New South Wales Court of Criminal Appeal CITATION : Regina v Dunn [2004] NSWCCA 346 HEARING DATE(S) : 18/08/04 JUDGMENT DATE : 21 December 2004 JUDGMENT OF : Handley JA at 1; James J at 1; Howie J at 1 DECISION : Appeal against conviction dismissed. Application for inquiry dismissed. Leave to appeal against sentences granted. Appeal against sentences allowed - Applicant re-sentenced CATCHWORDS : CRIMINAL LAW - CONVICTION APPEAL - child sexual assault - plea of guilty at trial - whether Court will grant leave to applicant to withdraw his pleas of guilty - SENTENCE APPEAL - whether sentences exceeded range of sentences which had been imposed on other child sexual assault offenders - close connection between applicant's case and another child sexual assault offender's case - patterns of sentencing at times more proximate to commission of offences Crimes Act LEGISLATION CITED : Criminal Procedure Act Drug Misuse and Trafficking Act Pearce v The Queen (1998) 194 CLR 610 R v AB; unreported NSWCCA 7/7/1997; unreported CCA 6 December 2000 R v Allen; unreported NSW District Court 7/11/2000 R v Bayliss [2002] NSWCCA 11 R v Bell; unreported NSW District Court 12/2/1999 R v Boag (1994) 73 A Crim R 35 R v Davies; unreported NSWCCA 16/12/1993 R v Fisk; unreported NSWCCA 21/7/1998 R v Hill; unreported NSWCCA 7/7/1992 CASES CITED : R v Merritt [2004] NSWCCA 19 R v MJR (2002) 54 NSWLR 368 R v Morgan (1993) 70 A Crim R 368 R v PLV (2001) 51 NSWLR 736 R v Sharma (2002) 54 NSWLR 300 R v Shore (1992) 66 A Crim R 37 R v Thomson (2000) 49 NSWLR 383 R v Tilley (1992) 109 FLR 155 R v Toro-Martinez (2000) 114 A Crim R 533 Wong v The Queen (2001) 207 CLR 584 PARTIES : Regina v Robert Joseph DUNN FILE NUMBER(S) : CCA 60918/01 COUNSEL : BT Stratton QC - Applicant D Frearson - Crown SOLICITORS : - S Kavanagh LOWER COURT District Court JURISDICTION : LOWER COURT 98/11/0478 FILE NUMBER(S) : LOWER COURT Finnane DCJ JUDICIAL OFFICER : IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEAL 2001/2921 (60918/01) HANDLEY JA JAMES J HOWIE J Tuesday 21 December 2004 REGINA v Robert Joseph DUNN Judgment 1 THE COURT : Robert Joseph Dunn appealed against his convictions for twenty-seven offences and applied for leave to appeal against the sentences imposed on him for those offences. He also applied to this Court for an order directing that an inquiry be held pursuant to Pt 13A of the Crimes Act . In this judgment it will be convenient generally to refer to Mr Dunn as "the applicant". 2 On 26 June 2001 the applicant was arraigned in the District Court before his Honour Judge Finnane on an indictment containing twenty-seven counts. When arraigned the applicant pleaded guilty to all twenty-seven counts. These counts (substituting the initials of each complainant for the full name of the complainant) were as follows:- "1. Between 9 March 1985 and 11 March 1987, at Chippendale in the State of New South Wales did commit an act of indecency with SD a person under the age of 16 years, namely 12 or 13 years of age. 2. Between 10 March 1985 and 9 March 1987, at Chippendale in the State of New South Wales did assault SD and at the time of such assault did commit an act of indecency upon SD, a person under the age of 16 years, namely 12 or 13 years of age. 3. Between 10 March 1985 and 9 March 1987 at Chippendale in the State of New South Wales did have homosexual intercourse with SD, a male then of or above the age of 10 years and under the age of 18 years, namely 12 or 13 years of age. 4. Between 10 March 1985 and 9 March 1987 at Chippendale in the State of New South Wales did have homosexual intercourse with SD, a male then of or above the age of 10 years and under the age of 18 years, namely 12 or 13 years of age. 5. Between 10 March 1985 and 9 March 1987 at Chippendale in the State of New South Wales did have homosexual intercourse with SD, a male then of or above the age of 10 years and under the age of 18 years, namely 12 or 13 years of age. 6. Between 9 March and 11 March 1987, at Chippendale in the State of New South Wales, did supply a prohibited drug, namely cannabis. 7. Between 1 January 1985 and 1 November 1986 at Chippendale in the State of New South Wales did commit an act of indecency with GD a person under the age of 16 years, namely 7 years of age. 8. Between 1 November 1986 and 30 November 1986 at Alexandria in the State of New South Wales did have homosexual intercourse with GD, a male then under the age of 10 years, namely 9 years of age. 9. Between 1 November 1986 and 30 November 1986 at Alexandria in the State of New South Wales did have homosexual intercourse with GD, a male then under the age of 10 years, namely 9 years of age. 10. Between 1 January 1985 and 1 November 1986 at Alexandria in the State of New South Wales did have homosexual intercourse with GD, a male then under the age of 10 years, namely 7, 8 or 9 years of age. 11. Between 14 April 1986 and 15 April 1989 at Sydney in the State of New South Wales did assault SC and at the time of such assault did commit an act of indecency upon SC, a person under the age of 16 years, namely 10 or 11 years of age. 12. Between 14 April 1986 and 15 April 1989 at Sydney in the State of New South Wales did have homosexual intercourse with SC, a male then of or above the age of 10 years and under the age of 18 years, namely 10 years. 13. Between 14 April 1986 and 15 April 1989 at Sydney in the State of New South Wales did attempt to have homosexual intercourse with SC, a male then of or above the age of 10 years and under the age of 18 years, namely 10 years. 14. Between 14 April 1986 and 15 April 1989 at Sydney in the State of New South Wales did attempt to have homosexual intercourse with SC, a male then of or above the age of 10 years and under the age of 18 years, namely 10 years. 15. Between 14 April 1986 and 15 April 1989 at Sydney in the State of New South Wales did have homosexual intercourse with SC, a male then of or above the age of 10 years and under the age of 18 years, namely 10 years. 16. Between 14 April 1986 and 15 April 1989 at Sydney in the State of New South Wales did have sexual intercourse with SC, a child then of or above the age of 10 years and under the age of 16 years, namely 10 years. 17. Between 1 May 1987 and 1 May 1988 at Sydney in the State of New South Wales did have homosexual intercourse with DH, a male then of or above the age of 10 years and under the age of 18 years, namely 12 years of age. 18. Between 1 May 1987 and 1 May 1988 at Sydney in the State of New South Wales did have homosexual intercourse with DH, a male then of or above the age of 10 years and under the age of 18 years, namely 12 years of age. 19. Between 1 May 1987 and 1 May 1988 at Sydney in the State of New South Wales did have homosexual intercourse with DH, a male then of or above the age of 10 years and under the age of 18 years, namely 12 years of age. 20. Between 1 May 1987 and 1 May 1988 at Sydney in the State of New South Wales did have homosexual intercourse with DH, a male then of or above the age of 10 years and under the age of 18 years, namely 12 years of age. 21. Between 1 May 1987 and 1 May 1988 at Sydney in the State of New South Wales did have homosexual intercourse with NN, a male then of or above the age of 10 years and under the age of 18 years, namely 11 years of age. 22. Between 1 May 1987 and 1 May 1988 at Sydney in the State of New South Wales did have homosexual intercourse with NV, a male then of or above the age of 10 years and under the age of 18 years, namely 11 years of age. 23. Between 1 May 1987 and 1 May 1988 at Sydney in the State of New South Wales did incite NV to commit an act of indecency, NV being under the age of 16 years, namely 12 years of age. 24. Between 1 January 1992 and 19 August 1992 at Maroubra in the State of New South Wales did incite TF to commit an act of indecency with PS, TF then being under the age of 16 years, namely 15 years of age. 25. Between 18 January 1992 and 19 August 1992 at Maroubra in the State of New South Wales did incite PS to commit an act of indecency, PS being under the age of 16 years, namely 14 years of age. 26. Between 18 January 1992 and 19 August 1992 at Chippendale in the State of New South Wales did supply a prohibited drug, namely cannabis. 27. Between 1 January 1995 and 31 January 1995 at Marrickville in the State of New South Wales did supply a prohibited drug, namely cannabis". 3 Counts 1 and 7 in the indictment were charges of an act of indecency, which was an offence under s 61E(2) of the Crimes Act (since repealed), for which the maximum penalty was imprisonment for two years. The conduct constituting the offence charged in the first count was that the applicant rubbed his erect penis against the complainant's stomach. The conduct constituting the offence charged in the seventh count was that the complainant masturbated the applicant. 4 Counts 2 and 11 in the indictment were charges of indecent assault, which was an offence under s 61E(1) of the Crimes Act (since repealed), for which the maximum penalty was imprisonment for four years. The conduct constituting the offence charged in each count was that the applicant handled the complainant's penis. 5 Counts 3, 4, 5, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 and 22 in the indictment were charges of homosexual intercourse with a male person between the ages of ten and eighteen years, an offence under s 78K of the Crimes Act (since repealed), for which the maximum penalty was imprisonment for ten years. The conduct constituting the offence charged in each of counts 3, 4, 8, 9 and 10 was that the applicant sucked the complainant's penis. The conduct constituting the offence charged in count 5 was that the applicant inserted his penis into the complainant's anus. The conduct constituting the offence charged in count 12 was that the complainant sucked the applicant's penis. The conduct constituting the offence charged in count 15 was that the applicant penetrated the complainant's anus with his penis. The conduct constituting the offences charged in each of counts 17, 18 and 19 was that the applicant and the complainant simultaneously performed fellatio on each other. The conduct constituting the offences charged in each of counts 20, 21 and 22 was that the complainant sucked the applicant's penis. 6 Counts 6, 26 and 27 in the indictment were charges of supplying a prohibited drug, cannabis, an offence under s 25(1) of the Drug Misuse and Trafficking Act, for which the maximum penalty was imprisonment for ten years and a fine of 2,000 penalty units. 7 Counts 8, 9 and 10 in the indictment were charges of homosexual intercourse with a male person under the age of ten years, which was an offence under s 78H of the Crimes Act (since repealed), for which the maximum penalty was imprisonment for twenty-five years. The conduct constituting the offence charged in each of these counts was that the applicant sucked the complainant's penis. 8 Counts 13 and 14 in the indictment were charges of attempted homosexual intercourse with a male person between the ages of ten and eighteen years, which was an offence under s 78L of the Crimes Act , (since repealed), for which the maximum penalty was imprisonment for five years. The conduct constituting the offence charged in each of these counts was that the applicant attempted to penetrate the complainant's anus with his penis. 9 Count 16 in the indictment was a charge of sexual intercourse with a person between the ages of ten and sixteen years, which was an offence under s 66C of the Crimes Act (since repealed) for which the maximum penalty was imprisonment for eight years. The conduct constituting the offence charged in count 16 was that the applicant inserted a dildo in the complainant's anus. 10 Count 23 in the indictment was a charge of inciting a person under the age of sixteen years to commit an act of indecency on the applicant, which was an offence under s 61E(2) of the Crimes Act (since repealed) for which the maximum penalty was imprisonment for two years. The conduct constituting the offence charged in count 23 was that the complainant was incited to lick the applicant's anus. 11 Counts 24 and 25 in the indictment were charges of inciting a person under the age of sixteen years to commit an act of indecency, which was an offence under s 61N of the Crimes Act (since repealed) for which the maximum penalty was imprisonment for two years. The conduct constituting the offence charged in count 24 was encouraging the complainant to masturbate another boy. The conduct constituting the offence charged in count 25 was inciting the complainant to part the cheeks of his buttocks while being filmed. 12 The charges to which the applicant pleaded guilty can be summarised as being:- (i) Three charges (counts 8, 9 and 10) of homosexual intercourse with a male person under the age of ten years. (ii) Eleven charges (counts 3, 4, 5, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 and 22) of homosexual intercourse with a male person between the ages of ten and eighteen years. (iii) One charge (count 16) of sexual intercourse with a person between the ages of ten and sixteen years. (iv) Two charges (counts 13 and 14) of attempted homosexual intercourse with a male person between the ages of ten and eighteen years. (v) Two charges (counts 2 and 11) of indecent assault. (vi) Three charges (counts 1, 7 and 23) of offences within s 61E(2) of the Crimes Act of an act of indecency with a person under the age of sixteen years or of inciting an act of indecency by a person under the age of sixteen years. (vii) Two charges (counts 24 and 25) of offences within s 61N of the Crimes Act of inciting an act of indecency by a person under the age of sixteen years. (viii) Three charges of supplying a prohibited drug. 13 Judge Finnane sentenced the applicant for the twenty-seven offences on 7 December 2001. On 23 January 2002 and 25 October 2002 his Honour corrected what appeared to him to be errors in the sentences he had earlier pronounced. On 25 October 2002 his Honour set a non-parole period for each of the sentences he had earlier imposed. The sentences his Honour ultimately imposed were:- (i) On each of the three charges of homosexual intercourse with a male person under the age of ten years (counts 8, 9 and 10), a sentence of imprisonment of fifteen years with a non-parole period of seven and a half years. (ii) On each of the eleven charges of homosexual intercourse with a male person between the ages of ten and eighteen years (counts 3, 4, 5, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 and 22), a sentence of imprisonment for eight years with a non-parole period of six years. (iii) On the charge of sexual intercourse with a person between the ages of ten and sixteen years (count 16), a sentence of imprisonment for six years with a non-parole period of four years six months. (iv) On each of the two charges of attempted homosexual intercourse with a male person between the ages of ten years and eighteen years (counts 13 and 14), a sentence of imprisonment for two years with a non-parole period of one and a half years. (v) On each of the two charges of indecent assault (counts 2 and 11), a sentence of imprisonment for two years with a non-parole period of one and a half years. (vi) On each of the two charges of an act of indecency within s 61E(2) (counts 1 and 7), a sentence of imprisonment for two years with a non-parole period of one and a half years and on the charge of inciting an act of indecency within s 61E(2) (count 23) a sentence of imprisonment for three years with a non-parole period of two years three months. (vii) On each of the two charges of inciting an act of indecency within s 61N (counts 24 and 25), a sentence of imprisonment for three years with a non-parole period of two years three months. (viii) On each of the three charges of supplying a prohibited drug (counts 6, 26 and 27), a sentence of imprisonment for one year with a non-parole period of nine months. 14 It can be seen immediately that the sentences his Honour imposed for the two offences of an act of indecency within s 61E(2) were equal to the maximum sentence and that the sentences his Honour imposed for the three offences of inciting an act of indecency (within s 61E(2) or s 61N) exceeded the maximum sentence. 15 His Honour made most of the sentences he imposed commence from 10 November 1997, the date on which the applicant had been taken into custody and from which he had remained in custody. However, his Honour provided for a partial accumulation of sentences, by making the sentence on count 5 for homosexual intercourse with SD commence on 9 November 2003, that is on the expiration of the non-parole period of the sentences on counts 3, 4, 12, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21 and 22; by making the sentence on count 17 for homosexual intercourse with DH commence on 8 November 2009, that is (ignoring the odd day) on the expiration of the non-parole period of the sentence on count 5; and by making the sentences on counts 8, 9 and 10 for homosexual intercourse with GD commence on 10 November 2012, that is (again ignoring the odd day) half way through the non-parole period of the sentence on count 17. 16 The total effect of the sentences imposed by his Honour was that his Honour imposed sentences totalling thirty years commencing on 10 November 1997 and expiring on 9 November 2027, with non-parole periods totalling twenty-two and a half years commencing on 10 November 1997 and expiring on 9 May 2020. CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS 17 Among the documents before Judge Finnane was a chronology prepared by the Crown and it is convenient to refer to some of the events included in the chronology. 18 On 21 August 1987 three police officers went to the applicant's home, searching for a fugitive named Wain. At the applicant's home the police found pornographic videos of young boys. The sum of $40,000 was paid to the police officers, in consideration of no charges being brought against the applicant or Wain. A young boy, who was at the applicant's home when the police arrived, was told by the police to leave the premises. 19 In March 1989 the applicant left New South Wales, after learning that one of the police officers who had come to his home on 31 August 1987 and two other individuals had been arrested and charged with supplying the prohibited drug amphetamine. In October 1989 the applicant was arrested in Victoria on a charge of conspiring to supply amphetamine and was extradited to New South Wales. 20 The applicant offered to assist in a prosecution of the three police officers for their conduct in 1987 and on 15, 16 and 17 January 1990 police conducted a long interview of the applicant. After the applicant had been interviewed, criminal charges were brought against the three police officers. 21 On 3 April 1990 the Attorney-General granted an indemnity to the applicant pursuant to s 13 of the Criminal Procedure Act , as then in force. The indemnity recited that the applicant was required as a witness in the proceedings against the three police officers for the offences allegedly committed by them and by the indemnity the Attorney-General undertook "that no criminal proceedings in the nature of the offences aforesaid or any associated offences," should be taken against the applicant in relation to any part by him in the commission of the offences by the three police officers. 22 On 28 May 1990 the applicant was sentenced by his Honour Judge Court in the District Court for two offences of supplying a prohibited drug and supplying not less than a commercial quantity of a prohibited drug, to which he had pleaded guilty. The applicant was sentenced by Judge Court to concurrent terms of imprisonment of three years, with minimum terms of two years three months. In sentencing the applicant Judge Court took into account assistance provided by the applicant to the police, as set out in a letter from the Police Department, that he had supplied valuable information involving three police officers who had extorted the sum of $40,000 from a child molester without preferring any charges. 23 In August 1990 committal proceedings against the three police officers commenced. The applicant gave evidence in the committal proceedings and at the conclusion of the committal proceedings the three police officers were committed for trial. 24 On 15 August 1990 during the committal proceedings the Attorney-General gave the applicant an undertaking pursuant to s 14 of the Criminal Procedure Act , as then in force. In the undertaking it was recited that criminal proceedings were pending against the three police officers for offences arising out of the receipt of a sum of money which had been withdrawn from the applicant's bank account on or about 21 August 1987 and that the applicant was required as a witness in those criminal proceedings. By the undertaking the Attorney-General undertook that any answer given or any disclosure made by the applicant in the proceedings against the police officers would not be used in evidence against the applicant. 25 On 18 January 1992 the applicant was released from prison, having served the minimum terms of the sentences imposed by Judge Court. 26 The trials of the three police officers (two separate trials were ordered) took place between March and May 1994. The applicant gave evidence at both trials. All of the police officers were acquitted. 27 Although all the police officers were acquitted, Judge Finnane said in his remarks on sentence:- "The offender (that is the applicant) clearly was involved in 1987 as the victim of an extortion attempt by three former police officers. These three were ultimately acquitted but it seemed quite plain that there was evidence that they extorted a large sum of money from him and a man called Wain to protect them from prosecution for offences involving child sex, in particular offences with boys". 28 No charges were laid against the applicant while the proceedings against the police officers were pending, although police clearly had information suggesting that the applicant had committed child sexual assault offences. It is apparent from passages in a judgment of Judge Davidson of the District Court given on 3 September 1999 to which we will subsequently refer in more detail, that law enforcement authorities considered that, if the applicant was himself prosecuted, he might decline to give evidence against the police officers and that there was also continuing controversy within the Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions concerning the scope of the protection against prosecution afforded to the applicant by the indemnity and the undertaking which had been given by the Attorney-General. 29 On a number of occasions between April 1995 and November 1995 the applicant was interviewed by investigators of the Royal Commission conducted by Justice Wood. In December 1995 the applicant left Australia for Indonesia. In March 1996 the applicant failed to appear in response to a summons to give evidence before the Royal Commission. 30 In February 1996 and April 1996 police came into possession of video tapes showing the applicant committing many of the offences with which he was subsequently charged. 31 On 10 November 1997 the applicant was arrested in Honduras. After he was arrested he was taken to the United States. The applicant was extradited from the United States and he returned to Australia on 31 March 1998. After he returned to Australia he was charged with a large number of offences, which broadly corresponded to the offences for which he was later sentenced by Judge Finnane, together with a further eleven offences involving another complainant to whom we will refer as K. 32 The applicant brought proceedings for a permanent stay of the criminal proceedings against him. His application for a stay was heard and determined by Judge Davidson in the District Court. His Honour delivered a reserved judgment on 3 September 1999. 33 In his judgment Judge Davidson indicated that two principal submissions had been made on behalf of the applicant in support of his application for a stay of the criminal proceedings, namely:- 34 (1) Police officers and Crown Prosecutors had by their conduct "allowed the applicant to give evidence for the State (in the prosecution of the three police officers) on the basis that he believed after discussion with them that he was fully immune from prosecution" and "failed to inform the applicant, before he gave evidence at the committal and at the two trials, that there was a risk that he would be charged". 35 (2) On a proper construction of the indemnity and the undertaking the applicant was fully indemnified for any offence alleged to have been committed by him before he last provided assistance by giving evidence or, alternatively, before the indemnity and the undertaking were signed by the Attorney-General. Of particular relevance to this second principal submission was the proper construction of the expression "any associated offences" in the indemnity of 3 April 1990. 36 With regard to submission (1), Judge Davidson held, on the basis of a number of parts of the evidence which had been adduced before him, that the applicant had failed to establish that he had had a belief that he was immune from being prosecuted and that "there is a strong body of evidence that he was well aware that he might be charged with offences arising out of his paedophilic activities before he gave any substantial evidence in any of the proceedings against X and Y or Z (the police officers)". 37 With regard to submission (2), Judge Davidson held that on the proper construction of the indemnity of 3 April 1990 the applicant was protected from prosecution for the offences allegedly committed by him against the complainant K but was not protected from prosecution for any of the other alleged offences. 38 Accordingly, Judge Davidson stayed the prosecution of the applicant on the eleven charges involving the complainant K but not on any of the other charges. On 15 May 2000 an appeal by the applicant against Judge Davidson's decision was dismissed by the Court of Criminal Appeal and on 16 February 2001 an application by the applicant for special leave to appeal to the High Court was refused. THE PROCEEDINGS BEFORE JUDGE FINNANE 39 The proceedings before Judge Finnane were protracted, commencing on 25 June 2001, continuing on 26 June 2001 and being resumed on various subsequent dates up to 7 December 2001, when Judge Finnane pronounced the sentences he was passing on the applicant. As previously noted, on two subsequent occasions Judge Finnane corrected what appeared to his Honour to have been errors in the sentences he had imposed on 7 December 2001. 40 In his remarks on sentence of 7 December 2001 Judge Finnane said that none of the delays which had occurred in the proceedings on sentence up to 5 November 2001 were in any way attributable to the applicant. Part of the delay which had occurred had been caused by the sentencing judge himself seeking information about sentences imposed on other child sexual assault offenders and particularly an offender named Michael Hill. 41 The Crown case on sentence included:- A. A statement of the facts of the offences. B. A criminal history of the applicant, which showed that he had not previously been convicted of any offence, apart from the offences for which he was sentenced by Judge Court. C. A bundle of statements by the complainants. D. A video, which was a compilation of a number of the videos referred to in the statement of facts, showing sexual activity by the applicant with a number of the complainants and also showing Michael Hill himself videoing what the applicant was doing. E. Sentencing statistics. F. A letter from the Police Department about the assistance the applicant had provided in the prosecution of the three police officers, being the same letter as had been before Judge Court when he sentenced the applicant for the drug offences. G. A report by a forensic psychiatrist dated 21 July 2001 relating to one of the complainants, in which the psychiatrist found that the complainant had a personality disorder and a substance dependency syndrome but that "it is difficult to say with any certainty to what degree his (the complainant's) current traits are a result of his association with Mr Dunn". H. A number of documents relating to the sentencing of Michael Hill. 42 The applicant did not give evidence in the proceedings on sentence. Two documents were admitted into evidence in the defence case in the proceedings on sentence, namely:- 1. An appraisal of the psychological condition of the applicant dated 30 November 2001, which had been prepared by a forensic psychologist Thomas Benjamin. 2. A character reference for the applicant by a Marist brother. 43 The legal representation of the applicant changed during the proceedings on sentence. Up until 7 November 2001 the applicant was represented by Mr McCrudden of counsel. From 7 November 2001 to 16 November 2001 the applicant was represented by Mr Meltzer of counsel and from 16 November 2001 to 7 December 2001 the applicant was represented by Dr Gumbert of counsel. 44 From time to time in the proceedings on sentence counsel who was then appearing for the applicant foreshadowed an application for leave to withdraw the applicant's pleas of guilty or actually made an application to withdraw the pleas of guilty. Whenever such an application was actually made, Judge Finnane refused the application. A written application for leave to withdraw the pleas of guilty was filed before the hearing on 7 December 2001 but at the beginning of the hearing on 7 December 2001 counsel for the applicant withdrew the application. Subsequently at the hearing on 7 December 2001 counsel for the applicant said that the applicant had maintained pleas of not guilty, only for so long as the matters raised in his application for a stay had remained undetermined, and counsel urged the sentencing judge to take into account the applicant's pleas of guilty in sentencing the applicant. PROCEEDINGS IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEAL 45 There was considerable delay in the appeal and the applications coming before the Court of Criminal Appeal for hearing. 46 On 2 May 2003 the Court Registry received written submissions from Mr Stratton of senior counsel, which were limited to submissions for the applicant on his application for leave to appeal against the sentences imposed on him by Judge Finnane. 47 In July 2003 the Court Registry received written submissions dated 7 July 2003 which had been prepared by the applicant himself and which were divided into three parts, dealing, respectively, with an application by the applicant for an inquiry under Pt 13A of the Crimes Act , his appeal against conviction and his application for leave to appeal against the sentences imposed on him. 48 In October 2003 the Court Registry received further written submissions dated 15 October 2003, which had been prepared by the applicant himself and which dealt with the conviction appeal and with the application for leave to appeal against the sentences. 49 On 12 July 2004 the Court Registry received further written submissions prepared by the applicant himself, which dealt with the application for an inquiry, the appeal against conviction and the application for leave to appeal against the sentences. 50 On the final page of the applicant's written submissions of July 2004 the applicant said that, because of the state of his health, he would not be attending the hearing before the Court of Criminal Appeal. The applicant annexed to his submissions a medical report dated 9 January 2004, stating that the applicant has a long history of cardiac problems and that he also has an auto-immune disease manifested by severe Raynard's disease. In the report the medical officer expresses the opinion that the applicant's "long term prognosis for longevity is poor". 51 The applicant did not attend the hearing in the Court of Criminal Appeal. Mr Stratton of counsel did appear on his behalf and made submissions to the Court in support of the application for leave to appeal against sentence, but not otherwise. 52 Written submissions on the appeal against conviction and the application for leave to appeal against sentence were lodged by the Crown and counsel for the Crown orally addressed the Court of Criminal Appeal with respect to both the convictions and the sentences. APPEAL AGAINST CONVICTION 53 It is convenient to deal first with the appeal against conviction. 54 In written submissions which the applicant himself prepared six grounds of appeal against conviction can be distinguished. Some of these grounds of appeal were not precisely formulated by the applicant in his written submissions but it would appear that the grounds of appeal can be stated as follows:- 1. The applicant was deceived into making the pleas of guilty. 2. The applicant was induced to plead guilty by the Crown proposing to tender, as evidence in any trial of the applicant, videos which would not have been properly admissible against the applicant. 3. The decision of Gallop J of the Supreme Court of the Australian Capitol Territory in R v Tilley (1992) 109 FLR 155 precluded the conviction of the applicant. 4. Judge Finnane was not impartial, because of an association between his Honour and a television channel (Channel 9), and should have disqualified himself. 5. Prejudicial publicity about the applicant before the hearing "fatally compromised" the Crown case against the applicant. 6. The applicant had been unlawfully brought to New South Wales by being unlawfully expelled from Honduras and then being unlawfully extradited from Florida in the United States of America. 55 As already stated at the beginning of this judgment, the applicant pleaded guilty to all twenty-seven counts on 26 June 2001 and these pleas of guilty were never withdrawn at any time during the proceedings before Judge Finnane. Before this Court could entertain the applicant's appeal against conviction, the Court would have to grant leave to the applicant to withdraw his pleas of guilty. The Court could grant leave to the applicant to withdraw the pleas of guilty, if not to grant leave to withdraw the pleas would involve a miscarriage of justice. 56 In R v Davies (unreported Court of Criminal Appeal 16 December 1993) Badgery-Parker J, with whose judgment the other members of the Court agreed, in a passage in his Honour's judgment which has often subsequently been quoted or referred to with approval (for example in R v Toro-Martinez (2000) 114 A Crim R 533 at 538 (26) per Spigelman CJ), said at p 8:- "The test is whether the circumstances revealed a miscarriage of justice. The need to accord finality to a plea of guilty because of its status as a solemn admission of all of the ingredients of the offence is postulated upon knowledge by the person entering that plea of all the facts…. and it is not necessary to be accorded such finality if there are circumstances which indicate that the plea 'was not really attributable to a genuine consciousness of guilt'… If the integrity of the plea is bona fide questioned because it appears that the person who entered that plea was not in possession of all the facts and did not entertain a genuine consciousness of guilt, then in my opinion the plea of guilty ought to be set aside and a new trial ordered if (but only if, and the onus lies on the appellant) it is clear that there is… 'an issuable question of guilt' – to put it more simply, if there is a real question to be tried. If the plea was not entered into with full knowledge of the facts and as a genuine recognition of guilt, and if the material before the Court of Criminal Appeal shows that there is a real question about the guilt of the accused, then the proper course must be to set aside the plea of guilty, to quash the conviction, and to order a new trial". 57 In R v Boag (1994) 73 A Crim R 35 Hunt CJ at CL, with the concurrence of the other members of the Court, said at p 37:- "A miscarriage of justice may occur in many different situations if a prisoner is not permitted to withdraw his plea of guilty. Such a miscarriage will be established not only where the applicant did not appreciate the nature of the plea which he had entered but also, for example, if there was no evidence upon which he could have been convicted, or if he had not intended to admit that he was guilty or if his plea had been induced by fraud or threats or other impropriety, when he would not otherwise have pleaded guilty… As Badgery-Parker J said in Davies (at p 8), there must be shown to be some circumstance which indicates that the plea of guilty was not really attributable to a genuine consciousness of guilt…. The requirement that a miscarriage of justice be demonstrated before leave is granted to withdraw a plea is well settled in the authorities to which I have referred". 58 In R v Bayliss [2002] NSWCCA 11 the Court said at (12):- "Finally, as a matter of clear legal principle, we observe that since it is the appellant who contends that a miscarriage of justice has occurred, he bears the onus of demonstrating that fact… To the extent to which this depends upon a resolution of matters of fact, he bears the onus of establishing the necessary facts…" 59 As we have already indicated, the applicant's pleas of guilty were entered on 26 June 2001 and remained in effect during a sentence hearing which extended over almost six months and in which the applicant was continuously legally represented, albeit by a succession of counsel. At the hearing on 7 December 2001 counsel for the applicant told the court that an application which had been filed for leave to withdraw the pleas of guilty was itself being withdrawn and counsel urged Judge Finnane to take into account the applicant's pleas of guilty in sentencing the applicant. 60 There was no suggestion in the applicant's written submissions that he did not appreciate the nature of a plea of guilty or that he did not intend to plead guilty or that there was any charge in respect to which there was no evidence on which he could have been convicted. 61 The only offences as to which there is any suggestion in the applicant's written submissions that the applicant might not have been guilty are the offences charged in counts 8, 9 and 10 of the indictment of homosexual intercourse with a male person under the age of ten years, and the only suggestion made in the applicant's written submissions about these offences is that the complainant might not have been under the age of ten years at the time of the commission of the offences. 62 According to the applicant's written submissions, the Crown, in order to prove when it was that the offences charged in counts 8, 9 and 10 had been committed and, hence, that they had been committed when the complainant was under the age of ten years, relied on a video-audio tape recording, which showed the applicant committing a sexual act with the complainant and in which a radio broadcast could be heard, which could be dated to November 1986. The applicant says in his written submissions that he asserted to his lawyer that the video tape showing the applicant and the complainant had been contaminated by the addition to it of an audio recording of the radio broadcast. 63 This assertion made by the applicant in his written submissions, unsupported by any evidence, is insufficient to discharge the onus which rests on the applicant to establish that there is a real question about his guilt on any of the charges or that his pleas of guilty were not really attributable to a genuine consciousness of guilt. 64 In the first ground of appeal against conviction the applicant alleges that he was deceived into making the pleas of guilty. In his written submissions the applicant alleges that counsel then appearing for the applicant told the applicant that counsel had made a plea bargain with the prosecution, that, if the applicant pleaded guilty to all the offences charged, the prosecution would seek sentences much more lenient than those ultimately imposed. If there was any evidence of these allegations, then it might be arguable that the applicant's pleas of guilty were induced by some impropriety. However, there is no evidence before this Court of the making of any such plea bargain or of any such conversation between the applicant and his counsel. Furthermore, even if there was such evidence, we would not accept that the applicant would not otherwise have pleaded guilty to the charges. 65 As regards the second ground of appeal against conviction, the applicant alleges in his written submissions that the Crown agreed, during the pendency of the applicant's application for a stay of the criminal proceedings against him, that the Crown would not use in the prosecution of the applicant any evidence which police had obtained before 1994 and that the Crown, in breach of the agreement, proposed to use as evidence against the applicant in any trial of the applicant, videos which had been compiled by combining extracts from videos which had been obtained by the police before 1994. There is no evidence before this Court to support the applicant's allegation about the provenance of the videos which the Crown proposed using as evidence in any trial of the applicant. It was the Crown case that police had not obtained the videos the Crown proposed using as evidence until some time in 1996, and the Crown case was supported by evidence from a police officer. 66 As to the third ground of appeal against conviction, the decision of Gallop J in R v Tilley was simply a decision, on the particular facts in that case, that a stay of criminal proceedings should be ordered on the ground that the proceedings were an abuse of process. The decision in R v Tilley does not create any precedent and could not give rise to any ground of appeal against the applicant's convictions. 67 As to the fourth ground of appeal against conviction Judge Finnane disclosed during the proceedings on sentence that he had once had some professional association with Channel 9, and that he had communicated with Channel 9 about the proposed showing by Channel 9 of a programme about the applicant during the pendency of the proceedings on sentence. No application was made to Judge Finnane that he should disqualify himself and his Honour was not obliged to disqualify himself. 68 The last two grounds of appeal sought to be relied on by the applicant, even if the factual matters on which they are based were established, could not amount to valid grounds of appeal against conviction. 69 We conclude that this Court should not grant leave to the applicant to withdraw his pleas of guilty and, accordingly, the applicant's appeal against conviction is dismissed. THE APPLICATION FOR AN INQUIRY UNDER Pt 13A OF THE CRIMES ACT 70 In his written submissions and particularly in his written submissions of July 2003 the applicant listed and developed a number of grounds for this Court to order such an inquiry. 71 An application by the applicant for an inquiry under Pt 13A of the Crimes Act has already been referred to a single judge of the Supreme Court pursuant to the provisions of s 474 0 of the Crimes Act, which provides that the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court under Pt 13A of the Act is to be exercised by the Chief Justice or by a judge of the Supreme Court who is authorised by the Chief Justice to exercise that jurisdiction. That judge has, pursuant to s 474E(3A) of the Crimes Act , deferred consideration of the application, pending the determination of the applicant's appeal against conviction and application for leave to appeal against sentence. 72 The Court of Criminal Appeal is a statutory court, having only such jurisdiction as is conferred on it by statute. The jurisdiction conferred on the Court of Criminal Appeal does not include jurisdiction to consider an application for an inquiry under Pt 13A of the Crimes Act . This Court has no jurisdiction to entertain the application for an inquiry and the applicant, if so minded, will have to ask the single judge of the Supreme Court who has been authorised to exercise the jurisdiction of the Court in relation to the earlier application for an inquiry to resume his consideration of that application. APPLICATION FOR LEAVE TO APPEAL AGAINST SENTENCE 73 On 7 December 2001 Judge Finnane delivered lengthy remarks on sentence. We will now refer to certain aspects of his Honour's remarks on sentence. 74 In the remarks on sentence his Honour referred to the statement by the complainant SD. SD first met the applicant, when he was twelve or thirteen years old. The applicant invited SD to come to the applicant's home. When SD went to the applicant's home, a video depicting boys performing sexual acts on each other was being shown. The applicant offered SD cannabis, which SD accepted. The applicant induced SD to go to an upstairs room and suggested to SD that he take off his clothes. The applicant put gel on his penis and rubbed his erect penis on SD's stomach (count 1). The applicant complimented SD on his looks and smooth skin. The applicant played with SD's penis (count 2) and then sucked SD's penis (count 3). The applicant gave SD $40 and drove SD to his home, giving SD his telephone number. 75 SD went to the applicant's home on a number of occasions. On one such occasion the applicant sucked SD's penis (count 4). The applicant induced SD to consent to being anally penetrated by the applicant (count 5) and to engage in other sexual activities. His Honour continued:- " Over a period of time (SD) saw him (the applicant) on numerous occasions, had sexual relations with him on numerous occasions, was videoed and photographed and ultimately became a heroin addict. When he was fourteen or fifteen he was basically discarded by Mr Dunn and passed on to another man ". His Honour added:- " It could be said that each of the young men concerned who have provided statements have a similar type of story which involved them in being induced to go to Mr Dunn's residence and then being induced to engage in sexual activities, given money, given drugs". 76 In the case of each complainant the applicant had built up a relationship with the complainant over a period of time, for the purpose of enabling the applicant to perform sexual acts with the complainant, and the specific acts charged were only instances of a large number of sexual acts which had occurred. 77 In his remarks on sentence his Honour also referred, but in less detail, to the facts of some of the offences involving the complainant GD. His Honour noted that on three occasions the applicant had sucked GD's penis. His Honour considered that the offences against GD were the most serious of all the offences, because of GD's youth, GD being under the age of ten years at the time of the offences. 78 His Honour found that the applicant was predatory, that he was "on the hunt" for boys who he could induce to come to his house. Some boys were recommended to the applicant by other boys. Some boys were recommended to the applicant by acquaintances of the applicant, who engaged in similar activities. 79 His Honour considered that the applicant's conduct was aggravated by his having had a colleague Michael Hill, video the applicant performing sexual acts and even having had Hill himself videoed, as Hill was videoing the applicant. His Honour found that the applicant was proud of having committed the offences and wanted to have the committing of the offences recorded by being videoed. 80 His Honour found that the applicant had no insight into the depravity of his actions; that the applicant felt that he had been entitled to commit the offences, because he did not regard his conduct as having been criminal; and that the applicant considered that the complainants, however young they were, were capable of giving their consent and that the complainants had consented to the various sexual activities with the applicant. 81 His Honour found that, if the applicant was released from custody, he would return to engaging in the same conduct. "The only caveat is that because of his age and his state of health he may not be able effectively to do it". 82 At pages 20-21 of his remarks on sentence the sentencing judge summarised the offences for which he was sentencing the applicant, stating the maximum penalties for some, but not all, of those offences. It was not an easy task accurately to summarise all of the many offences for which the applicant was being sentenced and all of the maximum penalties for those offences but it must be pointed out that there were some errors in his Honour's summary. 83 In his summary his Honour said that there were "four acts of indecency each carrying a maximum penalty of four years", whereas there were only two offences of an act of indecency, for which the maximum penalty was imprisonment for two years, not four years. His Honour said that there were ten counts of homosexual intercourse with a boy between the ages of ten and eighteen years, whereas there were eleven such offences. His Honour said that there was one count of soliciting or inciting someone to commit an act of indecency, without stating the maximum penalty for the offence, whereas there were three such offences, for which the maximum penalty was imprisonment for two years. His Honour said that there were three counts of aggravated indecent assault, "the aggravation being that the indecent assault was done in company with Hill and with others, some of the others being other boys", whereas there were only two charges of indecent assault, without any circumstance of aggravation being alleged in either of the charges. His Honour incorrectly stated that the maximum penalty for the three offences under s 25(1) of the Drug Misuse and Trafficking Act was imprisonment for two years and a fine of 50 penalty units, whereas the maximum penalty was imprisonment for ten years and a fine of 2000 penalty units. 84 In his remarks on sentence his Honour set out or referred to some of the subjective circumstances of the applicant. Much of what his Honour said was taken from the psychological assessment of the applicant by Mr Benjamin. 85 The applicant was born on 30 January 1941. He was accordingly sixty years old when he was sentenced and is now sixty-three years old. 86 The applicant left school at the age of fifteen and joined the novitiate of an order of Teaching Brothers. He left the novitiate without becoming a Brother. He became a school teacher in the Catholic education system and was a science teacher at a well known school for about twenty years. There was no evidence to suggest that the applicant had committed any offence of any nature while he was a school teacher. In the reference which was admitted into evidence the Marist Brother said that the applicant had been a dedicated and hard-working member of the school staff, who was well respected by both the staff and the students. 87 In 1981 the applicant suffered an acute myocardial infarction. In 1986 he retired from teaching because of ill health, with only minimal superannuation. 88 His Honour noted that the applicant had claimed to Mr Benjamin, and his Honour apparently accepted, that the applicant had had "no overt sexual history", until he was in his forties. Up until then the applicant's sexual life had been limited to "child pornography and fantasy and he had no relationships". However, after his heart attack the applicant had "abandoned his period of self denial" and had engaged in acts of child sexual assault. 89 In his remarks on sentence his Honour accepted that the applicant was not in good health, that the applicant would serve his sentence "in strict confinement", that because of the nature of his offences the applicant would be threatened with violence and would be at risk of violence while he was in prison and that the applicant had been subjected to an exceptional degree of notoriety. 90 In his remarks on sentence his Honour considered the sentences which had been passed on Michael Hill in 1991 and concluded that the sentences passed on Hill were not of much assistance in the sentencing of the applicant. We will return to this part of his Honour's remarks on sentence later in this judgment. 91 Judge Finnane said that he had taken into account that the applicant had pleaded guilty. His Honour noted that the applicant had maintained pleas of not guilty while the proceedings for a stay of the criminal proceedings against him were still on foot. His Honour did not regard the applicant's pleas of guilty as any evidence of contrition. He considered that the applicant's pleas of guilty were merely an acceptance by the applicant of the inevitable, "once the High Court had removed his last hope of defeating the charges on technical grounds". His Honour declined to quantify any discount he was allowing for the applicant's pleas of guilty, in reliance on the then recent decision of the High Court in Wong v The Queen (2001) 207 CLR 584. Submissions for the Applicant on Sentence 92 It was submitted by Mr Stratton on behalf of the applicant that, although Judge Finnane had said in his remarks on sentence that he had taken into account the applicant's pleas of guilty and the applicant's ill health and that the applicant would be likely to serve his sentences "in strict confinement" because of the risk of violence to the applicant from other prisoners, it could be seen from the length of the sentences ultimately imposed by his Honour that his Honour had not made any, or any sufficient, allowance for these matters. 93 The principal submission made by Mr Stratton was that the sentences imposed on the applicant far exceeded the range of sentences which had been imposed on other child sexual assault offenders and should be regarded as having been manifestly excessive. 94 In the submissions he prepared himself the applicant repeated and elaborated on the same submissions as had been made by Mr Stratton in his written submissions. The applicant also submitted that he should have received a discount for "deferment", that is for the delay which had occurred in his being sentenced, and that he should have received a discount because promises which had been made to him when he agreed to provide assistance in the prosecution of the police officers had been broken. Decision on Sentence 95 As we remarked earlier in this judgment, the sentences imposed for the offences charged in counts 23, 24 and 25 of the indictment exceeded the maximum sentence fixed by s 61E(2) or s 61N of the Crimes Act and, consequently, as the Crown conceded, this Court must intervene and re-sentence the applicant for those offences. 96 As was also conceded by the Crown, the sentences imposed for the offences charged in counts 1 and 7 of the indictment, although not exceeding the maximum sentence of two years fixed by s 61E(2) of the Crimes Act , were equal to that maximum sentence and were imposed by the sentencing judge in the erroneous belief that the maximum sentence was four years and, consequently, his Honour's sentencing discretion also miscarried in relation to these offences and this Court must determine what sentences it would itself impose for these offences. 97 The sentences imposed for the offences charged in counts 6, 26 and 27 of the indictment were imposed in the erroneous belief that the maximum penalty was imprisonment for two years and a fine of fifty penalty units, whereas the maximum penalty was imprisonment for ten years and a fine of 2,000 penalty units. This was an error in favour of the applicant. However, although his Honour was mistaken about the maximum penalty available and the maximum penalty available was much higher than his Honour thought, no appeal against these sentences was brought by the Crown and we would not regard the sentences imposed by his Honour as unduly lenient. 98 We have already referred to remarks made by Judge Finnane about the applicant's pleas of guilty. Subsequently to Judge Finnane sentencing the applicant, it was held in this Court ( R v Sharma (2002) 54 NSWLR 300) that, notwithstanding the decision of the High Court in Wong , sentencing courts in this State should continue to apply R v Thomson (2000) 49 NSWLR 383, the guidelines judgment concerning pleas of guilty. In R v Thomson at 419 (160) it was stated that sentencing judges are encouraged to quantify the effect of a plea of guilty on a sentence being imposed, that the utilitarian value of a plea of guilty to the criminal justice system should generally be assessed in the range of a 10 to 25 per cent discount on sentence and that the primary consideration determining where in that range a particular case should fall is the timing of the plea of guilty, that is the time when the plea of guilty is made. 99 Judge Finnane obviously found that the applicant's pleas of guilty had been late pleas of guilty and this was a finding his Honour could properly make. The applicant's trial had been fixed to commence on 25 June 2001, that is the day before the applicant entered his pleas of guilty. Even if it is accepted that the applicant had been justified in bringing the application for a stay of the criminal proceedings against him, four months had elapsed since his application for a stay had been finally disposed of, by the High Court refusing special leave to appeal from the decision of the Court of Criminal Appeal. 100 However, even though the applicant's pleas of guilty were late pleas of guilty, the pleas of guilty nevertheless had utilitarian value for the criminal justice system (what would have been a long trial was averted and the complainants were spared having to give evidence) and a discount of at least 10 per cent for the purely utilitarian value of the pleas of guilty should have been allowed. 101 Judge Finnane accepted that, because of the risk of violence from other prisoners, the applicant would be likely to serve the sentences which would be imposed on him "in strict confinement" and that some allowance should be made for this factor. 102 At the hearing of the application counsel for the applicant stated that he did not object to the Court making general use of an affidavit sworn on 8 February 2004 by Mr Peter Tansey, a Senior Assistant Superintendent of the Goulburn Correctional Centre, about the applicant's conditions of custody after he had been placed in the Goulburn Correctional Centre in January 2003. It is apparent from Mr Tansey's affidavit that in February 2004, although the applicant was subject to somewhat more onerous conditions of custody than those which applied to prisoners in the general prison population, it would be an overstatement to say that he was being held "in strict confinement". 103 In his affidavit Mr Tansey said that the applicant had been admitted to Goulburn Correctional Centre in January 2003 as a "non-association inmate" but that in March 2003 his classification had been changed to "limited association inmate", which enabled him to have limited association with other inmates. In February 2004 the applicant was housed in a unit with twelve other inmates and he had contact with those other twelve inmates. He was sharing a cell with one other inmate and was spending "more time in his cell than normal discipline inmates in the general prison population". The applicant was working alone in a secured room as a laundry sweeper. The applicant had access to services and programmes. 104 As Judge Finnane recognised, some allowance also had to be made for the applicant's state of ill health. 105 If, as his Honour said in his remarks on sentence, he had taken all of these specific matters into account, that is the pleas of guilty, the applicant's more than usually onerous conditions of custody and the applicant's ill health, then the total effective sentence his Honour must have had in mind, before allowing for these matters, must have been at least thirty-five years. 106 As regards the additional specific matters raised by the applicant in the submissions he prepared himself, I make the following comments:- 107 According to the Crown's evidence, the video tapes on which the charges against the applicant were based were seized by police in 1996. The applicant was then overseas. After the applicant had been brought back to Australia and had been charged, the applicant brought and pursued the application for a stay of the criminal proceedings against him. This application was finally disposed of in February 2001. In these circumstances the applicant was not entitled to any discount on sentence on the basis that there had been a delay in his being sentenced. 108 There was no evidence before Judge Finnane, and there is no evidence before this Court, of any promises allegedly made to the applicant (apart from the indemnity and the undertaking) or of any breaches of any such promises. 109 As previously noted, the principal submission made by Mr Stratton was that the sentences imposed on the applicant were manifestly excessive as far exceeding the upper limit of the range of sentences which had been established by sentences imposed on other persons sentenced for multiple offences of child sexual assault. In support of this submission counsel for the applicant referred to a number of cases including R v AB (unreported Court of Criminal Appeal 7 July 1997; unreported CCA 6 December 2000); R Fisk (unreported Court of Criminal Appeal 21 July 1998); R v Bell (unreported District Court Davidson DCJ 12 February 1999); R v Allen (unreported District Court Phelan DCJ 7 November 2000); and, particularly, R v Hill (unreported Court of Criminal Appeal 7 July 1992). 110 In R v AB the offender pleaded guilty to sixty-seven offences of child sexual assault, committed against fifteen children aged between nine and eleven years over a period of about ten years. The offender was a member of a religious teaching order and the victims were some of his pupils. 111 AB had fled to the United States, after he became aware that complaints had been made about his conduct. He was extradited from the United States on twenty-eight of the offences, after contested extradition proceedings. However, after having been extradited from the United States, the offender co-operated fully with the police, including volunteering information about thirty-nine other offences he had committed and waiving any objections under extradition law to being dealt with for those further offences. The offender was initially sentenced to sentences totalling eighteen years, with minimum terms totalling thirteen and a half years. An appeal against sentence to the Court of Criminal Appeal was dismissed. However, on a further appeal to the High Court the High Court held that the sentencing judge's discretion had miscarried, because he had not taken into account that further extradition proceedings had been avoided by the offender's waiving of any objection and had not taken into account the desirability of encouraging extradited persons to make a full disclosure of all their criminality and to waive their rights under extradition law. The matter having been remitted by the High Court to the Court of Criminal Appeal, the Court of Criminal Appeal sentenced the offender to sentences totalling fifteen years with minimum terms totalling twelve years. 112 In R v Fisk the offender pleaded guilty to twenty-four offences involving three victims. Nine of the offences had been committed against one victim between 1974 and 1978 and consisted of one offence of indecent assault and eight offences of buggery. Another eight offences had been committed against a second victim between 1986 and 1988 and consisted of two charges of sexual intercourse without consent with a person under the age of sixteen years, one charge of indecent assault on a person under the age of sixteen years, four charges of homosexual intercourse with a male between the ages of ten and eighteen years and one charge of aiding and abetting an act of homosexual intercourse with a person between the ages of ten and eighteen years. Another seven offences had been committed against a third victim between January and July 1988 and were offences of the same kinds as the offences which had been committed against the second victim. The twenty-four offences which had been charged were not isolated, aberrant acts but were representative of the lifestyle of the offender. 113 Fisk was sentenced to terms of imprisonment totalling twelve years with minimum terms totalling nine years. An appeal by Fisk against the sentences which had been imposed was dismissed by the Court of Criminal Appeal. 114 In R v Bell the offender was found guilty after a trial of twenty-eight offences committed against five victims, including sixteen charges of homosexual intercourse with a male between the ages of ten years and eighteen years, three charges of indecently assaulting a child under the age of sixteen years and under the offender's authority, two charges of indecently assaulting a male, six charges of indecently assaulting a child under the age of sixteen years and one charge of an act of indecency with a child under the age of sixteen years. 115 Subsequently, the offender pleaded guilty to a further sixteen charges against thirteen additional victims, comprising three charges of homosexual intercourse with a male between the ages of ten years and eighteen years, one charge of an act of indecency with a person under the age of sixteen years, one charge of inciting an act of indecency with a person under the age of sixteen years, two charges of indecently assaulting a male, six charges of indecent assault and three charges of indecent assault on a child under the offender's authority. 116 The offender also asked the sentencing judge to take into account in sentencing him thirty-one further offences of similar kinds. 117 The seventy-five offences for which the offender was sentenced or which were taken into account in sentencing the offender were committed between 1978 and 1991 against a total of eighteen boys, whose ages generally ranged from twelve years to fifteen years. 118 The offender was sentenced to terms of imprisonment totalling fourteen years with minimum terms totalling ten and a half years. An appeal against conviction was abandoned and the Court of Criminal Appeal refused leave to withdraw the abandonment of the appeal. 119 Judge Finnane referred to Bell at p24 in his remarks on sentence. His Honour noted that Bell was, like the applicant, a child sexual assault offender of great notoriety, that he had committed many crimes and that he had engaged in predatory activities. His Honour distinguished Bell's case on the grounds that the children who had been the victims of Bell's offences were somewhat older than the victims of the applicant's offences and that the judge who had sentenced Bell had accepted that Bell understood that his conduct was wrongful and had accepted Bell's assurance that he would not re-offend. 120 In R v Allen the offender was sentenced for twenty-six offences of child sexual assault, including ten charges of buggery. A further twenty-one offences were taken into account in sentencing the offender. The offences had been committed between 1966 and 1999 against a total of eleven boys aged between nine and seventeen years but mainly between ten and thirteen years. Sentences totalling fourteen years were imposed with minimum terms totalling nine and a half years. 121 The case on which counsel for the applicant, and the applicant himself, placed particular reliance was R v Hill . 122 Hill pleaded guilty to charges of twenty-three offences, including eight offences of homosexual intercourse with a person between the ages of ten and sixteen years, one offence of homosexual intercourse with a child under the age of ten years, five offences of indecent assault, two offences of homosexual intercourse with a person under the age of eighteen years, offences of inciting a person under the age of sixteen years or eighteen years to commit an act of indecency and one offence of inciting a male person under the age of eighteen years to commit an act of homosexual intercourse. The offences were committed against seven boys at various times between 1987 and 1991. 123 Hill was sentenced in the Supreme Court by Loveday J on 29 November 1991. In his brief remarks on sentence Loveday J referred to Hill's bad previous criminal record for sexual offences. His Honour said that he took into account "most strongly" Hill's pleas of guilty, particularly because they saved the young victims from having to appear in court. 124 In sentencing Hill Loveday J adopted the sentencing practice which was followed in this State before the decision of the High Court in Pearce v The Queen (1998) 194 CLR 610 of reflecting the total criminality in all the offences in the sentence imposed for the most serious offence, the offence of homosexual intercourse with a child under the age of ten years, and imposing fixed terms of imprisonment or penal servitude for all the other offences, which were to be served concurrently with parts of the minimum term for the principal sentence. For the offence of homosexual intercourse with a child under the age of ten years Loveday J sentenced Hill to a sentence of sixteen years with a minimum term of twelve years, commencing on 10 March 1991, the date Hill had gone into custody. 125 On 7 July 1992 an appeal by Hill to the Court of Criminal Appeal against the severity of the sentences imposed by Loveday J was dismissed. The leading judgment in the Court of Criminal Appeal was given by Smart J, with whom Gleeson CJ and Carruthers J concurred. 126 In his judgment Smart J summarised Hill's conduct as follows:- "The offences involved a range of sexual acts. Some involved the fondling of a boy's penis, some involved oral intercourse either by or on the boy, some involved penile/anal intercourse and some involved acts of gross indecency. In some instances the applicant incited one or more of the boys to perform indecent acts or assaults upon another boy or other boys. Sometimes three boys were involved at the one time. In some instances the applicant recorded or caused to be recorded what took place on a video tape". 127 In his judgment Smart J referred to Hill's criminal record. This criminal record included four convictions in 1968 for indecent assault on a male person for which sentences of imprisonment were imposed; a conviction in 1974 for aggravated assault of a sexual nature on a male person under the age of seventeen years; and convictions in 1979 for five offences of indecent assault on a male, one offence of assault with intent to commit buggery and one offence of buggery, for which sentences of imprisonment totalling eleven years were imposed. Hill was released from prison on 2 August 1985, having served those sentences. Smart J, having regard to the dates of the offences for which Hill had been sentenced by Loveday J, commented:- "The disturbing thought is that within less than two years after his release and having spent six and two third years in gaol he had returned to his old habits ". 128 Hill was not legally represented either before Loveday J or on his application for leave to appeal to the Court of Criminal Appeal. In the written submissions he himself prepared for the application to the Court of Criminal Appeal he referred to close friends and acquaintances "with similar sexual tastes to my own" and Smart J observed that "he seems to feel that he is entitled to give expression to those tastes" and that "there appears to be little or no prospect of rehabilitation". 129 Although Smart J concluded that Hill's appeal against the severity of the sentences passed on him should be dismissed, his Honour described "the sentence" as "a lengthy and heavy one" and said that he had "found the question of sentence a disturbing and difficult one". 130 On 26 March 1997 Hill was sentenced in the District Court by his Honour Judge Shillington on thirteen charges of aiding and abetting the applicant (that is Robert Joseph Dunn) in committing offences of having sexual intercourse, within the definition of "sexual intercourse" in the Crimes Act , with a child aged between ten and eighteen years, being the same child as was the victim of the offences charged in counts eleven to sixteen of the indictment against the applicant. These thirteen offences had come to the attention of police, because Hill was shown in the videos which police had obtained possession of in 1996. Hill pleaded guilty to all thirteen charges at the earliest opportunity. 131 Judge Shillington considered that it was clear that, if Hill's conduct in aiding and abetting the applicant had been brought to Loveday J's attention when he sentenced Hill in 1991, "it would have been taken into account in the sentence which was imposed". Accordingly, Judge Shillington, while sentencing Hill to concurrent fixed terms of imprisonment, the longest of which were four years, made all the sentences commence from the date on which Hill had gone into custody, 10 March 1991, with the consequence that all of the sentences would be concurrent with part of the minimum term of the principal sentence imposed by Loveday J and Hill would, effectively, not receive any additional punishment. 132 On 28 November 1997 Hill was sentenced in the District Court by his Honour Judge Sides on four further charges of offences committed against a single victim, consisting of three charges of homosexual intercourse with a person between the ages of ten and eighteen years and one charge of inciting an act of indecency. 133 Judge Sides decided that, because the victim of these offences was not one of the victims of the offences for which Hill had been sentenced in 1991, some effective additional punishment should be imposed on Hill. On each of the three charges of homosexual intercourse his Honour imposed a sentence of four years imprisonment, with a minimum term of twelve months commencing on 10 March 2003 and an additional term of three years commencing on 10 March 2004. 134 The overall effect of the sentences passed on Hill by Loveday J, Judge Shillington and Judge Sides was that Hill was sentenced to terms of imprisonment totalling sixteen years, with minimum terms or fixed terms of imprisonment totalling thirteen years. 135 In considering the sentences passed on Hill it is necessary to keep in mind what Hunt CJ at CL said, with the concurrence of the other members of the Court, in R v Morgan (1993) 70 A Crim R 368 at 371:- "It is quite wrong to compare the sentence under challenge directly with that imposed upon another offender (who is not a co-offender) simply because the two offenders may have similar characteristics and may have committed similar crimes. What must be looked at is whether the challenged sentence is within the range appropriate to the objective gravity of the particular offence and to the subjective circumstances of the particular offender, and not whether it is more severe or more lenient than some other sentence (other than that of a co-offender) which merely forms part of that range". 136 These observations by Hunt CJ at CL in R v Morgan have often been referred to with approval in subsequent cases, for example R v Merritt [2004] NSWCCA 19 at (62). 137 However, in the present case Hill, although not strictly a co-offender (except in respect of the offences of aiding and abetting the applicant for which Hill was sentenced by Judge Shillington) was not simply another offender who had similar characteristics to the applicant and who had committed similar offences to the applicant. Hill and the applicant knew each other and were members of the same circle of paedophiles. Two of the victims of the offences for which the applicant was sentenced had also been victims of some of the offences for which Hill was sentenced. A matter which Judge Finnane regarded as aggravating the applicant's criminality was that some of the offences had been committed in the company of Hill and Hill had videoed the applicant committing the offences. 138 There was a further reason why the sentences passed upon Hill in 1991 and considered by the Court of Criminal Appeal in 1992 are of particular significance in the sentencing of the applicant. In R v MJR (2002) 54 NSWLR 368, a decision of a Court of Criminal Appeal constituted by five judges, which was handed down on 12 April 2002, that is after Judge Finnane had sentenced the applicant on 7 December 2001, the Court of Criminal Appeal held that in sentencing an offender it is proper to take into account sentence practice as at the date of the commission of the offence, when sentencing practice has moved adversely to the offender between the time of the commission of the offence and the time of sentencing. 139 In so deciding the Court of Criminal Appeal applied the Court's previous decision in R v Shore (1992) 66 A Crim R 37, in preference to the Court's previous decision in R v PLV (2001) 51 NSWLR 736, to which Judge Finnane had been referred by the Crown in the proceedings on sentence. In R v Shore , a case in which many years had elapsed between the commission of the offences and the offender being sentenced (the offender having absconded while on bail), Badgery-Parker J who gave the leading judgment, approved (at p 42) as being correct some remarks which had been made by the sentencing judge:- "In my opinion I should, so far as I am able to do so, seek to impose upon the offender a sentence appropriate not only to then applicable statutory maxima but also to then appropriate sentencing patterns. That is by no means easy but in my view I must endeavour to do so". 140 The present Court is, of course, bound to apply the decision of the five judge Court of Criminal Appeal in R v MJR . The sentences imposed on Hill in 1991 and the assessment of those sentences by the Court of Criminal Appeal in 1992 provide information about sentencing patterns for offences of child sexual assault in 1991-1992, that is at a time much more proximate than the present to the times at which the applicant's offences were committed. 141 Hill's case was certainly regarded as relevant, and important, during the hearing of the proceedings for the sentencing of the applicant. At times during the hearing both the Crown Prosecutor and Judge Finnane referred, even if inaccurately, to Hill as having been the applicant's "co-offender". Submissions were made to Judge Finnane about what were submitted to be similarities or differences between the applicant's case and Hill's case. As previously noted, the hearing of the proceedings on sentence was adjourned, at the instance of Judge Finnane, to enable his Honour to obtain further information about the sentencing of Hill. Ultimately, a substantial amount of material about the sentencing of Hill was collected and became exhibit H in the proceedings on sentence. Exhibit H comprised the indictment presented against Hill, a summary of the counts in the indictment against Hill, Hill's criminal history, the judgments of the Court of Criminal Appeal on Hill's appeal, the facts sheets used in the sentencing of Hill and a large bundle of statements by or interviews of victims of the offences committed by Hill. 142 In his remarks on sentence Judge Finnane devoted almost an entire page to discussing Hill's case. This discussion contained an important error. His Honour said that the sentences of fixed terms of four years (or less), which had been imposed on Hill in 1997 (by his Honour Judge Shillington), "were made cumulative on his then sentence", whereas, as we have already stated, the sentences which were imposed on Hill by Judge Shillington were made fully concurrent with part of the minimum term of the principal sentence imposed by Loveday J and did not involve the imposition of any additional punishment. 143 In a later part of his remarks on sentence Judge Finnane said with respect to Hill's case:- "Whilst I have had regard to Hill's case and the sentences imposed on Hill, and whilst I have had regard to the fact that Hill was a persistent offender, I have formed the opinion that that case is not of a great deal of assistance to me in dealing with this case. And that is so because he was sentenced in 1991, he pleaded guilty at the outset, the offences were not as numerous as the current offences and they did not involve the circumstances of these offences". 144 Of these grounds for concluding that Hill's case was not of much assistance, the first ground given, that Hill had been sentenced many years before in 1991, so far from being a valid reason for distinguishing Hill, was, on the authority of Shore and MJR , wrong in principle. As we have already indicated, MJR was decided after his Honour sentenced the applicant and his Honour was not referred to Shore but only to PLV . 145 The second ground given by his Honour, that Hill had pleaded guilty at the outset, was a valid ground of distinction between Hill's case and the applicant's case. However, the applicant did ultimately plead guilty and, as we have already indicated, was entitled to a discount of at least 10 per cent for his pleas of guilty. 146 The third ground given by his Honour, that Hill's offences were not as numerous as the applicant's offences, could not be given much weight. The applicant was sentenced for twenty-seven offences. Hill had been sentenced for twenty-three offences. Three of the applicant's offences were for supplying small quantities of cannabis to boys who were not naive in the use of cannabis and these offences were, of themselves, quite minor offences. In any event, the total number of offences with which the applicant was charged was somewhat arbitrary, depending on decisions by the prosecution whether to charge a single offence or multiple offences for conduct by the applicant on a single occasion. 147 It is unclear what his Honour meant by saying that Hill's offences did not involve "the circumstances" of the applicant's offences. In the immediately following part of his remarks on sentence his Honour said that the applicant had engaged in predatory behaviour and had had his behaviour videoed. However, Hill also had engaged in predatory behaviour and it was Hill who had videoed the applicant. It would appear to us that the circumstances of Hill's offences were very similar to the circumstances of the applicant's offences. 148 We conclude that the reasons given by his Honour for deciding that Hill's case was not of much assistance in the sentencing of the applicant were wrong in principle or were of no, or only limited, weight or were left unexplained by his Honour. 149 We also consider it likely that, in having regard to Hill's case and the sentences imposed on Hill, his Honour was influenced by his mistaken view that the sentences of four years imposed by Judge Shillington on Hill had been made cumulative upon, and not concurrent with, the sentences imposed by Loveday J on Hill and that the total effect of the sentences imposed on Hill was more severe than it really was. 150 Apart from the grounds given by Judge Finnane in his remarks on sentence for distinguishing Hill's case, it was submitted both in the proceedings on sentence and before this Court that the applicant's offences were more serious than Hill's offences, because the applicant's offences included three offences of homosexual intercourse with a male person under the age of ten years (counts 8, 9 and 10), whereas Hill's offences included only one such offence (count 17 in the indictment against Hill). It was contended that the gravity of an offence of homosexual intercourse with a male person under the age of ten years is shown by what was the high maximum penalty for such an offence, penal servitude for twenty-five years; whereas the maximum penalty for an offence of homosexual intercourse with a male person between the ages of ten years and eighteen years was penal servitude for only ten years. 151 This is a valid ground of distinction between the applicant's case and Hill's case. However, there are some partially offsetting factors. 152 On each of counts 8, 9 and 10 in the indictment against the applicant the applicant's conduct was that he had sucked the complainant's penis. These were objectively serious offences to commit on children under the age of ten. However, each of these offences, considered by itself and grave though it was, was not as objectively serious as Hill's conduct in committing the offence charged in count 17 of the indictment against him, which involved actual penile/anal penetration of the victim. 153 Another partially offsetting factor was Hill's serious previous criminal history of convictions and prison sentences for child sexual assault offences, whereas the applicant had no previous criminal convictions. 154 We conclude that because of the close connection between the applicant's case and Hill's case and because, by virtue of the decision of the Court of Criminal Appeal in MJR , a sentencing court would be required to have regard to patterns of sentencing at times more proximate to the times of the commission of the offences by the applicant between 1985 and 1992, Hill's case was a case to which his Honour should have had particular regard. However, on grounds which were wrong in principle or could only be of little weight or which were left unexplained, his Honour decided that Hill's case was not of much assistance in the sentencing of the applicant. In deciding that Hill's case was not of much assistance in the sentencing of the applicant, his Honour was also influenced by his factual error in supposing that the sentences imposed on Hill by Judge Shillington had been made cumulative upon, and not concurrent with, the sentences imposed on Hill by Loveday J and that the total effect of the sentences imposed on Hill was more severe than it really was. In our opinion, these errors made by the sentencing judge with respect to Hill's case were such that his Honour's sentencing discretion generally miscarried. 155 We are further of the opinion that, notwithstanding the seriousness of the applicant's criminality and the distinctions which can properly be drawn between the applicant's case and other cases, the sentences imposed on the applicant were outside the range of sentences indicated by such cases as AB , Fisk , Bell , Allen and Hill . 156 It is, accordingly, necessary for this Court to re-sentence the applicant. 157 We have already set out the objective facts of the offences committed by the applicant and the subjective circumstance of the applicant. 158 The offences committed by the applicant were objectively very serious and, because they included no fewer than three offences of having had homosexual intercourse with a male under the age of ten years, the applicant's total objective criminality, even after allowing for partially offsetting factors, should be regarded as greater than Hill's. However, this Court is bound by the decision in MJR to sentence the applicant in accordance with patterns of sentencing at the times the offences were committed, so far as they can be determined, and the sentences imposed on Hill in 1991 considered by the Court of Criminal Appeal in 1992 evidence the patterns of sentencing which this Court is bound to apply. 159 We accept Judge Finnane's findings that the applicant has no insight into the depravity of his actions and has not shown any contrition. We also accept Judge Finnane's finding that, if his age and health permitted, the applicant would be likely to re-offend. However, as the applicant is now sixty-three years old and in poor health, it would seem unlikely that the applicant, if still alive after serving a lengthy prison sentence, would be able to resume re-offending. 160 In re-sentencing the applicant some allowance must be made for the utilitarian value of the applicant's pleas of guilty, his ill health and the likelihood that he will continue to serve his sentence in more than usually onerous conditions of custody. 161 In re-sentencing the applicant fixed terms of imprisonment should be imposed for most of the offences, because if a sentence containing a non-parole period and a parole period was set, the parole period would be subsumed in the non-parole period or the fixed term of some longer sentence or sentences. There is no necessity, as Judge Finnane thought, to set a non-parole period for every one of the sentences. In accordance with sentencing principle, where a fixed term of imprisonment is imposed the fixed term will be equivalent, not to the total term of a sentence containing a non-parole period and a parole period, but merely to the non-parole period of such a sentence. 162 Before indicating the sentences to be imposed upon the applicant, we wish to make the following two matters perfectly clear. Firstly, the sentences that we believe are appropriate in the circumstances of this case are not a guide to what would now be appropriate for an offender who committed similar offences in more recent years. As events have turned out one of the significant errors in the exercise of the sentencing discretion by Judge Finnane was that he did not have sufficient regard to the sentences imposed upon Hill. He applied, as he was bound to, the standing decision of this Court in PLV which was not overruled until five months after he sentenced the applicant. Consequently he did not take into consideration the requirement, recognised in MJR , to impose sentences within the range that was current at the time of offending. Sentences imposed in 1992 provide little assistance in determining the appropriate sentence or sentences to be imposed for similar offences committed in recent years. Sentences have increased since and this would have to be reflected in sentences imposed upon more recent offenders. 163 The second matter is that the Court is constrained in determining the appropriate sentences by those imposed upon Hill having regard to the close association between the two offenders and their criminal conduct. The applicant and Hill were not co-offenders in relation to most of the offences for which the applicant was sentenced and the principle of parity in sentencing joint offenders strictly does not apply. However, the criminality of the offender and Hill was so interrelated in time and space that they can fairly be considered as involved in the same criminal enterprise of seducing and violating underage males. Shillington DCJ sentenced Hill for offences as an accessory to sexual crimes committed by the applicant similar to those for which he must be re-sentenced by this Court. The sentences imposed upon Hill are, therefore, directly relevant and not merely as evidence of the sentencing pattern in 1991. 164 But for the fact that justice in the sentencing process requires there to be a substantial relationship between the sentences imposed upon Hill and those imposed upon the applicant the Court would have imposed sentences totalling 24 years and fixed a total non-parole period in accordance with a total sentence of that severity. Such a sentence would have properly reflected the applicant's criminality having regard to the fact that the sentencing range at the time of offending was less severe than that which now exists. However, in our judgment such a sentence would be unduly harsh having regard to the total sentence actually imposed upon Hill having regard to the close connection between their offences. The sentences we will impose are the least that can properly be imposed to reflect the objective seriousness of the applicant's criminal conduct. 165 We consider that the following sentences should be imposed on the applicant:- 166 On each of counts 1 and 7 (charges of an act of indecency for which the maximum penalty was imprisonment for two years), a fixed term of imprisonment of nine months. 167 On each of counts 2 and 11 (charges of indecent assault for which the maximum penalty was imprisonment for four years) a fixed term of imprisonment of fifteen months. 168 On each of counts 3, 4, 12, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 and 22 (charges of homosexual intercourse with a male person between the ages of ten years and eighteen years in which the type of homosexual intercourse was some form of fellatio, for which the maximum penalty was imprisonment for ten years), a fixed term of imprisonment for four years. 169 On each of counts 5 and 15 (charges of homosexual intercourse with a male person between the ages of ten years and eighteen years in which the type of homosexual intercourse was penile/anal intercourse committed by the applicant on the complainant, for which the maximum penalty was imprisonment for ten years), a fixed term of imprisonment for five years. 170 On each of counts 8, 9 and 10 (charges of homosexual intercourse with a male person under the age of ten years, in which the applicant sucked the complainant's penis, for which the maximum penalty was imprisonment for twenty-five years), a term of imprisonment for eight years or an equivalent fixed term of imprisonment for six years. 171 On each of counts 13 and 14 (charges of attempted homosexual intercourse with a male person between the ages of ten years and eighteen years for which the maximum penalty was imprisonment for five years), a fixed term of imprisonment of two years. 172 On count 16 (a charge of sexual intercourse with a person between the ages of ten years and sixteen years for which the maximum penalty was imprisonment for eight years), a fixed term of imprisonment for three years. 173 On counts 23, 24 and 25 (inciting a person under the age of sixteen years to commit an act of indecency for which the maximum penalty was imprisonment for two years), a fixed term of imprisonment of one year. 174 On counts 6, 26 and 27 (supplying a prohibited drug for which the maximum sentence was imprisonment for ten years), a fixed term of imprisonment of nine months. 175 After considering questions of totality, cumulation and concurrency of sentences, we have concluded that all the sentences, apart from the sentences on counts 5 and 15 and on counts 8, 9 and 10, should be ordered to commence on 10 November 1997, the date on which the sentences imposed by Judge Finnane commenced, those sentences to be served concurrently with each other. The longest of the sentences commencing on 10 November 1997 are the sentences of fixed terms of imprisonment for four years on counts 3, 4, 12, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 and 22 which would have expired on 9 November 2001. 176 The sentences of fixed terms of imprisonment for five years on counts 5 and 15 should commence on 10 November 2001 and expire on 9 November 2006, these two sentences to be served concurrently with each other. 177 The sentence on count 8 of a fixed term of imprisonment for six years should commence on 10 November 2006 and expire on 9 November 2012. The sentence on count 9 of a fixed term of imprisonment for six years should commence on 10 November 2008 and expire on 9 November 2014. The sentence on count 10 of a term of imprisonment for eight years should commence on 10 November 2009 and expire on 9 November 2017, with a non-parole period of six years commencing on 10 November 2009 and expiring on 9 November 2015. The earliest date on which the applicant will be eligible for release on parole is 9 November 2015. The total effect of the sentences is that the applicant is sentenced to terms of imprisonment totalling twenty years, with fixed terms of imprisonment and the non-parole period of the sentence imposed on count 10 totalling eighteen years. We consider that eighteen years is the minimum period of imprisonment the applicant should serve. Having regard to the applicant's lack of insight into his offending and his lack of contrition and the unlikelihood of the applicant being rehabilitated, we do not consider that any useful purpose would be served in setting any longer period during which the applicant would be eligible for release on parole. 178 The orders the Court makes on the application for leave to appeal against sentences are:- Leave is granted to the applicant to appeal against the sentences imposed by his Honour Judge Finnane. The appeal against those sentences is allowed. The sentences imposed by Judge Finnane are quashed and in lieu thereof the sentences we have nominated are imposed. ********** Last Modified: 12/21/2004 DISCLAIMER - Every effort has been made to comply with suppression orders or statutory provisions prohibiting publication that may apply to this judgment or decision. The onus remains on any person using material in the judgment or decision to ensure that the intended use of that material does not breach any such order or provision. Further enquiries may be directed to the Registry of the Court or Tribunal in which it was generated.