New South Wales Court of Criminal Appeal CITATION: Daniel FORBES v R [2009] NSWCCA 292 HEARING DATE(S): 26 June 2009 JUDGMENT DATE: 17 December 2009 JUDGMENT OF: McClellan CJatCL at 1; Hidden J at 2; McCallum J at 67 DECISION: As to sentence on count 1, leave to appeal granted but appeal dismissed. As to sentence on count 2, leave to appeal granted and appeal allowed. Applicant re-sentenced to a non-parole period of 18 months, commencing on 20 March 2007 and expiring on 19 September 2008, and a balance of term of 6 months, commencing on 20 September 2008 and expiring on 19 March 2009. CATCHWORDS: CRIMINAL LAW - application for leave to appeal against sentence - aggravated break, enter and steal - facilitate boat rebirthing - Form 1 matters - boat rebirthing charge carrying standard non-parole period - fixed term not valid for that offence - judge's approach to standard non-parole period for aggravated break, enter and steal - assessment of applicant's role in joint criminal enterprise - parity with sentence of co-offender - whether sentences manifestly excessive Crimes Act 1900 LEGISLATION CITED: Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999 Criminal Appeal Act 1912 CATEGORY: Principal judgment SGJ & KU v R [2008] NSWCCA 258 R v Way [2004] NSWCCA 131, 60 NSWLR 168 Marshall v R [2007] NSWCCA 24 R v Goundar [2001] NSWCCA 198, 127 A Crim R 331 CASES CITED : R v Breedon (CCA, unreported, 3 December 1992) R v DBN [2005] NSWCCA 435 Douglas v R [2006] NSWCCA 94 R v Lenthall [2004] NSWCCA 248 R v Guthrie [2002] NSWCCA 77 R v Ceissman [2004] NSWCCA 466 PARTIES: Daniel FORBES (Applicant) REGINA (Respondent) FILE NUMBER(S): CCA 2008/1597 COUNSEL: A Haesler SC (Applicant) P Miller (Respondent) SOLICITORS: S E O'Connor (Legal Aid Commission of NSW) (Applicant) S Kavanagh (Solicitor for Public Prosecutions) (Respondent) LOWER COURT JURISDICTION: District Court LOWER COURT FILE NUMBER(S): 2008/1597 LOWER COURT JUDICIAL OFFICER: Hughes DCJ LOWER COURT DATE OF DECISION: 07/11/08 IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEAL 2008/1597 McCLELLAN CJ at CL HIDDEN J McCALLUM J Thursday 17 December 2009 Daniel FORBES v R Judgment 1 McCLELLAN CJ at CL: I agree with Hidden J. 2 HIDDEN J: The applicant, Daniel Forbes, pleaded guilty in the District Court to an indictment containing the following two counts: (1) Aggravated break and enter and commit serious indictable offence, an offence under s 112(2) of the Crimes Act which carries a maximum sentence of 20 years imprisonment and a standard non-parole period of 5 years; (2) Facilitate boat re-birthing, an offence under s 154G of the Crimes Act which carries a maximum sentence of 14 years imprisonment and a standard non-parole period of 4 years. 3 He also asked the sentencing judge, when sentencing him for the first count, to take into account on a Form 1 five further offences. The first three offences were associated with that first count, and the last two offences with the second count. The five offences were: 1. Deemed larceny of a Ford F-100 utility (s 154A(1)(a) of the Crimes Act ); 2. Stealing a Toyota Lite-Ace van (s 154F of the Crimes Act ); 3. Malicious damage by fire of that Toyota van (s 195(1)(b) of the Crimes Act ); 4. Receiving a "Shark-Cat" vessel (s 188 of the Crimes Act ); 5. Receiving a "Sea-A1" runabout and trailer. 4 On the second count the applicant was sentenced to a fixed term of imprisonment for 2 years, commencing on 20 March 2007, the date of his arrest. It must be said immediately that that sentence cannot stand. As I have said, the offence under s 154G of the Crimes Act 1900 carries a standard non-parole period, appearing in the Table to Div 1A of Pt 4 of the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999. Section 45 is the source of a court's power to decline to set a non-parole period. However, s 45(1) provides that that power cannot be exercised in respect of an offence in the Table. For such an offence a non-parole period must be set: SGJ & KU v R [2008] NSWCCA 258, per Kirby J at [75] – [78]. 5 On the first count, the applicant was sentenced to imprisonment for 6 years and 8 months, commencing on 20 June 2007, comprising a non-parole period of 3 years and 4 months and a balance of term of the same length. This sentence was arrived at after discounting a starting point of 8 years by 20% for the utilitarian value of the plea of guilty. His Honour referred in his remarks on sentence to the Form 1 matters and it is clear that he did take them into account in arriving at the sentence on the first count. However, he did not follow the usual practise of expressly announcing that he was doing so when he passed sentence on that count. No point was taken about this by either party. 6 It will be seen that the sentence for the first count was accumulated by 3 months upon the sentence for the second count. The aggregate sentence, then, is imprisonment for 6 years and 11 months, comprising a non-parole period of 3 years and 7 months and a balance of term of 3 years and 4 months. The applicant seeks leave to appeal against those sentences. Facts Count 1 / offences 1 – 3 on Form 1 7 There was an agreed statement of facts. Put shortly, the first count alleges aggravated breaking, entering and stealing, being a "ram-raid" committed at Bowral in the early hours of 15 February 2007. The circumstance of aggravation is that the applicant was in company. Phone calls monitored by police revealed that the offence was planned by the applicant and a co-offender, Andrew Crowden. Other persons, whose identity is unknown, were also involved. Crowden was seen by the Crown as the ringleader of the group. 8 In preparation for the ram-raid, in the evening of 12/13 February 2007 a Ford F-100 utility was stolen at Annandale and a Toyota Lite Ace van at Newtown. These are the first and second offences on the Form 1. It will be noted that the charge in respect of the utility is deemed larceny under s 154A of the Crimes Act, while the charge in relation to the van is stealing under s 154F. No doubt, as will be seen, this is because the utility was abandoned at the location where the ram-raid took place but the van was later destroyed by fire. 9 The applicant and his father conducted a boat and jet-ski repair business at leased industrial premises at Mt Druitt. The vehicles were taken to those premises and later, with the assistance of others, he moved them to a property at Berrima leased by his parents. The seats in the rear of the Toyota van were removed, and it seems that electrical work was done on the fuel pump of the Ford utility. 10 In the early hours of 15 February 2007 the applicant, Crowden and the other unidentified offenders travelled to Bowral. A little after 2.30am the applicant rang 000 from a public phone box in Moss Vale. He said that he was a railway cleaner and that he had seen a group of young men climb onto the roof of a Harvey Norman store in Moss Vale, which is about 10 kilometres from Bowral. This was a planned diversionary tactic for the purpose of the ram-raid. 11 At about 2.40am the stolen Ford utility was driven through the security doors of Springett's Arcade in Bowral by the applicant's co-offenders. Extensive damage was caused to the arcade, requiring repairs costing more than $16,000. The vehicle was driven into a free standing ATM machine, shearing it from its mounting on the floor. The Ford utility was abandoned, and the offenders loaded the ATM machine into the rear of the Toyota van. 12 The van was then driven to the Berrima premises, where the applicant met his co-offenders. With his assistance, they used a grinder or grinders to cut the hinges from the ATM machine, opened it and removed the money from it. It contained roughly $54,500 and that money was not recovered. 13 Sometime thereafter, some of the offenders set fire to the van with the ATM machine still inside it. Both the van and the machine were destroyed. This gives rise to the third offence on the Form 1, maliciously damaging property by fire. The estimated value of the van, which was uninsured, was $3,500. The ATM machine was valued at $10,000. 14 It is not the Crown case that the applicant was directly involved in the theft of the utility or the van. It is accepted that he was not present at the arcade in Bowral when the ram-raid occurred, and the Crown is unable to say which of the offenders set fire to the van. The applicant was dealt with for all these matters as a participant in a joint criminal enterprise. Count 2 / offences 4 - 5 on Form 1 15 In the early hours of 16 March 2007, Crowden and some other offenders stole a large twin hull (Shark Cat) boat parked on a trailer in a street at Kirribilli. The boat and trailer were valued at $36,000. 16 It was taken to the applicant's industrial premises, which then were at St Marys. In monitored phone calls over the next couple of days, the applicant and Crowden were heard discussing the rebirth of the vessel. The two of them worked on it at the premises. On 20 March 2007, police executed a search warrant there. The names and identifying markings had been removed from the boat and it had been stripped of parts, including two outboard motors which had been mounted onto another boat owned by the applicant. 17 This is the basis of the second count, facilitating boat rebirthing, and the fourth offence on the Form 1, receiving the stolen boat. The applicant claimed to police that he had bought the boat from one of his customers a week previously. 18 On the same day police also executed a search warrant at the applicant's home, where they found a 10 foot aluminium runabout boat and trailer. Inquiries revealed that this boat and trailer had been stolen from the Five Dock area late in February 2007. This gives rise to the fifth offence on the Form 1, receiving that stolen property. 19 Following the execution of those search warrants, the applicant was arrested. Interviewed by police, he denied playing any part in the offences, although he acknowledged his association with Crowden. He later admitted knowing that the runabout and trailer found at his home were stolen. Subjective case 20 It is unnecessary in determining the application to examine the applicant's subjective case in any detail. He was 29 years old at the time of the offences and is now 32. He has a significant criminal history, comprising offences of dishonesty and driving offences but containing nothing of the seriousness of those the subject of this application. He gave evidence, and the sentencing judge observed him to be articulate and intelligent. He had apparently been successful in business. The sentencing judge saw him as a person who was "not without substance", and considered that he had good prospects of rehabilitation. To that end, he found special circumstances. 21 His Honour had before him a psychological assessment of Dr John Jacmon and a psychiatric report by Dr Bruce Westmore. Part of the history the applicant supplied to each of them was an account of his relationship with Crowden, including a violent and intimidating encounter with him when the applicant was 18 years old. To this matter I shall return. 22 In the light of that account, and after psychometric assessment, Dr Jacmon concluded that the applicant had experienced symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression "at clinically significant levels". Distress due to depression and anxiety, he found, was likely to have existed since Crowden came into his life. These conditions affect cognitive functioning, and Dr Jacmon considered that the applicant's account of his involvement in these offences revealed "highly impaired judgment …" Dr Westmore thought that the violent incident the applicant described was "likely to have had a significant impact on him psychologically", but added that he would need extended clinical contact with him "to identify clearly what effect that may have been". Sentencing judge's findings 23 His Honour described the ram-raid as "well planned and well executed", and "a major enterprise". He noted that the applicant was "involved as part of the joint criminal enterprise and was heavily involved in the preparation of the vehicle to be used in the commission of the offence". He had also assisted in breaking open the ATM machine. His Honour found that the offence was motivated by greed. He assessed its objective gravity as "just below" the mid-range. 24 The applicant gave evidence in the sentence proceedings. He adhered to the account he had given to Dr Jacmon and Dr Westmore that his involvement in the ram-raid and the rebirthing of the stolen vessel was the result of pressure from Crowden. His evidence was that at the age of 18 he met Crowden, who was a friend of his family. There was an occasion when he damaged a valuable item of property of Crowden's. A few days later, Crowden retaliated by dragging him from under a car on which he was working and forcing him into the boot of it. Crowden drove the car to another location. There he stopped, dragged the applicant from the boot to the front of the car and forced him to his knees. He produced a gun which was unloaded, but the applicant did not know that. He put the gun to the applicant's head and pulled the trigger. The applicant was so terrified he soiled his clothing. Crowden threatened him that if he interfered with any of his possessions again, the gun would be loaded next time. 25 The applicant's relationship with Crowden endured, but this incident continued to traumatise him. In April 2006 he and his father commenced the business at the Mt Druitt industrial premises. According to the applicant, about a month later bikies came to the premises and demanded weekly payments of protection money. The applicant and his father saw no choice but to agree and, as a result, the business became unprofitable. The applicant's father told Crowden about this, and later in that year Crowden spoke to the bikies and resolved the issue. In return, he demanded use of the industrial premises at night to work on vehicles which he had stolen. When the applicant said that he was not willing to do so, Crowden accused him of being ungrateful, punched him to the face and broke his nose. The applicant then agreed to his demand. 26 It is against this background, he said, that his involvement in these offences must be understood. In effect, Crowden demanded that he participate in the ram-raid, saying that he owed him a favour. It was Crowden who planned the offence, and his contribution to the preparation and execution of it was at Crowden's direction. He did so because he was still afraid of him. For the same reason, he said, he did not go to the police. Crowden had earlier told him that his phone calls were being monitored by police, and he thought that if he spoke to Crowden about the offence over the phone the police might arrest him before it was committed. In that event, he hoped, he might avoid a custodial sentence and be able to sever his connection with Crowden. He was also concerned about Crowden's influence on his brother, who was abusing illicit drugs and stealing to fund his habit, and he wanted to bring their association to an end. 27 His Honour referred to the submission that the applicant had been intimidated by Crowden since the age of 18, when the incident with the gun occurred, and said that it was "hard to put that together with Mr Crowden being a family friend". That said, he made no express finding about either of the violent incidents which the applicant described, or about Crowden's intervention in a problem he and his father had with bikies, but he does not appear to have rejected that evidence. 28 However, the applicant's account of his involvement in these offences, particularly his evidence about the intercepted telephone calls, invites scepticism. Not surprisingly, it was the subject of some searching cross-examination by the Crown's representative in the sentence proceedings. In the intercepted calls the applicant appears to be an active participant in planning the ram-raid, and their tenor does not betray any intimidation of him by Crowden. On the whole of the material, his Honour concluded no more than that there was "at least some degree" of the applicant "going along with the criminal activities of his friend", and that "there was a degree of intimidation by Crowden of him to commit these offences". 29 His Honour found that the boat rebirthing offence and the associated offence of receiving that vessel "were willingly committed" by the applicant, who "showed some delight in being rewarded by getting two stolen outboard motors". This was a reference to an intercepted phone conversation concerning the two motors which had been removed from the stolen boat and mounted onto the applicant's boat. In that conversation, which took place on 15 March 2007, the applicant agreed with Crowden that he was "rapt" with the motors and said to Crowden, in a jocular tone, "It's about time you looked after me after all the shit I've done for you." 30 In evidence, the applicant expressed remorse for the offences, as he had done to Dr Jacmon. However, his Honour was not convinced by that evidence, saying, "I do not think that contrition has been sufficiently shown." This finding, together with his Honour's finding about the extent to which the applicant had been intimidated by Crowden, were challenged in the application. The application 31 There are three grounds of the application: "1. His Honour failed to have regard to Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999 and authority in dealing with offences carrying a standard non-parole period. 2. His Honour failed to assess and have proper regard to the applicant's role in the joint criminal enterprise for the s 112(2) offence. 3. Each sentence was excessive such that other less severe sentences are warranted." The grounds are related, and the applicant also relies upon the sentence subsequently imposed upon Crowden by Walmsley DCJ. 32 Before considering each of the grounds, it is convenient to deal with the challenge to his Honour's findings of fact and the approach of Walmsley DCJ to the sentence of Crowden. Counsel for the applicant, Mr Haesler SC, submitted that there was "no cogent basis" for rejecting what he had said in evidence, and what he had told Dr Jacmon and Dr Westmore, about Crowden's intimidation of him and the influence that had exerted upon his involvement in the offences. Mr Haesler also argued that his Honour had failed to give proper weight to the opinions of Dr Jacmon and Dr Westmore on this issue. 33 It must be borne in mind, however, that his Honour had the advantage of observing the applicant as a witness. As I have said, whatever might be the truth of the history of the applicant's relationship with Crowden, there were good reasons for his Honour to be guarded about his account of how he became involved in these offences. Any view expressed by Dr Jacmon or Dr Westmore was largely dependent upon the truth of what the applicant told them and, in any event, Dr Westmore's assessment of the significance of the incident with the gun was at best tentative. His Honour gave the applicant the benefit of the qualified finding of a degree of persuasion or intimidation by Crowden, and that approach was clearly open. 34 Mr Haesler also submitted that it was not open to his Honour to have rejected the applicant's expression of remorse. It is true that his Honour did not flesh out his reasons for doing so. However, again, he had the advantage of observing the applicant as a witness. Moreover, as the Crown prosecutor in this Court pointed out in written submissions, the applicant's claim to be contrite stood to be weighed against his initial denial of the offences to police, his late pleas of guilty and, most importantly, his exaggeration of the extent to which his involvement was a result of Crowden's influence. This finding also was open. 35 When Judge Walmsley sentenced Crowden, he was aware of the sentences passed upon the applicant but did not have his Honour's remarks. In relation to the ram-raid, Crowden pleaded guilty to the same offence as the applicant and asked for the same three related offences to be taken into account on a Form 1. He also pleaded guilty to stealing the Shark Cat vessel. He was also dealt with for an entirely unrelated offence under s 112(2) of the Crimes Act (a home invasion), in respect of which two further offences were taken into account on another Form 1, including another offence under s 112(2). 36 For the offence of stealing the boat, Crowden was sentenced to a fixed term of imprisonment for 18 months, dating from 20 March 2007. For the unrelated offence under s 112(2), with the matters on that Form 1, he was sentenced to imprisonment for 3 years, comprising a minimum term of 18 months and a balance of term of 18 months, commencing on 20 May 2007. For the ram-raid offence, with the related matters on the Form 1, he was sentenced to the same term as the applicant: imprisonment for 6 years and 8 months with a non-parole period of 3 years and 4 months, in his case to date from 20 November 2007. 37 In the result, for the whole of the criminality for which he was to be dealt with, Crowden was sentenced to an overall term of 7 years and 3 months, with an effective non-parole period of 4 years. The applicant's overall term, it will be remembered, was imprisonment for 6 years and 11 months with a non-parole period of 3 years and 7 months. 38 Judge Walmsley saw the ram-raid offence as falling in the mid-range of objective gravity. The statement of facts in Crowden's case recited his involvement in that offence and the related offences but did not assert that he was the ringleader, and his Honour saw no reason to differentiate between his role and that of the applicant. He imposed upon Crowden the same sentence as that of the applicant "because of the need for parity". He noted that the offence of stealing the boat to which Crowden had pleaded guilty was less serious than the applicant's offence of facilitating the rebirthing of that vessel, which carries a higher maximum sentence. This, no doubt, is why his Honour sentenced Crowden to 18 months imprisonment for that offence, while the applicant had been sentenced to 2 years for his offence. Ground 1: offences carrying standard non-parole periods 39 As I have said, it is common ground that his Honour erred in failing to specify a non-parole period in respect of the 2 year sentence for the boat rebirthing offence. It will be necessary for this Court to intervene, if only to the extent of fixing a non-parole period. 40 However, Mr Haesler argued that his Honour also fell into error in arriving at the sentence for the ram-raid offence. His Honour considered that that offence, but for the plea of guilty, should attract a sentence of 8 years imprisonment. After the 20% reduction for the plea, he arrived in round figures at the sentence of 6 years and 8 months. He set the non-parole period of 3 years and 4 months having found special circumstances. 41 Mr Haesler argued that his Honour had failed to follow the process for sentencing for an offence carrying a standard non-parole period set out in Div 1A of Pt 4 of the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act, in accordance with the principles enunciated by this Court in R v Way [2004] NSWCCA 131, 60 NSWLR 168. The standard non-parole period for the offence is 5 years. Mr Haesler pointed out that, in the absence of special circumstances, that non-parole period would result in a head sentence of 6 years and 8 months, the sentenced passed upon the applicant. A head sentence of 8 years, again in the absence of special circumstances, would produce a non-parole period of 6 years. 42 However, as Mr Haesler observed, there were a number of reasons in this case to depart from the standard non-parole period in the applicant's favour. His Honour had found that the objective gravity of the offence fell short of the mid-range. The applicant had pleaded guilty and had good prospects of rehabilitation. Mr Haesler also referred to evidence of the applicant's contrition, but I have found that it was open to his Honour to reject that evidence. Reliance was also placed on what Mr Haesler described as the applicant's "lesser and subsidiary role in the offence", a matter to which I shall return when I deal with the second ground of the application. 43 Mr Haesler submitted that his Honour had not had regard to the standard non-parole period as a guidepost in arriving at the appropriate sentence, in the manner expressed in Way at [122]. Rather, he had "focused first on the head sentence and then made allowances for the plea and special circumstances when fixing the non-parole period". At no stage, argued Mr Haesler, "did he stand back and assess the sentence imposed by reference to any finding about the objective seriousness of what the applicant did". 44 In his remarks, his Honour did deal with matters capable of warranting a departure from the standard non-parole period, and he gave the applicant the benefit of a significant reduction of that period. Nevertheless, he did not expressly refer to the standard non-parole period and record his reasons for departing from it, as required by s 54B of the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act. Nor does it appear that he had regard to the standard non-parole period as a guidepost in arriving at the sentence he did. However, the question for this Court is whether it should intervene on the basis that, for those reasons, the sentencing process miscarried. 45 The gravamen of Mr Haesler's complaint is that, viewed against the standard non-parole period of 5 years for an offence in the mid-range of objective gravity where there has not been a plea of guilty, his Honour's starting point of 8 years is demonstrably excessive. However, more than once, this Court has had occasion to consider the difficulty in sentencing for an offence under s 112(2) of the Crimes Act, given that it carries a maximum sentence of 20 years imprisonment and a standard non-parole period of 5 years and that it embraces such a wide range of criminality: see, for example, Marshall v R [2007] NSWCCA 24, per Howie J at [34] – [38]. In arriving at the starting point in the present case, his Honour was required not only to reflect the objective gravity of the ram-raid offence but also to take into account the five offences, themselves serious, on the Form 1. 46 Whether the sentence passed upon the applicant is manifestly excessive is a matter which I shall examine when dealing with ground 3. The matters the subject of this ground do point to a significant irregularity in the sentencing process, but whether they justify intervention turns on the question whether any lesser sentence than that which his Honour passed was warranted: s 6(3) of the Criminal Appeal Act 1912. To that question I shall return. Ground 2 – the applicant's role 47 Mr Haesler submitted that his Honour fell into error in failing to distinguish between the role of the applicant and that of Crowden in the ram-raid offence (and the Form 1 offences associated with it). In part, he pursued this ground on the basis that his Honour should have found that the applicant was intimidated by Crowden to the extent he claimed, but I have already determined that it was open to his Honour to arrive at the conclusion he did about that matter. Otherwise, Mr Haesler noted that in the statement of facts Crowden was described as the ringleader of the group. He also relied on Judge Walmsley's approach to the sentencing of Crowden, although there was no separate ground relating to parity of sentence. 48 Both Mr Haesler and the Crown prosecutor referred to R v Goundar [2001] NSWCCA 198, 127 A Crim R 331, in which the Court considered the approach to sentence of co-offenders involved in a joint criminal enterprise. Wood CJ at CL, delivering the leading judgment, referred to R v Breedon (CCA, unreported, 3 December 1992), a case concerned with the same issue. The Chief Judge said at [31] – [33]: "31. This Court approved the observation of the sentencing judge, when assessing the objective criminality of the offenders, as "being of the same quality" upon the basis that they had involved themselves "in a course of criminal conduct which could be described as a joint criminal enterprise". 32. This does not automatically mean that every participant in such an enterprise shares the same degree of objective criminality. The assessment does, however, begin or should begin with the proposition that each intended the crime and each set out to carry it into effect. 33. On some occasions cause will arise for differentiation between them, for example, if one offender stands out as the obvious ring-leader, …" 49 In the present case, his Honour noted the Crown's position that Crowden was the ringleader but did not distinguish his role in the planning and execution of the offence from that of the applicant. However, the statement of facts provided him with little or no basis to do so. It may be accepted that Crowden initiated the criminal enterprise. Nevertheless, as the Crown prosecutor pointed out in written submissions, the characterisation of Crowden as the ringleader "tells us very little about their respective roles, which had to be determined on the material before his Honour". 50 It is apparent from a reading of his remarks that this is what his Honour did. He determined the applicant's criminality upon an assessment of his role in the enterprise as it was disclosed by the statement of facts. Judge Walmsley took the same approach in sentencing Crowden, and it was open to him to find no basis to differentiate between the part played by each of them. There is, in truth, no inconsistency between the findings of the two sentencing judges. In the applicant's case I can detect no error in his Honour's assessment of his role in the criminal enterprise, and it does not appear to me that he has any legitimate complaint of injustice arising from Judge Walmsley's approach in Crowden's case. 51 The question remains whether the applicant has a justifiable sense of grievance from the fact that for the ram-raid (and the associated Form 1 offences) he and Crowden received the same sentence. As I have said, Judge Walmsley did not have his Honour's remarks on sentence in the applicant's case. There was a minor difference between the two judges' assessments of the objective gravity of the ram-raid offence, but this is of no moment. Presumably, Judge Walmsley was not aware that his Honour found the applicant to have been subjected to a degree of intimidation by Crowden and, if he had been, he may have seen some distinction between their criminality. 52 However, that was at best a limited finding in the applicant's favour and it is not apparent how much weight his Honour gave it in determining the appropriate sentence. It does not appear to me to have been worthy of much weight, given the applicant's active involvement in the planning and pursuit of the enterprise. It would not merit such disparity of sentence between the applicant and Crowden as to justify this Court's intervention on that basis. Ground 3 – manifest excess 53 Finally, Mr Haesler submitted that the sentence on each count is manifestly excessive. 54 He noted that the ram-raid was an offence committed at commercial premises after hours, rather than a home invasion. He referred us to five decisions of this Court in sentence appeals involving ram-raid offences, all of them committed at commercial premises: R v DBN [2005] NSWCCA 435, Douglas v R [2006] NSWCCA 94, R v Lenthall [2004] NSWCCA 248, R v Guthrie [2002] NSWCCA 77 and R v Ceissman [2004] NSWCCA 466. 55 With the exception of DBN, all those cases involved pleas of guilty. DBN was similar to the present case, in that a stolen vehicle was used and significant damage was caused to the premises and an ATM machine. However, the principal offence charged was aggravated break and enter with intent to steal under s 113(2) of the Crimes Act, carrying the lesser maximum sentence of 14 years imprisonment. Also charged on the indictment were two counts of malicious damage and deemed larceny of a motor vehicle. On the major charge the sentence was imprisonment for 5 years with a non-parole period of 3 years, and for the other charges shorter concurrent terms were imposed. 56 However, the offender was also charged with unrelated serious offences on a separate indictment, to which he pleaded guilty. Terms of imprisonment imposed for those offences were partly accumulated upon the sentence for the ram-raid, so as to produce an aggregate term of 8 years with a non-parole period of 6 years. An appeal against all these sentences was dismissed. 57 In Douglas, the charge was under s 112(2), with the deemed larceny of a motor vehicle taken into account on a Form 1. That applicant was a 20 year old offender who, although he had a criminal history and was on a bond at the time, impressed the sentencing judge as being genuinely remorseful and showed reasonable prospects of rehabilitation. His appeal against a sentence of 3 years and 4 months with a non-parole period of 1 year and 8 months was dismissed. In Lenthall the applicant was charged under s 113(2), with some relatively minor offences of dishonesty taken into account on a Form 1. His appeal was allowed, and his sentence was reduced to 3 years and 9 months with a non-parole period of 2 ½ years. He was seen as an offender genuinely "at the cross-roads", and there was an issue of the relativity of his sentence to a much more lenient sentence passed upon a co-offender. 58 Guthrie and Ceissman were both Crown appeals. In each case this Court allowed the appeal and substituted a sentence of imprisonment for 6 ½ years with a non-parole period of 4 ½ years. In both cases offences were taken into account on a Form 1: in Guthrie's case, two offences of possessing a firearm without authorisation and in Ceissman's case, two minor offences of dishonesty. Both offenders had unfavourable criminal history, and Ceissman had been on parole at the time of the offence. 59 It will be noted that in three of the cases, DBN, Lenthall and Guthrie the ram-raid was charged under s 113(2). Moreover, in DBN the sentence passed for that offence was part of a complex of sentences for a series of offences, some of them wholly unrelated, and considerations of totality must have arisen. The most lenient sentences were those in Douglas and Lenthall, in which subjective considerations appear to have loomed large. No doubt, in passing sentence in Guthrie and Ceissman, the Court exercised the restraint appropriate when re-sentencing after a successful Crown appeal. 60 Importantly, in none of those cases were there the number and gravity of the Form 1 matters which had to be taken into account in the present case. In the context of emphasising the care with which sentencing statistics should be approached, Wood CJ at CL said in Lenthall at [47]: "Additionally it is not to be overlooked that the comparison with the statistics is complicated where Form 1 offences have been taken into account, since that will require some increase in the sentence, for the reasons discussed in The Attorney General's Application Under Section 37 of the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999 No 1 of 2002 [2002] NSWCCA 518. The extent of the increase will vary according to the number and nature of the offences included in the Form 1." 61 It does not appear to me that these cases disclose a pattern of sentence such as might found a submission that the sentence for the applicant's ram-raid offence is manifestly excessive. Given the care with which the enterprise was planned and executed, the substantial sum of money stolen and the damage to the arcade, this was a serious offence of its kind. Having regard to the Form 1 offences, it appears to me that the sentence which his Honour passed was within the legitimate bounds of his sentencing discretion. 62 Mr Haesler also argued that the applicant has a legitimate sense of grievance when his aggregate sentence is compared to that passed by Judge Walmsley on Crowden. He noted that Crowden's aggregate sentence is only marginally greater than the applicant's, despite the fact that Crowden was also dealt with for a series of offences unrelated to those in which he was involved with the applicant. However, the aggregate sentence in his case was the result of the fact that the sentences passed by Judge Walmsley were largely concurrent. Like DBN, the consideration of totality was important when dealing with him. It is not easy to mount a parity argument by reference to the global sentences passed upon two offenders when one of them was also sentenced for unrelated matters not common to them. I am not persuaded that a comparison of the global sentences passed upon the two men provides the applicant with any legitimate sense of grievance, so as to warrant this Court's intervention. 63 Finally, Mr Haesler submitted, with less vigour, that the 2 year sentence on the charge of facilitating boat rebirthing is manifestly excessive. He noted that the applicant had pleaded guilty to that charge also, and that the offence "appears to be a one-off and not part of an organised business activity". However, he also noted that this is an offence which has rarely been prosecuted and any pattern of sentence for it is yet to emerge. His Honour said that the applicant was entitled to a discount for what he saw as his early plea of guilty to that charge, but he did not quantify it. 64 Given the maximum sentence for the offence of imprisonment for 14 years, and the standard non-parole period of 4 years, it cannot be said that a sentence of 2 years for this offence is manifestly excessive. It should also be noted that it is almost entirely concurrent with the sentence on the first count. However, a non-parole period should have been set and this Court should now do so. I would set a non-parole period of 18 months. While there may be special circumstances, the structure of the sentences is such that there would be no utility in departing from the statutory ratio. Conclusion and orders 65 Let me return, then, to the first ground, relating to the standard non-parole period in respect of the ram-raid offence. As I have said, there was irregularity in his Honour's approach to that matter but, in all the circumstances, I am satisfied that no lesser sentence for that offence was warranted and this Court should not intervene. 66 Accordingly, in respect of the sentence on the first count I would grant leave to appeal but dismiss the appeal. In respect of the sentence on the second count, I would grant leave to appeal and allow the appeal. On that count I would re-sentence the applicant to a non-parole period of 18 months, commencing on 20 March 2007 and expiring on 19 September 2008, and a balance of term of 6 months, commencing on 20 September 2008 and expiring on 19 March 2009. 67 McCALLUM J: I agree with Hidden J. ********** DISCLAIMER - Every effort has been made to comply with suppression orders or statutory provisions prohibiting publication that may apply to this judgment or decision. The onus remains on any person using material in the judgment or decision to ensure that the intended use of that material does not breach any such order or provision. Further enquiries may be directed to the Registry of the Court or Tribunal in which it was generated.