Judgment 1. WARD P: I have had the benefit of reading in advance Wright J's reasons, with which I agree. On the question of resentence, I have taken into account the findings of the sentencing judge in relation to the applicant, as identified at [38] of Wright J's reasons, as well as the evidence relied upon by the applicant on the present application. I agree, for the reasons that Wright J has set out, that the sentence his Honour proposes is appropriate. Accordingly, I agree with the orders proposed by Wright J. 2. ROTHMAN J: I have had the advantage of reading, in draft, the reasons for judgment of Wright J and examining the proposed sentence that his Honour has indicated. I agree with the orders proposed by Wright J and I seek to make some comments in relation to the matter in issue. 3. First, as indicated by Wright J, the applicant would expressly abandon Ground 2 of the appeal if Ground 1 were upheld. Nevertheless, the learned sentencing judge imposed a sentence based on parity between the applicant and his co-offenders. This Court has, subsequently, reduced the sentence imposed upon his co-offenders. 4. As a consequence, unless it can be said that the learned sentencing judge was mistaken as to the parity imposed initially, or that the sentence imposed upon the applicant was such that no lesser sentence could be imposed and still comply with the provisions of s 16A(1) of the Crimes Act 1914 (Cth), the applicant's sentence would require adjustment. 5. The consequence that the reduction in a sentence has an impact on the sentence to be imposed upon a co-offender has been dealt with over many years by this Court and is a necessary and appropriate course in most situations. Such a potential impact on co-offenders' sentences is not a reason to refuse to adjust a sentence on appeal. 6. With great respect to the Court in Totaan v R (2022) 108 NSWLR 17; [2022] NSWCCA 75 (Totaan), I agree and adopt fully its construction of s 16A(2)(p) of the Crimes Act. Even if I were not in agreement, I would consider myself bound by the judgment. Exceptional or extraordinary circumstances are not required before the provisions of s 16A(2)(p) of the Crimes Act apply. 7. Nevertheless, the provisions of s 16A(2) of the Crimes Act do not require the reduction in a sentence as a result of a consideration. Once the effect on the offender's family is considered, whether the sentencing judge reduces the sentence is then an exercise of the overall discretion of the sentencing judge. 8. The provisions require the Court to consider the issue (or, as the legislation would have it, the "matter") and to "take it into account". Unless an offender has no family or dependants, every period of incarceration will influence the offender's family or dependants. The effect it has on the family or dependants may be adverse or otherwise. One can well imagine, for example, in the case of serious domestic violence and/or brutality, an effect on family and dependants that was positive. 9. Assuming and accepting that the incarceration of all or most offenders would have an impact upon the offender's family and dependants, the issue will always arise as to the degree to which such an effect is to be factored into the sentence and in what manner. Further, if there is a "usual" impact or effect on a prisoner's family or dependants, does it mean that, if a lesser impact or effect results, it is open to a sentencing judge to increase the sentence? 10. For my own part, I would think not. Such an approach would be inconsistent with the provisions of s 16A(1) of the Crimes Act. So too would the notion of increasing a sentence because the incarceration of the prisoner would have a positive effect. 11. Such considerations are the basis upon which some judicial officers referred in the past to the effect needing to be extraordinary or exceptional before it resulted in a reduction in sentence. In that respect, such an approach reflected the common law. 12. The consequence of the judgment in Totaan is that the point at which an offender has no family or dependants, or there is no effect, is the datum point from which such a factor is considered, not when it is the usual effect. And a less than usual adverse effect does not result in an effect that is not ameliorative. 13. The learned sentencing judge did, on one view of her Honour's Remarks on Sentence, consider the effect of the sentence on the applicant's family and dependants. Her Honour came to the view that the effect on the applicant's family and dependants was not such as warranted a "significant" reduction in the sentence. 14. As extracted by Wright J, her Honour referred to the hardship as being "not exceptional and [did] not operate to significantly reduce the otherwise appropriate penalty". Because of that comment, in my view, it may have been open to take the view that her Honour had complied with the Act and considered "the probable effect that any sentence or order under consideration would have on any of the [applicant's] family or dependants". As earlier stated, taking a matter into account does not require a reduction in a sentence because of that consideration. 15. One reading of her Honour's Remarks might suggest that her Honour did in fact reduce that which was otherwise under consideration, but not significantly. 16. In many respects, it is important to recall the comments of McHugh J in Markarian v The Queen [1] in which his Honour said: "The two-tier sentencer contends that using the instinctive synthesis is inimical to the judicial process and is an exercise of arbitrary judicial power, unchecked by the giving of reasons. The two-tier sentencer claims, as Hulme J did in this case, that, where the sentence is the result of an instinctive synthesis, it makes one "wonder whether figures have not just been plucked out of the air". The instinctive synthesiser, on the other hand, contends that the two-tier sentencer mistakes an illusion of exactitude for the reality of sentencing because there is no method of sequential arithmetical reasoning that produces the correct sentence for any case. A sentence can only be the product of human judgment, based on all the facts of the case, the judge's experience, the data derived from comparable sentences and the guidelines and principles authoritatively laid down in statutes and authoritative judgments. The instinctive synthesiser asserts that sentencing is not an exercise in linear reasoning because the result of each step in the process is not the logical foundation for the next step in the process. Nor in practice can it be an exercise in multiple regression where one starts with particular coefficients and adds to or subtracts from their result by changing the weighting of each variable as new variables are added to the process. The circumstances of criminal cases are so various that they cannot be the subject of mathematical equations. Sociological variables do not easily lend themselves to mathematization. Hence, when judges embark on a process that seeks to adjust incrementally or detrimentally a hypothetical sentence, "they but illustrate the way in which the human mind tries, and vainly tries, to give to a particular subject matter a higher degree of definition than it will admit", as Lord Porter said in another context. In AB v The Queen, I gave my reasons for preferring the instinctive synthesis approach. In my view, the judge who purports to compile a benchmark sentence as a starting point inevitably gives undue – even decisive – weight to some only of the factors in the case. Furthermore, the judge falls into the error of determining that notional sentence by reference to a hypothetical crime derived from some only of the circumstances of the case. Instead of sentencing this accused for his or her criminality, the judge sentences the person for another crime and adjusts the notional sentence by reference to factors that are additional to the objective circumstances. Indeed, there are some offences – manslaughter is an example – where an attempt to fix a first-tier sentence by reference to the objective circumstances is meaningless. How can a judge possibly fix a first-tier or any sentence for the mother who has killed her newborn baby without taking into account her personal circumstances? Moreover, by concentrating on the objective circumstances of a crime, the judge is giving effect, and ultimately greater weight, to the retributive or deterrent theory of sentencing. Indeed, the judgment of the Court of Criminal Appeal in this case makes it clear that the Court thought that the issues of retribution and deterrence were the dominant issues in the case. Consciously or unconsciously, the judge who commences with a notional sentence downplays the importance of mitigation, reformation and rehabilitation in the sentencing process. Cognitive psychology has long emphasised the difficulty that the human mind has in giving correct weightings to each of a number of variables. In particular, people frequently fail to distinguish between the strength of evidence and its relative weight in determining the outcome or prediction. As Griffin and Tversky have pointed out: 'The extensive experimental literature on judgment under uncertainty indicates that people do not combine strength and weight in accord with the rules of probability and statistics.' The tendency of the mind is to seize on one or two variables – usually those with which the decision-maker is most familiar or which seem most cogent – and give that variable or those variables undue weight. Overconfidence – but sometimes underconfidence – in the significance of factors or the accuracy of the assessment is very common. The tendency to err must increase when particular circumstances are selected as the starting point for the decision and further factors are allowed to modify the starting point." [2] 1. The difference in the approach of McHugh J and Kirby J in Markarian is a difference between the Aristotelian concept of unconscious expertise and conscious expertise. Instinctive synthesis is the preferred approach. 2. When a sentencing judge as experienced as the learned sentencing judge fixes a sentence to be imposed upon an offender, the sentence is imposed as part of the "instinctive synthesis", which is inherent in the task of sentencing. It is unnecessary, and contrary to principle, to set out factors and the discount that applies because of each such factor, in circumstances where one has already fixed a sentence to be imposed, without considering all of the objective circumstances of the offence and the subjective circumstances of the offender. 3. The Crown concedes error, and despite the circumstance that there may be another reading of the Remarks an offender is entitled to know that the sentence has unambiguously been imposed in accordance with the current law. Considering my agreement with the orders proposed by Wright J, it is unnecessary to take the matter further. As stated, I agree with the orders proposed by Wright J. 4. WRIGHT J: The applicant, Mr Hassan Fakhreddine, seeks leave to appeal, under s 5(1)(c) of the Criminal Appeal Act 1912 (NSW), against a sentence imposed on him by Yehia SC DCJ (as her Honour then was) in the District Court of New South Wales. Background 1. On 29 November 2019, the applicant pleaded guilty to a charge that between about 25 February 2017 and 8 August 2017, he attempted, with Ahmad Ahmad, Hakan Arif, Nejmi Saki, Mostafa Dib, Moustafa Ibrahim and Ryan Watsford, to import a commercial quantity of MDMA, a border-controlled drug, contrary to ss 11.1(1) and 307.1(1) with ss 11.2A(1)(a) and 11.2A(1)(b)(ii) of the Criminal Code (Cth). That offence carries a maximum penalty of life imprisonment. 2. On 22 June 2020 and at the same time as sentencing the co-offender, Mr Ahmad, Yehia SC DCJ sentenced the applicant to imprisonment for 13 years and 7 months, commencing on 8 August 2017 and expiring on 7 March 2031, with a non-parole period of 8 years expiring on 7 August 2025: R v Ahmad, Ahmad; R v Fakhreddine, Hassan [2020] NSWDC 370. Hardship to the applicant's family was raised as a relevant consideration but it was held, at [188], that such hardship was "not exceptional and [did] not operate to significantly reduce the otherwise appropriate penalty". 3. On 11 April 2022, a bench of five judges in this Court held in effect that a judge imposing a sentence for a Commonwealth offence was not required to be satisfied that the circumstances of hardship to a family member or a dependant satisfied the epithet 'exceptional' before such hardship could be taken into account as required by s 16A(2)(p) of the Crimes Act 1914 (Cth): Totaan at [77], [82], [92]-[93] (Bell CJ with Gleeson JA, Harrison, Adamson and Dhanji JJ agreeing). 4. Between August 2022 and 30 November 2023, three of the applicant's co-offenders have been successful in their appeals against the sentences imposed on them in respect of the same offending. 5. In Ibrahim v R [2022] NSWCCA 161, Mr Ibrahim's appeal was upheld on the basis, inter alia, that the indicative sentence of 21 years (after a discount of 25% for the plea of guilty) for the offence corresponding to the offence committed by the applicant in the present case was manifestly excessive and this contributed to the aggregate sentence also being manifestly excessive. On resentence, the indicative sentence for the relevant offending was 18 years' imprisonment. 6. In Dib v R [2023] NSWCCA 243, Mr Dib had pleaded guilty and was sentenced to imprisonment for 18 years and 2 months with a non-parole period of 12 years for the offence involving both the applicant and Mr Ibrahim and the other co-offenders. On appeal, the sentence imposed was found not to be manifestly excessive but the appeal was upheld on the basis of parity. It was noted that "[o]ne outcome of Ibrahim's successful appeal is the disruption of the relativities carefully considered and constructed by the sentencing judge, which are not challenged by either party", given that the sentencing judge had found that Mr Ibrahim played a "slightly more serious role" than Mr Dib, and held a position "slightly higher" in the organisation than Mr Dib. Thus, it was concluded that, by reason of the reduction in the sentence imposed on Mr Ibrahim, and the disparity so created, Mr Dib experienced a justifiable sense of grievance. In these circumstances, it was held to be appropriate to restore the relativity assessed by the sentencing judge, without otherwise re-exercising the sentencing discretion, at [143]-[147]. Consequently, Mr Dib was resentenced to imprisonment for 15 years and 7 months, with a non-parole period of 10 years and 4 months. 7. In Ahmad v R [2023] NSWCCA 294, Mr Ahmad pleaded guilty before trial, after initially pleading not guilty and was allowed a discount of 20% for the plea. He was originally sentenced to imprisonment for 15 years and 2 months with a non-parole period of 8 years and 9 months in respect of the offending involving the applicant and the other co-offenders. On appeal, it was not in dispute that as a result of the decision in Totaan, the sentencing judge had erred and the sentence should be quashed and Mr Ahmad should be resentenced. It was found to be inappropriate to deal with a further ground asserting manifest excess and the parity ground was not pressed. Mr Ahmad was resentenced to 12 years and 8 months' imprisonment with a non-parole period of 7 years and 6 months. As part of his consideration on resentence, Garling J set out at [60] a table of undiscounted starting points of sentences imposed on four of the co-offenders as follows, with the undiscounted sentence adopted by this Court in respect of Mr Ahmad included in square brackets: Name Sentencing Judge Court of Criminal Appeal Ibrahim 28 years 24 years Dib 26 years 22 years 3 months Ahmad 19 years [15 years 10 months] Fakhreddine 17 years Appeal 1. The notice of appeal relating to the application for leave to appeal was not filed within time and the applicant requires leave to make his application under r 3.5(5) of the Supreme Court (Criminal Appeal) Rules 2021 (NSW). The application for leave was supported by the affidavit of Aisha Lopez which referred, inter alia, to the appeals by the other co-offenders and the steps taken on behalf of the applicant. 2. The applicant seeks to rely on two grounds of appeal: "1. The sentencing judge, although acting upon an understanding of the law which was then conventional, erred in failing to take into account hardship to the applicant's family or alternatively in applying a wrong principle to consideration of the matter. 2. The applicant has a justifiable sense of grievance in the light of the sentence imposed upon the co-offenders." Leave to bring the application for leave to appeal 1. Given the grounds relied on, the decision of this Court in Totaan, the successful appeals of three of the applicant's co-offenders and the position properly adopted by the Crown on this appeal, it is appropriate to grant leave to the applicant to bring his application for leave to appeal out of time. Ground 1 1. In respect of the first ground of appeal, the Crown conceded that the error alleged had been made by the learned sentencing judge. In my view this concession was entirely appropriate. 2. As noted above, Yehia SC DCJ observed at [188] of the remarks on sentence in relation to hardship to the applicant's family, which had been raised as a relevant consideration, that such hardship was "not exceptional and [did] not operate to significantly reduce the otherwise appropriate penalty". It is apparent, in my view, that the sentencing judgment was seeking to give effect to the principle referred to in the cases mentioned in Totaan at [77] such as R v Sinclair (1990) 51 A Crim R 418 and R v Hinton [2002] NSWCCA 405; (2002) 134 A Crim R 286 which held that a court imposing a sentence for a federal offence may only have regard to hardship to a family member or a dependant where the circumstances of hardship satisfied the epithet "exceptional". 3. In light of the decision in Totaan which was published after the sentencing judge's decision, however, giving effect to that principle involved error. 4. Since error has been made out, it is appropriate to grant leave to appeal on ground 1, allow the appeal, quash the sentence imposed in the District Court and to resentence the applicant. Ground 2 1. In the event that ground 1 was upheld, the applicant expressly abandoned the second ground of appeal relating to parity, since that would be a matter that would be taken into account on resentencing. The Crown agreed it was unnecessary to consider the second ground in light of the concession concerning ground 1. Resentence 1. Having found that the first ground of appeal has been made out, the Court's task is then to exercise the sentencing discretion afresh, taking into account the purposes of sentencing and the factors that the Crimes Act and any other Act or rule of law require or permit: Kentwell v The Queen (2014) 252 CLR 601; [2014] HCA 37 (Kentwell) at [42]. 2. For this purpose, the Court is to have regard to the material that was before the sentencing judge, the sentencing judge's unchallenged factual findings, and any relevant post-sentence evidence: DL v The Queen (2018) 265 CLR 215; [2018] HCA 32 at [9] (Bell, Keane, Nettle, Gordon and Edelman JJ). In the present case, the applicant did not challenge any of the findings of Yehia SC DCJ except in relation to hardship to the applicant's family and dependents. 3. The unchallenged findings of the sentencing judge in relation to the applicant are set out in the relevant portions of R v Ahmad, Ahmad; R v Fakhreddine, Hassan [2020] NSWDC 370 and I shall not repeat them here but I have taken them into account in determining the appropriate sentence. The portions of that decision relating to the applicant and most relevant for present purposes include the following paragraphs: 1. [10]-[116] concerning the largely undisputed facts of the offending; 2. [117]-[129] as to the findings in relation to facts disputed by the applicant, noting that the unchallenged conclusions included that the applicant was not "simply a mindless conduit for the messages being passed between the two groups" but he "was a facilitator who engaged in this criminal activity for financial reward" as well as the other findings made at [120]. [123], and [127] which were favourable to the applicant; 3. [155]-[158] concerning the objective seriousness of the offending, including the assessment that "the offence is objectively very serious"; 4. [159]-[167] concerning the role of the undercover operative which was found to reduce the moral culpability of the applicant to some extent but not to a substantial degree and noting that, once the applicant became involved, he was a very willing participant who engaged in the activity for a significant financial reward; 5. [168]-[170] concerning deterrence and denunciation and the applicant's criminal record and the finding that "specific deterrence is an important consideration that must be given significant weight in his case", unlike Mr Ahmad's situation where it was found that the weight to be given to specific deterrence was moderated having regard to the fact that he had no prior drug related matters and his record was not extensive; 6. [173]-[188] concerning the applicant's subjective case, except for the finding at [188] that '[t]he hardship to the offender's family is not exceptional and does not operate to significantly reduce the otherwise appropriate penalty"; 7. [228]-[247] concerning parity including the conclusion that: "each offender's role is substantially less than that of Ibrahim and less than that of Dib. Mr Ahmad's role is about the same as that of Watsford. Mr Fakhreddine's role is slightly less than that of Watsford and that of Ahmad. The remorse and contrition demonstrated by Watsford and his prior good character are also relevant to the issue of parity in each case"; and 1. [253] concerning the applicant's entitlement to a discount of 20% on account of his plea of guilty. 1. In addition, the applicant relied on the following affidavits relating to post-sentence matters: his affidavit of 15 February 2014; the affidavit of Aisha Lopez of 15 February 2024; and, the affidavit of Lamese Chahine, the applicant's wife, of 16 February 2024. 2. That evidence established a number of matters which I have also taken into account, including without being exhaustive the following. 1. In custody, the applicant has engaged in employment when available as a cleaner, a wing sweeper, in the furniture unit, as a general and lead hand in buy-ups or upholstery and as Clerk for the Manager of Industries, with generally positive comments on his attitudes and contribution, as well as being assigned as the wing delegate in November 2023. 2. The applicant was subject to significant restrictions in custody because of the COVID-19 pandemic which were difficult for both his family and him. 3. The applicant has expressed remorse, an interest in obtaining further qualifications for the building and construction industries and an intention to modify his lifestyle and choices so as to lead a pro-social life and be there for his wife and children on release. 4. The applicant's children are now 13, 11 and 9 years old and his wife has struggled physically and mentally in his absence. The family had to leave their rented property and move in with his wife's elderly mother in cramped accommodation, although she has obtained some work through her brother. As to her mental health, the applicant's wife has been medicated since he was sentenced for anxiety and depression and her conditions were exacerbated during the pandemic and the children regressed in their schooling and general attitudes. The applicant's wife has not been able to afford professional counselling or therapy for her mental health. Family contact has improved since the applicant has moved to the correctional centre at Windsor and visits have become more feasible and frequent. 1. I have also considered parity in relation to the applicant and the co-offenders, assisted by Yehia SC DCJ's detailed and helpful analysis and conclusions in that regard, which were unchallenged on this appeal. 2. As to parity, Garling J's comments in Ahmad are also relevant in the present appeal. His Honour said at [64]: "As Simpson AJA noted in Dib, it is important in light of the reductions in the sentences in the Court of Criminal Appeal of Mr Ibrahim and Mr Dib, the lack of an attack on the findings of objective seriousness, and the participation of both of them in the commission of the same importation offence, to maintain as closely as possible the relativity identified by the sentencing Judge. Precise mathematical calculations are not necessarily appropriate as the way to achieve this, but it is necessary to keep in mind the restoration of the relativity imposed by the sentencing Judge who sentenced all the offenders either at the same time or else within a short period of time thereafter." 1. As a result of the applicant's success on ground 1, the resentencing exercise also involves the consideration, which also arose in Ahmad, that there is a need to take into account the probable effect that any sentence would have on any of the person's family or dependants, even though such hardship would properly not be found to be exceptional. I accept that the applicant's incarceration has had and will probably continue to have a negative effect on his family and dependents, including as outlined in Ms Chahine's affidavit. I have taken those matters into account as a basis for ameliorating the sentence which would otherwise be appropriate. 2. Nonetheless, it must also be borne in mind that the Court is required to impose a sentence that is of a severity appropriate in all the circumstances of the offence, by virtue of s 16A(1) of the Crimes Act 1914 (Cth). This is one reason why, in the present case, there will not necessarily be a precise arithmetical ratio or equivalence between the sentences imposed by this Court in relation to co-offenders compared to the sentences originally imposed and the sentence to be imposed in the present case compared to that imposed on the applicant by Yehia SC DCJ. The relevant factors or matters relating to the applicant differ in some instances from those relevant to his co-offenders but the differences do not all point in one direction. I have considered and balanced the factors and matters in arriving at the sentence I propose. 3. Having undertaken the task required by Kentwell and bearing in mind the purposes of, and the relevant principles concerning, sentencing, I am of the view that a sentence of imprisonment should be imposed comprising, after allowing a discount of 20% for the plea of guilty, a non-parole period of 6 years and 11 months commencing on 8 August 2017 and expiring on 7 July 2024, with a balance of term of 4 years and 7 months expiring on 7 February 2029. Orders 1. For these reasons, I propose that the orders of the Court should be: 1. Grant leave to the applicant to bring his application for leave to appeal out of time. 2. Grant leave to the applicant to appeal. 3. Allow the appeal. 4. Quash the sentence imposed on the applicant by the District Court on 22 June 2020. 5. In lieu, sentence the applicant to imprisonment for a non-parole period of 6 years and 11 months commencing on 8 August 2017 and expiring on 7 July 2024, with a balance of term of 4 years and 7 months expiring on 7 February 2029. 1. The applicant will be first eligible for release to parole on 7 July 2024. ********** Endnotes 1. Markarian v The Queen (2005) 228 CLR 357; [2005] HCA 25. 2. Ibid at [52]-[54] (McHugh J). DISCLAIMER - Every effort has been made to comply with suppression orders or statutory provisions prohibiting publication that may apply to this judgment or decision. The onus remains on any person using material in the judgment or decision to ensure that the intended use of that material does not breach any such order or provision. Further enquiries may be directed to the Registry of the Court or Tribunal in which it was generated. Decision last updated: 15 May 2024