Court of Appeal Supreme Court New South Wales Medium Neutral Citation: Mohareb v Local Court of New South Wales [2024] NSWCA 235 Hearing dates: 26 September 2024 Date of orders: 03 October 2024 Decision date: 03 October 2024 Before: Kirk and McHugh JJA at [1] Decision: (1) The first respondent be named the "Local Court of New South Wales" instead of "Manly Local Court". (2) The application for leave to appeal is dismissed. (3) The applicant is to pay the costs of the first and second respondents. Catchwords: APPEALS – Leave to appeal required under s 101(2)(h) and (r) of Supreme Court Act 1970 (NSW) where no readily ascertainable monetary value – Granting of leave matter of discretion ultimately in interests of justice – Dispute substantially resolved prior to hearing below – Disproportional disputation must come to an end APPEALS – Procedure – Parties on appeal – Unrepresented litigants – Court's function is to ensure fair trial for all parties and does not extend to giving judicial advice to unrepresented litigant JUDGMENTS AND ORDERS – Reasons – Reasons refusing leave to appeal need not be extensive Legislation Cited: Civil Procedure Act 2005 (NSW), ss 56-58, 60 Crimes (Appeal and Review) Act 2001 (NSW), Pt 5 Crimes (Domestic and Personal Violence) Act 2007 (NSW), s 13 Crimes Act 1900 (NSW), s 195(1) Criminal Procedure Act 1986 (NSW), s 222 Local Court Act 2007 (NSW), ss 7(1), 66 Supreme Court Act 1970 (NSW), ss 46B, 101(1)-(2) Local Court Rules 2009 (NSW), r 6.2(2) Cases Cited: Adam P Brown Male Fashions Pty Ltd v Philip Morris Inc [1981] HCA 39; (1981) 148 CLR 170 Bauskis v Liew [2013] NSWCA 297 Be Financial Pty Ltd as Trustee for Be Financial Operations Trust v Das [2012] NSWCA 164 Carolan v AMF Bowling Pty Ltd (t/as Bennetts Green Bowl Ltd) [1995] NSWCA 69 Collier v Lancer (No 2) [2013] NSWCA 186 Daily Examiner Pty Ltd v Mundine [2011] NSWCA 126 DEF v Trappett [2017] NSWCA 163 DL v The Queen [2018] HCA 26; (2018) 266 CLR 1 Hamod v New South Wales [2011] NSWCA 375 La La Land Byron Bay Pty Ltd v Independent Liquor and Gaming Authority [2015] NSWCA 254 Marroun v State Transit Authority [2017] NSWCA 273; (2017) 96 NSWLR 295 McGuirk v University of New South Wales [2009] NSWCA 321; (2009) 75 NSWLR 224 Mohareb v Manly Local Court (No 2) [2024] NSWCA 234 Mohareb v Manly Local Court [2024] NSWCA 233 PPK Willoughby Pty Ltd v Baird [2019] NSWCA 48 Rodi v Gelonesi [2012] NSWCA 424 Roy Morgan Research Centre Pty Ltd v Commissioner of State Revenue (Vic) [2001] HCA 49; (2001) 207 CLR 72 Sanofi v Parke Davis Pty Ltd [1982] HCA 9; (1982) 149 CLR 147 Shapkin v The University of Sydney [2024] NSWCA 156 The Age Company Ltd v Liu [2013] NSWCA 26; (2013) 82 NSWLR 268 Toth v State of New South Wales [2022] NSWCA 185 Wainohu v State of New South Wales [2011] HCA 24; (2011) 243 CLR 181 Category: Principal judgment Parties: Nader Mohareb (Applicant) (Self-represented) Local Court of New South Wales (First Respondent) Constable Aden Murphy (Second Respondent) Representation: Counsel: S Munnoch (First Respondent) (Sol) A Deards (Second Respondent) (Sol) Solicitors: Crown Solicitor's Office (First Respondent) Makinson d'Apice Lawyers (Second Respondent) File Number(s): 2024/163221 Publication restriction: Nil Decision under appeal Court or tribunal: Supreme Court Jurisdiction: Common Law Citation: [2024] NSWSC 345 Date of Decision: 5 April 2024 Before: Button J File Number(s): 2022/242042 [Note: The Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 provide (Rule 36.11) that unless the Court otherwise orders, a judgment or order is taken to be entered when it is recorded in the Court's computerised court record system. Setting aside and variation of judgments or orders is dealt with by Rules 36.15, 36.16, 36.17 and 36.18. Parties should in particular note the time limit of fourteen days in Rule 36.16.] JUDGMENT 1. THE COURT: The genesis of these proceedings lies in two criminal charges against Mr Nader Mohareb, the applicant, in the Local Court at Manly. That Court is the first respondent. The informant, Constable Aden Murphy, is the second respondent. It is alleged that on 9 March 2022 Mr Mohareb threw and broke a dining plate and bowl in the presence of his mother during the course of an argument between the two in the property at which they both reside. He has been charged with destroying or damaging another's property, under s 195(1) of the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW), and with stalking or intimidation with intent to cause fear of physical or mental harm under s 13 of the Crimes (Domestic and Personal Violence) Act 2007 (NSW). The hearing of the charges has yet to occur, having been delayed by this dispute. 2. Mr Mohareb sought to issue two subpoenas for production. A registrar refused leave to do so. Mr Mohareb then applied for a review of that decision before a magistrate. On 13 July 2022 Magistrate Denes refused the application. Mr Mohareb then brought proceedings in the Supreme Court both seeking leave to appeal the magistrate's decision, pursuant to Pt 5 of the Crimes (Appeal and Review) Act 2001 (NSW) (the CAR Act), and seeking judicial review of the decision. The primary judge, Button J, dismissed the application on 5 April 2024, having heard the matter just over two weeks prior: Mohareb v Manly Local Court [2024] NSWSC 345 (PJ). There had been a long delay of some 20 months between the magistrate's decision and the matter being heard by the Supreme Court. This delay seems mainly to have been caused by various interlocutory disputes relating to the proceeding, such as whether it was necessary for the informant to be joined, combined with various adjournments sought by the parties, in part to allow negotiations to take place. 3. The applicant now seeks leave to appeal to this Court from the decision of the primary judge. His draft notice of appeal sets out 16 grounds of appeal. 4. For the reasons that follow the application for leave to appeal will be refused with costs. This judgment addresses the issues raised in the following order: 1. the context of the application; 2. leave to appeal is required (the applicant had suggested at one stage that it was not); 3. principles relating to granting leave to appeal and the extent to which this Court is required to give reasons; and 4. why leave to appeal should be refused. Context 1. On 29 June 2022 Mr Mohareb applied to a Local Court registrar at Manly for leave to issue two subpoenas for production addressed respectively to "NSW Police Force – Northern Beaches Area Command" and the "Manly Hospital Psychiatric Ward". Both Magistrate Denes and Button J indicated that neither was addressed to the correct person. In this Court the second respondent indicated that the proper addressees should respectively have been the Commissioner of the New South Wales Police Force and the proper officer of the Northern Sydney Local Health District (NSLHD). That issue, however, was not what was determinative below. 2. The proposed subpoena against the Police sought production of documents within four categories (as written): 1. Copies of records of the outcomes of previous reports/complaint to the police which had caused police officers to attend the victim's & the defendant's residence at XX – in the period from 1st January 2019 to 1st March 2022 – to investigate reports/concerns about domestic disputes at the said address, including: (a) Copies of the body camera recordings of the attending police officers. (b) Copies of conclusions reports of and/or the version of events which took place according to the investigating/reporting police officers. (c) Copies of the conclusions reports of the subsequent days' follow up calls, to the victim, from the relevant follow up women protection service. 2. Copies of records of the 2nd May 2022 attendance of two police officers (one male and the other female) at the victim's & the defendant's residence at XX which was in response to the victim's request, including: (a) Copies of the body camera recordings of the attending police officers. (b) Copies of conclusions reports of and/or the version of events which took place according to the investigating/reporting police officers. (c) Copies of the conclusions reports of the subsequent days' follow up calls, to the victim, from the relevant follow up women protection service. 3. Copies of records of the 12th May 2022 attendance of two police officers (one male and the other female) at the victim's & the defendant's residence at XX which was for the purpose of a random safety check initiated by the Plaintiff, including: (a) Copies of the body camera recordings of the attending police officers. (b) Copies of conclusions reports of and/or the version of events which took place according to the investigating/reporting police officers. (c) Copies of the conclusions reports of the subsequent days' follow up calls, to the victim, from the relevant follow up women protection service. 4. Copies of any past letters which the victim sent to the senior police officers at the Dee Why police station, in which the victim complaint and/or alleged having been harassed, stalked and/or otherwise harmed by any of her next-door neighbours. 1. The proposed subpoena against the hospital sought production of "[c]opies of Manly Hospital psychiatric ward's records of & reports about, the victim's past admittance – at the request of the NSW Ambulance Services – to the Manly Hospital psychiatric ward". 2. In neither subpoena was the "victim" identified. The Police no doubt would have been able to identify her, having laid the charges. There is no apparent reason the NSLHD would have been able to do so. 3. Subpoenas in the Local Court are issued by registrars: Criminal Procedure Act 1986 (NSW), s 222; Local Court Act 2007 (NSW), s 66. Under r 6.2(2) of the Local Court Rules 2009 (NSW) a registrar may refuse to issue a subpoena if satisfied that doing so "would be an abuse of process" or "would be oppressive on the person named". On 5 July 2022 a registrar refused to issue the two subpoenas sought on the basis that they would be an abuse of process. 4. Mr Mohareb sought a review of that refusal pursuant to r 8.8 of the Local Court Rules. On 13 July 2022 Magistrate Denes dismissed Mr Mohareb's application in an ex tempore judgment. Her Honour's order was to "set aside" both subpoenas. Strictly that decision should have resulted in an order confirming the registrar's decision. However, as Button J later said, Mr Mohareb's attempt to overturn the magistrate's decision by reason of that irregularity was "excessive formalism" (PJ [76]). Magistrate Denes noted that the subpoenas were not correctly addressed but appropriately observed that "that can be rectified; he is self-represented". Her Honour's reasons for dismissing the application were to the effect that the categories of document sought were too broad and exceeded any legitimate forensic purpose. She made some reference to whether or not any material produced would be admissible. She concluded her remarks with this suggestion: I strongly suggest, Mr Mohareb, you do get some legal advice, because there may well be some form of subpoena that may well meet your purposes, but it needs to be properly drafted, so that it is not so broad as to be oppressive in nature. It is not for me to tell you how to do that other than to advise you to get legal representation. 1. On 12 August 2022 Mr Mohareb filed proceedings in the Supreme Court challenging Magistrate Denes' decision, on two bases. He sought certiorari and related judicial review relief for error of law on the face of the record, and sought leave to appeal the decision under s 53(3) within Pt 5 of the CAR Act (for which he sought an extension of time). Seven appeal grounds were listed in his amended summons. 2. After Mr Mohareb filed his application in the Supreme Court Mr Nicholas Regener, the solicitor for the informant, and Mr Mohareb sensibly conducted negotiations about the scope of the subpoenas to seek to resolve the dispute. They got very close to doing so. Mr Regener had obtained instructions on behalf of the Commissioner and NSLHD in this regard. Evidence of those negotiations was admitted in the proceedings below, without objection, and was before this Court. It seems that by 21 April 2023 Mr Mohareb and Mr Regener had reached agreement that NSLHD would not object to a subpoena issuing in the Local Court seeking production from it of the following documents: Copies of medical records held by the now closed Manly Hospital in respect of [Mr Mohareb's mother] (born XX and of XX) in respect of psychiatric admissions in the period January 2013 to 31 December 2013. 1. On the same date, as regards the subpoena Mr Mohareb wished to direct to the Police, Mr Regener made an offer on behalf of the Commissioner that no objection would be taken to a subpoena issuing in the Local Court seeking production from the Police of the following: 1. COPS Event reports and BWV [body worn video] relating to any incident requiring a police attendance at XX between 1 January 2019 and 1 March 2022 to investigate domestic disputes involving the accused and his mother, including reports of any telephone follow-up conversations with the victim; 2. COPS Event report and BWV relating to a police attendance at XX on 2 May 2022, including reports of any telephone follow-up conversations with the victim; 3. COPS Event report and BWV relating to a police attendance at XX on 12 May 2022, including reports of any telephone follow-up conversations with the victim; 4 COPS Event report and BWV relating to a police attendance at XX on 13 July 2022, including reports of any telephone follow-up conversations with the victim; 5. A copy of a letter (if retained by the Commissioner) from the victim to the Police, being a letter which was received and responded to by a senior police officer named Rachel Bird in or around June 2015. 1. By implication, the offer was that the Supreme Court proceedings be dismissed with no order as to costs. On 9 June 2023 Mr Mohareb responded by email attaching proposed consent orders. Those orders slightly altered the formulation of the categories proposed by Mr Regener but not in any substantial way. There were three key differences. First, Mr Mohareb wanted the agreement recorded in orders of the Supreme Court directing the Commissioner of Police and the NSLHD to produce the documents in question. Second, he wanted an order that if any of the material sought was not available then the informant or NSLHD (as applicable) "is to make arrangements for the associated police officers [or practitioners] to appear in Court to give evidence about that material". It can be noted that such orders were too vague to be appropriate. Third, he wanted an order that the Local Court pay his filing fees in the Supreme Court, amounting to a total of $1,872. Mr Regener declined to consent to those orders (and he could not have done so as regards the Local Court paying Mr Mohareb's costs). 2. There were various further exchanges. On 11 June 2023 and 21 September 2023 Mr Regener reiterated the offer he had made on 21 April 2023. Mr Mohareb re-put his proposed consent orders. In his email of 21 September 2023 Mr Regener said that his client "does not presently press for an order for her costs [seemingly referring to the Commissioner], but may do so should you refuse to conclude the proceedings timeously". Mr Mohareb, who had asserted that an oral agreement had been reached, took umbrage at this email, saying: What you assert in your email below is false and you know it. Accordingly, I withdraw my acceptance of your proposed settlement agreement, and opt for the matter to proceed to a hearing. 1. And so it did. The matter was heard by Button J on 18 March 2024. On 5 April 2024 his Honour delivered judgment dismissing the amended summons, with the parties to bear their own costs of the proceedings. His Honour noted there was a "plethora of disputes" before him (PJ [11]). Relevantly, those included: 1. whether the second respondent, the informant in the Local Court criminal proceedings, should have been joined as party (as had been required by a registrar of the Supreme Court in order to ensure there was a contradictor – Mr Mohareb sought to reverse that decision); 2. whether the magistrate erred as alleged in refusing to issue the subpoenas; 3. various disputes relating to costs. 1. As to the first issue, his Honour said that it is "inconceivable, indeed bordering on the absurd, to suggest that [such proceedings] could be determined without the informant in those criminal proceedings having a right to be heard about the appropriateness of any such relief" (PJ [13]). 2. In relation to the second issue, the informant conceded that Magistrate Denes had erred with respect to the subpoena to Police in that (it was said) she treated the question of admissibility of any documents produced as determinative of the question of whether the subpoena should issue: see PJ [62]. Nevertheless, it was argued that it was still correct to refuse the subpoena given the claimed formal error in the addressees: PJ [64]. The informant indicated to the Court that he had obtained instructions that the Commissioner and the Northern Sydney Local Health District "would consent" to subpoenas being issued to them in the terms previously offered to Mr Mohareb. Button J did not accept the second respondent's concession that the magistrate had erred, saying that he did not read the reference to admissibility as being determinative (PJ [68]-[69]). After addressing the claimed errors in the magistrate's decision his Honour expressed his conclusion as follows: [75] In all of those circumstances, I do not consider that it was an error on the part of the Magistrate to fail to be satisfied that either subpoena, as then framed, possessed a legitimate forensic purpose, was not too broad, and should otherwise be permitted to be issued. And to repeat: despite refusing the subpoenas, it is noteworthy that the Magistrate "left the door open" for a properly framed subpoena in the future. 1. In relation to the third issue, one of the issues relating to costs was that Mr Mohareb had foreshadowed that if successful he would seek an order that the Local Court (or perhaps Magistrate Denes herself) pay costs. That led to an unusual feature of the litigation: a solicitor appeared and made submissions for that court. In the end the issue did not arise given the outcome. Nevertheless, Button J described the application for such an order as "thoroughly ill-conceived" (PJ [100]). That description was unsurprising. Costs orders are not made against courts when appeals or judicial review applications are upheld. 2. Mr Mohareb then sought leave to appeal from the decision of Button J to this Court. After the matter was listed for a hearing of the leave application Mr Mohareb filed a motion seeking that the President's determination that the matter be listed for a leave-alone hearing be varied such that the hearing be treated as an appeal as of right or that there be a concurrent hearing of the application for leave and the appeal. He alternatively sought an order that the hearing on 26 September 2024 be adjourned. Gleeson JA dismissed those applications: Mohareb v Manly Local Court [2024] NSWCA 233. His Honour also rejected an application that he disqualify himself from determining the motion: Mohareb v Manly Local Court (No 2) [2024] NSWCA 234. Leave to appeal is required 1. The applicant had submitted in writing that he did not need leave to appeal but he did not press that submission orally. For the avoidance of doubt it is best to address the point. Section 101(1) of the Supreme Court Act 1970 (NSW) provides for appeals to this Court from the Supreme Court. That right to appeal is subject to obtaining leave to appeal in the categories of cases set out in s 101(2). It relevantly provides: (2) An appeal shall not lie to the Court of Appeal, except by leave of the Court of Appeal, from— … (e) an interlocutory judgment or order in proceedings in the Court, … (h) an order of the Court in a Division on an appeal under Part 5 of the Crimes (Appeal and Review) Act 2001, … (r) a final judgment or order in proceedings of the Court, other than an appeal— (i) that involves a matter at issue amounting to or of the value of $100,000 or more, or (ii) that involves (directly or indirectly) any claim, demand or question to or respecting any property or civil right amounting to or of the value of $100,000 or more. 1. Button J's decision determined an application to appeal under Pt 5 of the CAR Act. To that extent leave to appeal is required pursuant to s 101(2)(h). 2. The second respondent argued that leave to appeal was also required because the decision was interlocutory (falling with s 101(2)(e)), involving as it did whether or not subpoenas should issue. That is incorrect. The decisions of the registrar and the magistrate were interlocutory. The application to the Supreme Court from that decision involved a new proceeding, being an appeal under the CAR Act and an application for judicial review. The decision of Button J was a final determination of that proceeding. 3. For that reason s 101(2)(r) applied. As this Court has said, "[g]enerally, all cases not having a readily ascertainable monetary value (including appeals involving the liberty of the individual) require leave under s 101(2)(r)": Marroun v State Transit Authority [2017] NSWCA 273; (2017) 96 NSWLR 295 at [12]; see also McGuirk v University of New South Wales [2009] NSWCA 321; (2009) 75 NSWLR 224 at [89]. Mr Mohareb's case concerns the issuance of subpoenas in the context of a prosecution. It has no readily ascertainable monetary value. Mr Mohareb therefore does require leave to appeal in relation to all issues raised in the appeal. Principles on granting leave to appeal and the requirement for reasons 1. Section 101(2) of the Supreme Court Act refers to this Court granting leave to a party to appeal but does not specify any criteria by which the discretion is to be exercised. In the usual way of the common law method, statements of principle have evolved to guide the exercise of discretion. This Court has stated on numerous cases that it is usually or generally only appropriate to grant leave to appeal concerning matters that involve issues of principle, questions of general public importance or a reasonably clear injustice going beyond something that is merely arguable: see eg Carolan v AMF Bowling Pty Ltd (t/as Bennetts Green Bowl Ltd) [1995] NSWCA 69 per Kirby P; The Age Company Ltd v Liu [2013] NSWCA 26; (2013) 82 NSWLR 268 at [13]; see more recently eg Shapkin v The University of Sydney [2024] NSWCA 156 at [39]. It is commonly sufficient to refer to those factors in deciding whether to grant leave to appeal. But as is implicit in the use of "usually" and "generally", whilst those factors are important they are neither exhaustive nor necessarily determinative. Thus this Court has also said, for example, that "leave should be granted only where there are substantial reasons to allow an appellate review … such as where there is an error of principle which, if uncorrected, will result in substantial injustice": Collier v Lancer (No 2) [2013] NSWCA 186 at [7] (citations omitted); see also Rodi v Gelonesi [2012] NSWCA 424 at [24]; DEF v Trappett [2017] NSWCA 163 at [25]. 2. There are no "rigid and exhaustive criteria" as the "circumstances of different cases are infinitely various": Adam P Brown Male Fashions Pty Ltd v Philip Morris Inc [1981] HCA 39; (1981) 148 CLR 170 at 177. The ultimate issue is the interests of justice, taking into account both the circumstances of the particular case and broader interests in resolving matters of public importance and clarifying the law. A range of considerations may be relevant. 3. For example, it has often been said that particular caution is called for in granting leave to appeal a decision pertaining to practice and procedure: eg Adam P Brown at 177; PPK Willoughby Pty Ltd v Baird [2019] NSWCA 48 at [3]. 4. As with any exercise of a discretionary power by a court, the utility of what is sought may be significant. 5. The Court has also been cautious about granting leave to appeal where only small monetary sums are involved: see eg Daily Examiner Pty Ltd v Mundine [2011] NSWCA 126 at [4]-[5]; Rodi at [25]; Toth v State of New South Wales [2022] NSWCA 185 at [6]-[14]. The Court said the following in Toth: [14] Leaving aside cases raising issues of principle or public importance, it will be rare that justice will require that an application for leave to appeal involving a small amount will merit the expenditure and use of resources in having an appeal determined by this Court. 1. As referred to in Toth at [9], s 60 of the Civil Procedure Act 2005 (NSW) may be relevant. It requires that "the practice and procedure of the court should be implemented with the object of resolving the issues between the parties in such a way that the cost to the parties is proportionate to the importance and complexity of the subject-matter in dispute". 2. More broadly, the matters addressed in ss 56-58 of the Civil Procedure Act may also be pertinent. The analysis of Basten JA in Be Financial Pty Ltd as Trustee for Be Financial Operations Trust v Das [2012] NSWCA 164 is worth repeating: [35] In Coulter v The Queen [1988] HCA 3; 164 CLR 350, dealing with a challenge to a refusal of the South Australian Full Court to grant leave to appeal in a criminal matter, the majority noted that a leave requirement was a preliminary procedure "recognised by the legislature as a means of enabling the court to control in some measure the volume of appellate work requiring its attention": at 356 (Mason CJ, Wilson and Brennan JJ). That statement is clearly applicable to civil, as well as criminal, appellate jurisdiction. [36] As the High Court has noted, an application for leave is not a proceeding in the ordinary course of litigation but a preliminary procedure: Collins v The Queen [1975] HCA 60; 133 CLR 120 at 122; Coulter at 356. On the other hand, there is no reason to doubt that s 58 of the Civil Procedure Act 2005 (NSW), requiring a court to act in accordance with "the dictates of justice" when making an order or direction "for the management of proceedings", applies in respect of a leave application. One of the factors to be taken into account pursuant to s 58 is "the degree of injustice that would be suffered by the respective parties as a consequence of any order or direction": s 58(2)(b)(vi). That provision, like s 56, identifying the overriding purpose of the Civil Procedure Act as being to facilitate the just, quick and cheap resolution of the real issues in the dispute, recognises that questions of injustice are relative. Similarly, the requirement that this Court not order a new trial unless it appears that "some substantial wrong or miscarriage" has been occasioned, also reflects a principle of parsimony in requiring that the parties be put to the expense of a second trial: UCPR, r 51.53. [37] The idea that injustice may be measured on a scale reflects a number of underlying considerations. First, the ability to assess the existence of an injustice in a preliminary proceeding, such as a leave application, is limited. In assessing the merit of a proposed appeal, the Court may well apply a vague criterion, such as whether the judgment below is attended by "sufficient doubt". Secondly, injustice involves a balancing exercise. The delay and cost of further litigation will constitute a form of injustice to the successful party below, whatever the outcome of the appellate process. Thirdly, the entitlement of the parties to justice is not unconditional, but is dependent upon the resources of the court made available by the government and the appropriate allocation of resources by the parties, which may depend upon their individual assessments of the importance of the issues in dispute. The parties may well make disparate assessments in a particular case. 1. These principles are also relevant to the duty of this Court to give reasons for refusing leave to appeal. As Basten JA noted, by reference to High Court authority, the very purpose of a leave requirement is to provide a means of enabling the court to control in some measure the volume of appellate work requiring its attention. Where an application for leave to appeal is not being heard concurrently with the appeal then the application generally is determined by two judges of the Court, consistently with s 46B of the Supreme Court Act. Even allowing for the fact that two rather than three judges of appeal are sitting, the purpose of the leave requirement would be undermined were it necessary for the Court to provide detailed reasons for dismissing an application for leave to appeal (commonly no reasons are given if the application is granted). 2. When the High Court dismisses special leave applications it has long done so in one or two sentences. A key difference, of course, between that Court and this one is that there is no further possibility of appeal from the High Court. Where there is a right of appeal, there is a "need for adequate reasons in order for an appellate court to discharge its statutory duty on an appeal from the decision and, correspondingly, for the parties to understand the basis for the decision for purposes including the exercise of any rights to appeal": DL v The Queen [2018] HCA 26; (2018) 266 CLR 1 at [32] (citation omitted). However, "the content and detail of the reasons to be provided … will vary according to the nature of the jurisdiction which the court is exercising and the particular matter the subject of the decision": Wainohu v State of New South Wales [2011] HCA 24; (2011) 243 CLR 181 at [56] (citations omitted), see also at [147]; DL at [32]. 3. Deciding whether to grant leave to appeal is an interlocutory decision: Sanofi v Parke Davis Pty Ltd [1982] HCA 9; (1982) 149 CLR 147 at 152-153. It is not an appeal. It does not finally determine the legal issues at stake. The Court is exercising a broad discretionary power, guided by considerations relevant to the interests of justice, and which is in exercise of a provision meant to serve as a gateway mechanism to determine whether a full hearing of the appeal is appropriate. In this context, in general, the Court need not give extensive reasons for dismissing an application for leave to appeal. They should be sufficient to articulate for the benefit of the parties and, if special leave is sought, the High Court, the core reasons why the Court was not persuaded to exercise its discretion to grant leave to appeal. They can be short. To require extensive reasons – eg addressing in detail all arguments made or grounds raised by an applicant – would be to defeat the very purpose of having a leave gateway: see eg La La Land Byron Bay Pty Ltd v Independent Liquor and Gaming Authority [2015] NSWCA 254 at [9]-[10]. 4. So much has been recognised by the High Court. Roy Morgan Research Centre Pty Ltd v Commissioner of State Revenue (Vic) [2001] HCA 49; (2001) 207 CLR 72 concerned a case where a party sought leave to appeal to the Victorian Supreme Court from a decision of a tribunal. A judge declined to grant leave without giving reasons. Four members of the High Court said that "it is usual to give short reasons for refusing leave or special leave to appeal. Not giving reasons is exceptional" (at [25]). As to what type of reasons are needed, they said: [26] … Those reasons need not be extensive. In appropriate cases, little more may be required than a short, perhaps very short, statement of the chief conclusions which the judge refusing leave has reached. The disappointed applicant (and any court asked to review the refusal) must, however, be able to know from the reasons given by the primary judge why the judge reached the decision to refuse leave. 1. Much the same may be said of this Court's duty to give reasons on an application for leave to appeal. Determination of application for leave to appeal 1. The first of the 16 grounds in Mr Mohareb's draft notice of appeal alleged that the findings and orders of Magistrate Denes and Button J had "the effect of denying the applicant, in his capacity as a self-represented litigant, the due process that is accorded, as a matter of course, to represented litigants". The claim is unfounded. To a substantial extent it seems be based on the fact that Mr Mohareb did not obtain the results he sought. More generally, Beazley JA summarised the role of a court in dealing with a self-represented litigant in Hamod v New South Wales [2011] NSWCA 375 at [309]-[316]. Her Honour said that the Court's obligation is to ensure a fair trial for all parties (see also Bauskis v Liew [2013] NSWCA 297 at [66]-[70]). That may involve taking steps to seek to ensure that the litigant "has sufficient information about the practice and procedure of the court, so far as is reasonably practicable for the purpose of ensuring a fair trial" (Hamod at [311]). But it "does not extend to advising the accused as to how his or her rights should be exercised", and "it is not the function of the court to give judicial advice to, or conduct the case on behalf of, the unrepresented litigant" (at [312]). 2. In substance the remaining grounds in the draft notice claim that Button J erred in failing to find that Magistrate Denes had erred in various ways. We are not persuaded that there is any reasonably clear injustice going beyond something that is merely arguable. Mr Mohareb also seeks to argue that various issues of legal principle arise. Yet even if that were so, there is good cause not to open the gateway to appellate review of the decision of the primary judge. 3. As explained above (at [12]-[15]), any dispute about the scope of the two subpoenas had substantially been resolved prior to the Supreme Court hearing. We asked Mr Mohareb at the hearing of this application whether he was still content with the scope of the subpoenas that had been proposed by Mr Regener (relevantly on behalf of the Commissioner and the NSLHD) and he indicated that "in principle" he was. The attempt to resolve the dispute prior to the hearing below seemed to have failed for the three reasons summarised above at [14]. The second of those has already been addressed (ibid). 4. The first was that Mr Mohareb wanted the certainty of orders being made by the Supreme Court rather than having to return to the Local Court to seek the subpoenas. True it is that the agreement of the recipients of the subpoena that they are reasonable does not bind the Local Court. In practical terms, however, a registrar or magistrate in that court would be most unlikely to decline to grant subpoenas in those terms in all the circumstances of this case (assuming no material change in circumstances between now and when the issue is determined by that Court). And that would have been so at the stage of agreement having been reached after the Supreme Court proceedings had been commenced and before being heard. 5. The third barrier to settlement was Mr Mohareb's desire to receive his costs of the filing fees in the Supreme Court. There will be few if any cases where that would be a sufficient reason to grant leave to appeal. 6. Mr Mohareb's detailed grounds of appeal, along with the history of the matter more generally, illustrate the disproportionality of the proceedings. The application to this Court represents the fourth level of curial consideration of issues relating to two subpoenas in a criminal matter in the Local Court, where those subpoenas had been expressed in very broad terms, were in any event seemingly not addressed to the correct legal entity, where (as the magistrate noted in her reasons) it remained open to the applicant to seek leave to issue more focused subpoenas, and where the applicant and the proposed recipients of the subpoenas had substantially reached agreement on acceptable terms for the subpoenas prior to the Supreme Court hearing. Mr Mohareb has made a mountain out of a molehill. In so doing the prompt resolution of a criminal matter has been delayed by over two years. This line of disputation must end. Orders 1. The first respondent sought that it be described as the "Local Court of New South Wales", rather than as "Manly Local Court", so as to cohere with s 7(1) of the Local Court Act. That order was not opposed and should be made. As the applicant accepted in his submissions, there is no reason that costs should not follow the event. Given the issue that arose below as to whether the Local Court should be ordered to pay the costs of Mr Mohareb, that liability should extend to the costs of the first respondent. 2. The orders of the Court are as follows: 1. The first respondent be named the "Local Court of New South Wales" instead of "Manly Local Court". 2. The application for leave to appeal is dismissed. 3. The applicant is to pay the costs of the first and second respondents. ********** DISCLAIMER - Every effort has been made to comply with suppression orders or statutory provisions prohibiting publication that may apply to this judgment or decision. The onus remains on any person using material in the judgment or decision to ensure that the intended use of that material does not breach any such order or provision. Further enquiries may be directed to the Registry of the Court or Tribunal in which it was generated. Decision last updated: 03 October 2024