New South Wales Court of Appeal CITATION: McGuirk v University of New South Wales [2010] NSWCA 104 HEARING DATE(S): 11-12 March 2010 JUDGMENT DATE: 19 May 2010 JUDGMENT OF: Giles JA at 1; Young JA at 40; Sackville AJA at 56 DECISION: (1) Leave to appeal granted. (2) Appeal allowed. (3) Set aside orders 3 and 4 made by Simpson J on 8 April 2009. In lieu of those orders, make the following orders: "3. Defendant's notice of motion filed on 6 March 2009 (as amended) ('Motion') be otherwise dismissed. 4. Each party bear its or his costs of the Motion." (4) Each party bear its or his costs of the appeal (including the summons for leave to appeal). CATCHWORDS: PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE — applicant sent a large number of offensive written communications to officers and legal representatives of the respondent — primary Judge made orders restraining the applicant from sending further written communications — source of power to make such orders — whether orders supported by s 61 of the Civil Procedure Act 2005 — whether orders supported by r 2.1 of the Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 — whether too late for respondent to rely on r 2.1 when issue not raised at trial — whether orders supported by the inherent jurisdiction of the Court. Civil Procedure Act 2005 Commercial Causes Act 1903 Commercial Causes Rules 1965 Courts Legislation (Procedure) Amendment Act 1989 Freedom of Information Act 1989 LEGISLATION CITED: Protected Disclosures Act 1994 Supreme Court (Commercial Division) Amendment Act 1985 Supreme Court Act 1970 Supreme Court Rules 1970 Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 CATEGORY: Principal judgment Aon Risk Services Australia Ltd v Australian National University [2009] HCA 27; 239 CLR 175 Attorney-General v Ebert [2001] EWHC Admin 695; [2002] 2 All ER 789 Attorney-General v Times Newspapers Ltd [1974] AC 273 Bhagat v Global Custodians Ltd [2002] NSWCA 160 Cocker v Tempest (1841) 7 M & W 502; 15 ER 864 Commonwealth Trading Bank v Inglis [1974] HCA 17; 131 CLR 311 Eastman v Director of Public Prosecutions (ACT) [2003] HCA 28; 214 CLR 318 Coulton v Holcombe [1986]HCA 33; (1986) 162 CLR 1 Ebner v Official Trustee in Bankruptcy [2000] HCA 63; 205 CLR 337 Forge v Australian Securities and Investments Commission [2006] HCA 44; 228 CLR 45 Hamilton v Oades [1989] HCA 21; 166 CLR 486 Independent Commission Against Corruption v McGuirk [2007] NSWSC 147 Jenolan Caves Resort Pty Ltd v Field [2007] NSWSC 1117 Johnson v Johnson [2000] HCA 48; 201 CLR 488 Kay v Attorney-General (Vic) [2009] VSC 71 Knight v FP Special Assets Ltd [1992] HCA 28; 174 CLR 178 Lansdale Pty Ltd (In Liq) v REI Building Society [1993] FCA 121; 41 FCR 421 Manolakis v Director of Public Prosecutions (Cth) [2008] SASC 193 Mansfield v Director of Public Prosecutions for Western Australia [2006] HCA 38; 226 CLR 486 CASES CITED: McGuirk v Independent Commission Against Corruption [2008] NSWCA 302 McGuirk v University of New South Wales [2009] NSWSC 253 McGuirk v University of New South Wales [2009] NSWSC 1058 Multicon Engineering Pty Ltd v Federal Airports Corporation (1997) 47 NSWLR 631 NRMA Insurance Ltd v B&B Shipping and Marine Salvage Co Pty Ltd (1947) 47 SR (NSW) 273 PMT Partners Pty Ltd (In Liq) v Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service [1995] HCA 36; 184 CLR 301 Re JJT; Ex parte Victoria Legal Aid [1998] HCA 44; 195 CLR 184 Re JRL; Ex parte CJL [1986] HCA 39; 161 CLR 342 Reid v Howard [1995] HCA 40; 184 CLR 1 Smits v Roach [2006] HCA 36; 227 CLR 423 Stanley-Hill v Kool [1982] 1 NSWLR 460 Supperstone v Hurst [2009] EHWC 1271; [2009] 1 WLR 2306 Sydney Refractive Surgery Centre Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation [2007] FCA 1544 Tringali v Stewardson Stubbs & Collett Ltd (1966) 66 SR (NSW) 335 University of New South Wales v McGuirk [2006] NSWSC 1362 University of Wollongong v Metwally (No 2) (1985) 59 ALJR 481 Vincent v Peacock [1973] 1 NSWLR 466 Wentworth v New South Wales Bar Association [1992] HCA 24; 176 CLR 239 West v AGC (Advances) Ltd (1986) 5 NSWLR 590 Y and Z v W [2007] NSWCA 329; 70 NSWLR 377 Jacob I H, 'The Inherent Jurisdiction of the Court' (1970) 23 Current Legal Problems 23 TEXTS CITED: Mason K, 'The Inherent Jurisdiction of the Court' (1983) 57 Australian Law Journal 449 Ritchie's Uniform Civil Procedure NSW PARTIES: Gerard Michael McGuirk (Applicant) University of New South Wales (Respondent) FILE NUMBER(S): CA 2009/298297 COUNSEL: Applicant in person Dr A Bell SC; M Izzo (Respondent) SOLICITORS: Applicant in person Sparke Helmore Lawyers (Respondent) LOWER COURT JURISDICTION: Supreme Court LOWER COURT FILE NUMBER(S): SC 20106/08 LOWER COURT JUDICIAL OFFICER: Simpson J LOWER COURT DATE OF DECISION: 7 April 2009 LOWER COURT MEDIUM NEUTRAL CITATION: Gerard Michael McGuirk v The University of New South Wales [2009] NSWSC 253 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NEW SOUTH WALES COURT OF APPEAL CA 2009/298297 SC 20106/08 GILES JA YOUNG JA SACKVILLE AJA Wednesday, 19 May 2010 McGUIRK v UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES Judgment 1 GILES JA: The facts and issues are described in the reasons of Sackville AJA, which I have had the advantage of reading in draft. What follows assumes familiarity with his Honour's reasons. Young JA agrees with the reasons of Sackville AJA, with some additional remarks. I will therefore be brief in explaining my dissent from the orders favoured by their Honours. 2 Subject to one matter, I agree with Sackville AJA's reasons under the heading "Procedural Fairness". That matter is that I respectfully do not regard it as inappropriate for the primary Judge to have said that some of the applicant's conduct was almost certainly criminal. 3 The primary Judge set out or described many of the communications sent by the applicant. She introduced this with a summary of the persons to whom the communications were sent, namely the solicitor on the record, a junior solicitor and the managing partner in the University's solicitors; senior and junior counsel briefed for the University in the proceedings; junior counsel briefed for the University in another matter; two counsel not holding briefs for either the applicant or the University; the Chancellor and Vice-Chancellor of the University; and the University's solicitor and assistant solicitor. 4 Referring to the communications as a whole, her Honour said - "11 The correspondence is voluminous, and increasingly concerning. Some of it is bizarre, some offensive, some threatening. In some instances it may well, and in others almost certainly does, amount to criminal conduct." 5 Assessment of the nature and seriousness of the applicant's conduct, and its effect on the University in the proceedings, was part of deciding whether or not, in the exercise of an available power, the relief claimed by the University should be granted. While it need not have been said, the qualified reference to criminal conduct was open to her Honour as an expression of nature and seriousness. There was no finding that a criminal offence or offences had been committed, but the potential for such a finding. Nor was there reasoning that the relief should be granted because the applicant had committed a criminal offence or offences. 6 I add the following to Sackville AJA's reasons. 7 Related themes in the applicant's complaints were that the primary Judge should have declined to grant the relief claimed by the University because she should have seen, from a pattern of escalated communications when the University took steps in the proceedings, that sending the communications came from provocation of his fragile mental state; because the communications were "acceptable" because they were an attempt to stop the University harassing the applicant; and because the applicant's mental state was such that he could not help himself from sending the communications. The themes were not consistent. 8 It was not for her Honour to excuse the applicant's conduct in the absence of appropriate medical and other evidence. Nor did the evidence show that the directions sought by the University would have been futile: cf Vincent v Peacock (1973) 1 NSWLR 466 to which Young JA refers. Indeed, as recorded by the primary Judge at [56], the applicant "was prepared to submit to orders of the kind sought, but only if they are mutual". 9 I respectfully differ from Sackville AJA as to the primary Judge's power to give the directions. In my opinion, s 61 of the Civil Procedure Act 2005 ("the Act") gave power, and were it necessary the University should be permitted to rely also on rule 2.1 of the Uniform Civil Procedure Rules. Section 61 10 For convenience, I repeat the relevant parts of s 61 - " 61 Directions as to practice and procedure generally (1) The court may, by order, give such directions as it thinks fit (whether or not inconsistent with rules of court) for the speedy determination of the real issues between the parties to the proceedings. (2) In particular, the court may, by order, do any one or more of the following: … (c) it may give such other directions with respect to the conduct of proceedings as it considers appropriate. 11 As a grant of power to a court, the words of s 61 should be given their full meaning, in a liberal construction, unless there is something in them to indicate to the contrary. The passage from the judgment of Gaudron J in Knight v FP Special Assets Ltd (1992) 174 CLR 178 at 205 to which Sackville AJA refers has frequently been cited or adopted, including recently in the judgment of Gleeson CJ and Gummow, Kirby, Hayne and Crennan JJ in Mansfield v Director of Public Prosecutions for Western Australia [2006] HCA 38; (2006) 226 CLR 486 at [10]. 12 While the language of s 61 has a background of speedy determination of commercial causes, it is now expressly provided by s 56(2) of the Act that it is to be interpreted to give effect to the overriding purpose of facilitating the just, quick and cheap resolution of the real issues in the proceedings. The importance of this in modern curial dispute resolution is underlined by the duty imposed on the parties by s 56(3) to assist the court to further the overriding purpose, and the obligation to manage proceedings for the purpose of furthering the overriding purpose with the objects of just, efficient, timely and affordable disposal of proceedings as more fully expressed in s 57(1). Section 57(2) provides that the Act is to be construed and applied as best to ensure the attainment of those objects. The statutory context within which s 61 is to be interpreted is vastly different from that at the time its language was earlier used. 13 In the phrase "speedy determination of the real issues between the parties to the proceedings", the subject-matter is determination of the proceedings. Speediness is a goal, but not a limitation on the power to give directions; nor does the reference to the real issues preclude directions in relation to what might be regarded as unreal issues. Read in its current statutory context, the phrase includes directions for determination of the proceedings which do not specifically contribute to speediness; and in accordance with ss 56(2) and 57(2), the determination of the proceedings means should be construed to mean determination justly, quickly and cheaply and so as to attain the objects in s 57(1). The limitation on the power is found in those words and objects. 14 The question then is whether the primary Judge was in error in considering that the power under s 61 was enlivened on the facts before her; that is, whether the directions were for the determination of the real issues in the proceedings justly, quickly and cheaply and with regard to the objects in s 57(1). As will appear, just and cheap were the focus of the primary Judge's conclusion. 15 There is inevitable expense in legal proceedings. Cheap determination is relative. It involves avoidance of unnecessary expense, and a question of degree. Just determination lies not only in a result according to law. In Aon Risk Services Australia Ltd v Australian National University [2009] HCA 27; (2009) 239 CLR 175 Gummow, Hayne, Crennan, Kiefel and Bell JJ observed at [98] that minimum delay and expense are "seen as essential to the just resolution of proceedings", and at [101] included in the ill-effects of delay the strain upon litigants. So also the just resolution of proceedings can include regard to other consequences of the proceedings to the parties in the resolution of the dispute. (Although the context is quite different, compare procedural injustice in the circumstances in which a contract was made for the purposes of the Contacts Review Act 1980, see West v AGC (Advances) Ltd (1986) 5 NSWLR 590 at 620-621 per McHugh JA). 16 Court proceedings intrude upon personal autonomy, including because plaintiffs may have to come to court to obtain redress and because defendants are brought to court and must engage in the court's processes if they wish to defend. There can be injustice in the determination of proceedings (and the real issues in the proceedings) through a party's exposure to an opposing party's offensive or threatening conduct because the party must come to court as a plaintiff or a defendant. 17 I do not go to the detail of the communications sent by the applicant. Some are found in the primary Judge's reasons, and I have read them all. At one point before us the applicant accepted that he had sent "grossly offensive e-mails", while saying that he did not know what he was doing at the time. 18 The substance of the primary Judge's application of s 61 is in the paragraphs - "92 … Nevertheless, it is apparent that both the volume and the content of the communications is interfering with the orderly processing of the proceedings initiated by Mr McGuirk. In hindering the legal practitioners in the execution of their duties in the litigation, Mr McGuirk is in breach of his obligations stated in s 56(3). As well, I am satisfied that the sheer volume of the communications (given their substantial irrelevance to the proceedings) amounts to harassment of the various recipients, and causes a financial burden to the University. 93 Many of the communications carry, at their head, a reference to proceedings 20106 of 2008. Some do not. It is, however, quite apparent that all are sent under the guise of having some bearing on those proceedings. 94 Further, although a good number of the communications have been sent to individuals other than the legal practitioners, it may be assumed that it is necessary that they all be forwarded to the legal practitioners for assessment of any relevance they may have to the proceedings. And although many of the communications sent directly to the legal practitioners are of no, or peripheral, relevance to the proceedings, it will be necessary for each to be perused against the possibility that there is, buried therein, some item that is of relevance. The cost to the University is unconscionable. 95 I have come to the conclusion (fortified by the course taken by Bergin J) that, in these unusual circumstances, s 61(2)(c) is sufficiently wide to enable an order of the kind sought by the University. …" 19 The "course taken by Bergin J" was her Honour's decision in Jenolan Caves Resort Pty Ltd v Field; St George Bank Ltd v Field [2007] NSWSC 1117. Her Honour considered that s 61 enabled her to make orders that Mr Field not write threatening and otherwise inappropriate letters to the directors of St George Bank Ltd. 20 On my understanding of the reasons, there were two elements in the primary Judge's application of s 61. First, the communications sent by the applicant to the University's solicitors and counsel and to officers of the University caused unnecessary expense. The expense was described as "unconscionable", which I do not understand to mean more than significant in amount. Secondly, the nature and volume of the communications amounted to harassment of the recipients. This should be understood in the light of the particular finding that the communications had caused stress to Ms Bennett, the solicitor on the record for the University, who had given evidence. Her evidence included that text messages from the applicant caused her to fear that the applicant had followed her from her office, although the finding of harassment was not limited to this evidence. 21 These two elements underlay the references to interference with the orderly processing of the proceedings and hindering the legal practitioners in the execution of their duties. There is, with respect, some infelicity in expression in the "As well … " and "Further … ", when what then appeared was plainly enough in explanation of those references (and in the case of "Further … " was explanatory of the earlier reference to the financial burden caused to the University). 22 The findings as to the nature of the communications and their effect on the recipients were amply open to the primary Judge. Reading the reasons as a whole, her Honour found that the applicant's conduct in sending the volume of communications caused unnecessary expense in the determination of the real issues in the proceedings; and, although not directly so described, that there was injustice in the determination of the real issues in the proceedings because, the University having been brought to court as defendant to the applicant's claims, its officers, solicitors and counsel were then subjected to the barrage of largely irrelevant but offensive and threatening, communications. 23 I respectfully differ from Sackville AJA so far as his Honour considers that the finding of financial burden is not supported by the evidence. Irrelevance to the determination of the proceedings is not known until a communication has been read; it would be foolish to ignore a threatening communication, even if upon consideration it is thought unlikely that the threat is real or will be carried out. Ms Bennett's evidence included that the correspondence took "a substantial amount of time to read and respond to", which can readily be accepted even if the response was a number of requests to desist. In my opinion, it was open to the primary Judge to find that there was significant additional expense; it was not quantified, but that went to the exercise of the discretion, and I see no error in sufficiency for relief in the exercise of the power conferred by s 61. 24 In my opinion, no error has been shown in her Honour's conclusion that s 61 was enlivened, or in her application of it. 25 The applicant's written submissions filed after the hearing included that there were or had been many other proceedings between himself and the University, and that so far as the primary Judge's directions related to the conduct of other proceedings it could not be said that they were a valid exercise of the power under r 2.1. Transposed to s 61, an equivalent submission would be that it could not be said that the directions were for the determination of the real issues in the proceedings in which the University brought its application. 26 The primary Judge addressed this at [93], set out above. In my opinion, her Honour correctly considered that all the communications were sent as having some bearing on the proceedings. As noted by her Honour at [55], the applicant sought to explain his conduct on the ground of stress "for which he largely placed the blame on the shoulders of Sparke Helmore in their conduct of the litigation". I have earlier referred to the themes in his complaints in this Court, which linked his communications with steps taken by the University in the proceedings. It was not necessary that each and every communication be directly referable to the proceedings. It was sufficient that, through the effect of the communications on the University as defendant, the directions were for determination of the real issues in the proceedings justly and cheaply. Rule 2.1 27 Again for convenience, I repeat r 2.1 - "The court may, at any time, and from time to time, give such directions and make such orders for the conduct of any proceedings as appear convenient (whether or not inconsistent with these rules or any other rules of court) for the just, quick and cheap disposal of the proceedings." 28 As Sackville AJA has noted, while the applicant's summary of argument in this Court had included that the directions were beyond the power conferred by s 61, he had not developed the argument in oral submissions. Until his response to the Court's invitation, he displayed little concern for the question of power. 29 In the supplementary written submissions the appellant equated s 61 and r 2.1, and argued that the directions of the primary Judge were neither for the conduct of the proceedings nor convenient for the just, quick and cheap disposal of the proceedings. The equation can particularly be seen in the paragraphs in the submissions - "27 The provisions of s 61(1) of the CPA and r 2.1 of the UCPR by which power is conferred on the court to give directions are worded differently. Whereas s 61(1) provides that ' the court may, by order, give such directions as it thinks fit … for the speedy determination of the real issues between the parties to the proceedings ', r 2.1 states that ' the court may … given such directions and make such orders for the conduct of any proceedings as appear convenient … for the just, quick and cheap disposal of the proceedings '. This is however a difference without a distinction as both s 61(1) of the CPA and r 2.1 of the UCPR must be read subject to s 56 of the CPA which makes clear that the purposes and object of both the CPA and of the UCPR is ' to facilitate the just, quick and cheap resolution of the real issues in the proceedings' . … 30 Part 2 r 2.1 of the UCPR in its terms confers a power on the court. As is clear from the above analysis, the power conferred by r 2.1 is not a new power but one that the court has in any case as a result of the provisions of s 61 of the CPA . The effect of r 2.1 is to condition or clarify the circumstances under which the s 61 power to give directions is to be exercised." (emphasis added) 30 There are differences in the language of s 61 and r 2.1; but the applicant's equation of the two suggests that he would not have conducted his defence to the University's application in a different manner had the University relied on r 2.1 before the primary Judge. That is borne out. In his written submissions filed in response to the Court's invitation, the applicant did not say that he would have. 31 Particularly when the applicant did not so submit, I respectfully differ from Sackville AJA's view that the University's failure to rely on r 2.1 at first instance may have prejudiced the applicant. The applicant's preparedness to submit to orders of the kind sought was conditioned on the University doing the same, which does not to my mind indicate that he might have agreed to modify his conduct had r 2.1 been raised as a source of power. The applicant's offer was apparently seen by him as a bargain by which he would make a point against the University. It was not rationally related to the legislative basis for the relief claimed by the University. 32 The applicant's submissions against permitting the University to rely on r 2.1 rested upon the well-known principle stated in University of Wollongong v Metwally (No 2) (1985) 59 ALJR 481 at 483, to the effect that a party is generally bound by the conduct of his case at first instance. The applicant correctly recognised, however, that a court has a discretion to allow a respondent to rely on a legal ground which was not agitated at first instance. 33 In Multicon Engineering Pty Ltd v Federal Airports Corporation (1997) 47 NSWLR 631 Mason P pointed out that University of Wollongong v Metwally (No 2) did not involve an appeal by way of rehearing, and continued (at 645-6) - "A party does not have a right to insist that a new point be decided on appeal simply because all of the facts have been established beyond controversy or the point is one of construction or of law, even constitutional law. This is because it remains a question of whether the appellate court "may find it expedient and in the interests of justice to entertain the point": Water Board v Moustakas (1988) 180 CLR 491 at 497; see also Jones v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1995) 63 FCR 32 at 47. The rule is not an absolute one, as evidenced by this Court's decision in Della Patrona v Director of Public Prosecutions (Cth) [No 1] (Court of Appeal, 1 September 1995, unreported). Unlike the present case, the respondent in Della Patrona failed to raise the "procedural point" until long after the appellant had been given leave to debate it. This was a very important factor in the Court's consideration. For later proceedings in the same case: see Della Patrona v Director of Public Prosecutions (Cth) [No 2] (1995) 38 NSWLR 257. However: '… it is a sound general principle, leading not only to the maintenance of fair play, but also to the repression of unnecessary litigation, that parties must be bound by the course they deliberately adopted at the trial' : Rowe v Australian United Steam Navigation Co Ltd (1909) 9 CLR 1 at 24, per Isaacs J; see also Browne v Dunn (1893) 6 R 67 at 75; Banque Commerciale SA (In Liq) v Akhil Holdings Ltd (1990) 169 CLR 279 at 284. In Coulton [ Coulton v Holcombe (1986) 162 CLR 1] (at 7), Gibbs CJ, Wilson J, Brennan J and Dawson J said that: 'It is fundamental to the due administration of justice that the substantial issues between the parties are ordinarily settled at the trial. If it were not so the main arena for the settlement of disputes would move from the court of first instance to the appellate court, tending to reduce the proceedings in the former court to little more than a preliminary skirmish'." 34 The applicant's submissions, although not specifically directed to expediency and the interests of justice, were in substance that the University had had full opportunity to rely on r 2.1, and had not done so until the Court drew attention to it, including when the primary Judge sought further assistance as to power; that the University had itself been in breach of the duty arising under s 56(3) of the Act by imposing stress on the applicant which was "the primary cause of the events which are the subject of this appeal"; and that by bringing its application (and then the contempt motion) the University had itself delayed the resolution of the proceedings and had not acted as a model litigant. 35 The immediate question is not one of the cause or consequences of the University's application, but of an available source of power. This is not a case of the University taking an inconsistent stance on appeal from the basis on which it had litigated at first instance. It seeks to rely on an additional source of power. The facts material to reliance on s 61 and r 2.1 do not differ. There is a point of law, the availability of r 2.1 as a source of power for the directions made by the primary Judge. In my opinion, it is expedient and in the interests of justice that the University should be permitted to raise it. 36 If the directions were to rest on r 2.1, on the basis of what I have said in relation to s 61 the rule would be enlivened. The rule directly speaks of the just, quick and cheap disposal of the proceedings. The power is to give directions "for the conduct of … proceedings", rather than for the speedy determination of the real issues in the proceedings, but I respectfully adopt Sackville AJA's observations that in the circumstances described - " … it would generally be open to a court to find that the proceedings cannot be disposed of justly if a party cannot pursue or defend a claim, or its legal representatives cannot discharge their responsibilities to the client or the court, without being subjected to gratuitously offensive or threatening communications. An order or direction requiring the offending party to desist can aptly be described as an order or direction for the ' conduct of the proceedings '." The Result 37 It is unnecessary to turn to s 23 of the Supreme Court Act 1970, or to the inherent jurisdiction of the Court. It may be that some modification to the directions would be appropriate to limit them to the life of the proceedings. Given the orders favoured by my brethren, it is not necessary to go into this. 38 In the course of the hearing in this Court the University sought the costs of the adjournment and other applications unsuccessfully made by the applicant on an indemnity basis. The appeal was heard within the one day. I would not make any of the costs to be paid by the applicant payable on an indemnity basis. 39 In my opinion, the orders should be that leave to appeal is granted, but the appeal is dismissed with costs. 40 YOUNG JA: I have carefully read the draft detailed reasons of Sackville AJA for upholding this appeal. 41 I was, at first, a trifle disturbed by two matters, first, that the conduct of the appellant against which the respondent took its proceedings was indefensible. Indeed the appellant himself recognises this, but finds it difficult to restrain himself particularly late at night. Whilst this may explain why the conduct occurred, it, of course, does not provide an excuse for the conduct. Secondly, that the respondent could have obtained the orders made by the primary judge by at least two other routes. 42 The conduct was directed towards lawyers and the officers of the respondent. It was said, and this was accepted that it caused the recipients "stress". 43 To my mind, the fact that an opposing lawyer is caused "stress" by a litigant in person will not normally justify an order restraining the opposing litigant's behaviour. Lawyers who cannot cope with the stresses of litigation must find some other area of law in which to practise. 44 However, having made that comment, it was well within the mandate of the primary judge to find that in this particular case, the appellant's behaviour was beyond the pale and ought to be restrained. 45 As to the second matter, assuming there is such a creature as the "normal" or "average" case, in a normal case, I would be extremely reluctant to allow an appeal merely because the primary judge took the wrong path to reach the correct result. In the ultimate, it is the order made that is up for reversal on appeal, not the reasoning that brought it about. 46 This reluctance is reinforced by the spirit if not the letter of ss 56 and following of the Civil Procedure Act 2005 which direct the court to the merits of the proceedings before it and not to be too delicate about points of procedure. 47 However, there must be limits to situations where the court puts aside basic principles because of a need to produce a quick or cheap result. The result must be achieved fairly and justly. 48 The statement in the preceding paragraph applied a fortiori where there is a litigant in person on the other side of the litigation and where the liberty of the subject is potentially at risk. 49 Both these factors are present in the instant case. The contempt proceedings in the Common Law Division following the order the subject of this appeal might well result in the deprivation of the appellant's liberty. 50 The respondent could well have secured the order made in the present case by resort to the principles of the law of contempt of court or, as Sackville AJA has pointed out, by a direction under UCPR Pt 2 r 2.1. It expressly did not rely on the former ground and it never adverted to the latter. 51 An opposing litigant, a fortiori a litigant in person, is entitled to know the basis of the case made against him or her and to have to meet only the case that is presented. 52 It seems to me that particularly in a matter whose determination has led to a subsequent action for contempt, it would be unfair to the appellant to allow the order sought and made on a misconstruction of the operation of s 61 of the Civil Procedure Act to stand, despite the fact that it could well have been made on other (unargued) grounds. 53 I would only add that the point was raised as to whether, in view of the alleged compulsion on the appellant to behave as he has, that no restraint should have been placed on him in any event. 54 I am not attracted by this point. The chance that an order like an injunction will not have a practical effect because the defendant may, by drunkenness or otherwise (short of limited mental capacity) not comply with the order, is not a reason not to make it: Vincent v Peacock [1973] 1 NSWLR 466. 55 Accordingly I agree with the reasons of Sackville AJA. 56 SACKVILLE AJA: This is an application by an unrepresented litigant for leave to appeal ("applicant") from an interlocutory decision of a Judge of the Supreme Court. The primary Judge (Simpson J) found that the volume and content of a "barrage of communication[s]" sent by the applicant to numerous persons connected with the respondent ("University") interfered with the orderly processing of the proceedings initiated by the applicant against the University. Her Honour made orders, expressed to be pursuant to s 61 of the Civil Procedure Act 2005 ("CP Act"), directing the applicant not to send any written communications concerning the proceedings to specified officers of the University or to counsel representing the University ("Orders"). The Orders also limited the classes of written communications the applicant is permitted to send to the solicitor on the record for the University: McGuirk v University of New South Wales [2009] NSWSC 253. The Orders are reproduced at [117] below. CONTEMPT PROCEEDINGS 57 The primary Judge made the Orders on 8 April 2009. On 4 July 2009, the University filed an amended notice of motion seeking an order under Supreme Court Rules 1970, Pt 55 r 3, that the applicant be dealt with for contempt of court. The University claimed that the applicant had disobeyed the Orders by sending communications to various persons associated with it. A second notice of motion filed by the University on 7 July 2009 alleged further breaches of the Orders. 58 In a judgment delivered on 6 November 2009 ("Contempt Judgment"), after a nine day hearing, James J found that the applicant committed a contempt of court by sending communications identified in the notices of motion in breach of the Orders: McGuirk v University of New South Wales [2009] NSWSC 1058. The hearing to determine the appropriate sanctions for the applicant's contempt has not yet taken place. 59 James J noted (at [108]) in the Contempt Judgment that the applicant had applied for leave to appeal against the decision of the primary Judge in the present proceedings and that the application for leave to appeal had been set down for hearing on 11 March 2010. His Honour recorded that the grounds of appeal relied on by the applicant included a claim that the primary Judge erred in holding that she had power under s 61 of the CP Act to make the orders she did. James J also recorded that the applicant had filed a motion in the contempt proceedings seeking an order staying the proceedings until the leave application in the present proceedings had been resolved by this Court. However, James J held (at [109]) that, as he was a Judge at the same level in the judicial hierarchy as the primary Judge and as an application for leave to appeal had been filed against the decision of the primary Judge, it was inappropriate for him to enter into any consideration of the correctness of that decision. Accordingly, he decided not to stay the proceedings and proceeded to determine the contempt proceedings. 60 This Court has not been directly concerned with any challenge to the findings and orders made in the Contempt Judgment. Nonetheless, if the applicant were to succeed on his leave application and on the appeal, the effect would be to set aside the Orders and thus remove the foundation on which James J's findings of contempt were based. COURSE OF THE APPEAL 61 This Court heard argument on both the application for leave to appeal and on the merits of the foreshadowed appeal. However, much time at the hearing in this Court was taken up with a series of applications by the applicant, each of which was refused. They included applications: for an adjournment; for Giles JA to disqualify himself; to adduce evidence relating to the applicant's medical condition and to alleged harassment of the applicant by the respondent; for me to disqualify myself; that the Court should be reconstituted on the ground that my commission as an acting Judge and Judge of Appeal contravenes Chapter III of the Constitution (notwithstanding the decision of the High Court in Forge v Australian Securities and Investments Commission [2006] HCA 44; 228 CLR 45); and that the so-called constitutional question be referred to the High Court for determination. 62 Once these various applications were disposed of by the Court, the applicant proceeded with his substantive submissions. He contended that the primary Judge and indeed other judicial officers had denied him procedural fairness. The applicant also asserted that the primary Judge had acted in a manner that demonstrated bias or gave rise to a reasonable apprehension of bias and that her Honour had otherwise acted improperly. 63 The applicant's presentation to the Court was characterised by unsubstantiated allegations or imputations of impropriety against a variety of persons, including the respondent's legal representatives, officers of the respondent, the police, judicial officers and others. These allegations or imputations were often accompanied by extravagant and offensive language, although the tone of the applicant's submissions moderated somewhat as the hearing progressed. 64 As I have noted, the applicant's summary of argument for the application for leave to appeal includes a contention that the Orders were "ultra vires the powers of the court under s 61 of the Civil Procedure Act 2005". Curiously enough, the applicant chose not to develop this contention in his oral submissions despite being given the opportunity to do so. (The applicant informed the Court that he has nearly completed a law course and in his oral submissions demonstrated familiarity with a number of authorities said to be relevant to issues in the proceedings.) The question of whether the Orders were within power and were properly made is obviously critical to the correctness of the findings made by James J in the Contempt Judgment. It also potentially raises some issues of general importance concerning the scope of s 61 of the CP Act. 65 The primary Judge in the present proceedings rejected the University's submission that the Orders could be supported as an exercise of the inherent jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. Her Honour also refused to permit the University to mount an argument that the Orders could be justified as orders designed to restrain a threatened contempt. The University seeks to rely on these arguments by means of a draft notice of contention. 66 Curiously enough, the University did not rely, either before the primary Judge or this Court, on the apparently broad powers of case management conferred by the Uniform Civil Procedure Rules ("UCPR"), Pt 2 r 2.1 (reproduced at [69] below). After completion of the oral argument on the application for leave to appeal, the Court drew UCPR Pt 2 r 2.1 to the attention of the parties and invited submissions on whether it could support the Orders and, if so, whether it was too late for the University to rely on r 2.1 as a source of power. Both parties responded to the invitation. LEGISLATION 67 Section 23 of the Supreme Court Act 1970 ("SC Act") provides that: "The Court shall have all jurisdiction which may be necessary for the administration of justice in New South Wales." 68 Sections 56-61 of the CP Act relevantly provide as follows: "56 (1) The overriding purpose of this Act and of rules of court, in their application to civil proceedings, is to facilitate the just, quick and cheap resolution of the real issues in the proceedings. (2) The court must seek to give effect to the overriding purpose when it exercises any power given to it by this Act or by rules of court and when it interprets any provision of this Act or of any such rule. (3) A party to civil proceedings is under a duty to assist the court to further the overriding purpose and, to that effect, to participate in the processes of the court and to comply with directions and orders of the court. … 57 (1) For the purpose of furthering the overriding purpose referred to in section 56(1), proceedings in any court are to be managed having regard to the following objects: (a) the just determination of the proceedings, (b) the efficient disposal of the business of the court, (c) the efficient use of available judicial and administrative resources, (d) the timely disposal of the proceedings, and all other proceedings in the court, at a cost affordable by the respective parties. (2) This Act and any rules of court are to be so construed and applied, and the practice and procedure of the courts are to be so regulated, as best to ensure the attainment of the objects referred to in subsection (1). … 58 (1) In deciding: (a) whether to make any order or direction for the management of proceedings… and (b) the terms in which any such order or direction is to be made, the court must seek to act in accordance with the dictates of justice. (2) For the purpose of determining what are the dictates of justice in a particular case, the court: (a) must have regard to the provisions of sections 56 and 57, and (b) may have regard to the following matters to the extent to which it considers them relevant: … (iv) the degree to which the respective parties have fulfilled their duties under section 56(3). … (vi) the degree of injustice that would be suffered by the respective parties as a consequence of any order or direction, (vii) such other matters as the court considers relevant in the circumstances of the case. … 59 In any proceedings, the practice and procedure of the court should be implemented with the object of eliminating any lapse of time between the commencement of the proceedings and their final determination beyond that reasonably required for the interlocutory activities necessary for the fair and just determination of the issues in dispute between the parties and the preparation of the case for trial. … 61 (1) The court may, by order, give such directions as it thinks fit (whether or not inconsistent with rules of court) for the speedy determination of the real issues between the parties to the proceedings. (2) In particular, the court may, by order, do any one or more of the following: … (c) it may give such other directions with respect to the conduct of proceedings as it considers appropriate." 69 UCPR, Pt 2 r 2.1 is as follows: "The court may, at any time and from time to time, give such directions and make such orders for the conduct of any proceedings as appear convenient (whether or not inconsistent with these rules or any other rules of court) for the just, quick and cheap disposal of the proceedings." 70 UCPR, Pt 2 r 2.3 provides that, without limiting the generality of r 2.1, directions and orders may relate to any of a number of matters. The matters specified in r 2.3 include defining the issues in the proceedings, filing lists of documents, providing copies of documents and serving and filing documents to be relied upon. BACKGROUND 71 The material in the appeal books does not include a concise account of the events leading to the proceedings brought by the applicant against the University, in the course of which the primary Judge made the Orders. It appears, however, that the proceedings are part of a long running dispute between the applicant and the University. The applicant has also been involved in a good deal of other litigation some of which is related to his dispute with the University. A convenient summary of the various proceedings in which the applicant has been involved is set out in the Contempt Judgment. It is necessary for present purposes to give only a brief account. 72 The applicant was formerly employed by the University as the Acting Director of the Master of Business and Technology graduate program. He ceased to be employed by the University on 31 March 2002. The circumstances relating to the termination of his employment are contentious. 73 The applicant has campaigned to expose what he claims was endemic corruption and mismanagement within the University. He alleges that this endeavour has led the University to victimise him. The proceedings between the applicant and the University include a private criminal prosecution he initiated in 2003 against five officers of the University (which the applicant subsequently discontinued). They also include a successful challenge by the University to a decision by the Administrative Decisions Tribunal ("ADT") to grant the applicant access to certain documents under the Freedom of Information Act 1989 ("FOI Act"): University of New South Wales v McGuirk [2006] NSWSC 1362. 74 In addition, the applicant became a party in 2006 to proceedings involving the Independent Commission Against Corruption ("ICAC"). In those proceedings, ICAC sought leave to appeal to the Supreme Court against a decision of the ADT given in consequence of a request by the present applicant under the FOI Act for access to certain documents. The ADT held that it had jurisdiction to review the determination by ICAC to refuse access to the documents. The applicant was named as a defendant to ICAC's summons for leave to appeal to the Supreme Court. 75 As it happens, the summons was heard and determined by Simpson J, the primary Judge in the present case: Independent Commission Against Corruption v McGuirk [2007] NSWSC 147 ("ICAC Judgment"). Her Honour granted the application for leave to appeal and allowed ICAC's appeal. The decision turned exclusively on the construction of s 9 of the FOI Act. Simpson J subsequently ordered the applicant to pay ICAC's costs of the appeal. 76 The applicant sought leave to appeal to the Court of Appeal from the ICAC Judgment. The application was dismissed on the ground that Simpson J's reasoning and decision were plainly correct: McGuirk v Independent Commission Against Corruption [2008] NSWCA 302. 77 The applicant commenced the present proceedings against the University (in the course of which the University applied for the Orders) in March 2008. The statement of claim (in which the applicant is described as a "[s]tudent at law") pleads numerous causes of action including contraventions of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth); damages for breach of contract by reason of the University's allegedly wrongful repudiation of his contract of employment; breaches by the University of a duty of care said to be owed to the applicant; contraventions of the Protected Disclosures Act 1994; common law conspiracy; and misfeasance in public office. 78 The University applied for orders striking out or summarily dismissing the statement of claim. There followed a protracted period during which the applicant sought and the University agreed to provide him an opportunity for him to file an amended statement of claim. On 30 January 2009, the applicant served a proposed amended statement of claim on the University's solicitors, Sparke Helmore ("Solicitors"). On 11 February 2009, the Solicitors informed the applicant that if the proposed amended statement of claim was filed, they would move to have it struck out or summarily dismissed. 79 On 18 February 2009, the applicant informed the Solicitors that he intended to serve a series of "Notices to Admit Facts and Authenticity of Documents". On 20 and 27 February 2007 he served two such notices. 80 On 6 March 2009, the University filed the motion pursuant to which the primary Judge subsequently made the Orders. The motion included a claim for orders setting aside the Notices and restraining the applicant, until further order, from serving and additional Notices of the same kind. THE UNIVERSITY'S APPLICATION The Motion and Supporting Affidavits 81 The University's motion was supported by an affidavit by Ms Bennett, the solicitor on the record for the University and a partner in the firm of Solicitors. The affidavit set out a procedural history of the proceedings. It annexed copies of a large number of communications by email, fax and letter, from the applicant to the Solicitors, to partners in the firm, to officers of the University (including the Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor and the University Solicitor) and to counsel representing the University. In total, the affidavit annexed about 95 pages of communications from the applicant sent during the period 8 May 2008 to 5 March 2009. The affidavit recorded that the applicant had been requested on numerous occasions not to communicate directly with counsel or the officers of the University. 82 Ms Bennett's first affidavit described the correspondence as "inappropriate" and expressed the view that it: "(a) canvasses issues which are irrelevant to the conduct of the proceedings; and/or (b) is derogatory, abusive or offensive; and/or (c) is threatening and intimidatory". Ms Bennett concluded her affidavit as follows: "My client and I are concerned that the above correspondence takes a substantial amount of time to read and respond to, and that this inhibits the just, quick and cheap resolution of the proceedings. Having regard to the fact that [the applicant] has persisted in sending correspondence of this nature despite having been asked repeatedly not to do so, I apprehend that, unless restrained, [the applicant] is likely to continue sending such communications throughout the course of the proceedings". 83 Ms Bennett made a second affidavit on 23 March 2009. This affidavit annexed a further 80 or so pages of communications sent by the applicant to the University's legal representatives (including counsel) and officers and employees of the University. The applicant forwarded these communications for the most part between 9 March 2009 and 23 March 2009 (the date of Ms Bennett's second affidavit). The affidavit recorded that on several occasions on the evening of 20 March 2009, Ms Bennett had received text messages from the applicant on her mobile telephone. 84 The correspondence sent by the applicant included a medical certificate indicating that the applicant had been suffering acute anxiety and stress "as a result of exams and legal matters". The applicant's own emails referred repeatedly to his anxiety and stress which he attributed to the University's conduct. The Hearing Before the Primary Judge 85 The hearing before the primary Judge took place on two hearing days, 23 and 25 March 2009. The University was represented by senior and junior counsel. The applicant represented himself. 86 On the first day, senior counsel appearing for the University, Dr Bell, read both affidavits of Ms Bennett. He then drew the attention of the primary Judge to certain of the emails containing offensive language and what he described as threats to the recipients contained in some of the communications. 87 The applicant informed the primary Judge that he (the applicant) was not in a fit emotional state to be in court and that he was asking her Honour to disqualify herself, although he did not identify any reason at that point. 88 The primary Judge then took the luncheon adjournment. Upon the resumption, her Honour informed the parties that she had a good friend employed by the University in the media area and invited the parties' comments. Dr Bell indicated that the friend was not a person who had received any emails from the applicant and that there was no issue as far as the University was concerned. The applicant asserted that her Honour's friend, as a media officer of the University had "issued a form of press release denying [the University's] liability" in separate proceedings between the applicant and the University. Her Honour observed that: " [t]hat was simply a media response ". 89 In the course of the discussion of these matters, the applicant applied to have the proceedings "stayed" for several weeks on the ground that the University's motion was an abuse of process by reason of certain offers the applicant had made to the University. He also applied to adjourn the proceedings on medical grounds, relying on a medical certificate included in the attachments to Ms Bennett's second affidavit, and on the basis that he had not had an opportunity to prepare properly Dr Bell pointed out in response that the medical examination referred to in the certificate had taken place some time previously and that the applicant had argued at some length a point that very morning before a Judge of the Court of Appeal. 90 The primary Judge indicated that she was minded to grant the applicant a short adjournment to consider the material in Ms Bennett's second affidavit upon his undertaking "not to communicate any further in accordance with the notice of motion". The applicant gave that undertaking and accordingly her Honour adjourned the proceedings until 25 March 2009. 91 When the hearing resumed on 25 March 2009, the applicant handed up a document identifying various declarations and orders he was seeking. These included a declaration that the University and its named legal representatives "have failed to comply with their obligations to act as a model litigant" and an order that Ms Bennett and Dr Bell pay the University's costs of its motion on an indemnity basis. The primary Judge declined to allow the document to be filed on the ground that she was dealing with the duty list involving only short or urgent matters and that the applicant could raise the majority of declarations and orders sought by way of defence to the University's motion. 92 The applicant renewed his application for the primary Judge to disqualify herself from the proceedings. It is not easy to follow from the transcript the grounds relied on by the applicant. However, he appears to have claimed that her Honour was biased, or that there was a reasonable apprehension of bias, by reason of two matters. The first was that her Honour had heard the ICAC proceedings. The second was her Honour's friendship with the media officer employed by the University. 93 The primary Judge rejected the application that she should disqualify herself. The transcript of her Honour's reasons was not included in the appeal books prepared for the leave application. (The appeal book was prepared by the University as the applicant did not comply with orders requiring him to do so.) Inquiries made by the Court indicated that the transcript of her Honour's judgment was not on the court file. However, arrangements were subsequently made to have the reasons transcribed and the transcriptions made available to members of the Court and to the parties. 94 In her ex tempore judgment, the primary Judge noted the grounds on which the applicant had asked her to disqualify herself. Her Honour pointed out that the friend she had identified as an employee of the University was not on the list of persons who had received communications from the applicant. On the question of her involvement in the ICAC proceedings she said the following: "[A]lthough I have dealt with proceedings, to which [the applicant] has been a party on previous occasions, there is no reason associated with those matters as to why I should not proceed to hear the present application". 95 Following rejection of his disqualification application, the applicant commenced cross-examination of Ms Bennett shortly before the luncheon adjournment. When the matter resumed after the adjournment, her Honour said that, as the proceedings were interlocutory, she proposed to exercise her power under s 62 of the CP Act and limit the applicant's time for cross-examination to 30 minutes. Her Honour later extended that period by a further 20 minutes. Many of the applicant's questions put to Ms Bennett were objected to and disallowed. 96 After the cross-examination concluded, the applicant subsequently sought to tender an affidavit of 164 pages made by him some two years earlier. The affidavit, according to the applicant, set out a "history of improper conduct" involving the University. The primary Judge rejected the tender on the ground that its contents could not be relevant to the University's motion. 97 The applicant's next application was for a further adjournment of the proceedings. Her Honour refused the application on the ground that an adjournment would be "unfair and futile". 98 In the course of his submissions to the primary Judge, the applicant acknowledged, in his own words, that "some of my communication is not real flash … and it is not something I am proud of". He also recognised that he had " overreacted ", although he attributed his overreaction to the " unreasonable and improper pressure " to which he had been subject. The applicant acknowledged that he had been suffering from a " quite acute medical condition " which produced from time to time an " outburst " or " brain snap ". 99 The primary Judge reserved her decision. However, she gave Dr Bell an opportunity to file further written submissions on the question of power to make the orders, a matter about which her Honour expressed reservations in argument. As the applicant indicated that he did not wish to receive any further written submission, her Honour stated that the University should respect the applicant's request although she would consider any submissions he cared to make. As will be seen, in the University's supplementary submissions, it invoked for the first time the Court's power to make orders restraining a threatened contempt. The Primary Judgment 100 The primary Judge found (at [10]) that from the time of the commencement of pleadings the applicant: "has communicated, by a variety of means, with Ms Bennett, with a junior solicitor employed by [the Solicitors] … and with the managing partner of [the Solicitors], with senior and junior counsel retained in this matter …, with a junior counsel who holds a brief for the University in another matter …, and with two counsel who do not hold briefs either for [the applicant] or for the University, and with the Chancellor of the University …, the Vice Chancellor …, and the University solicitor … and assistant solicitor. In many cases the correspondence is copied to other recipients. [The applicant] utilises e-mail, facsimile, text messaging, and letters send by post. The bulk of his communication appears to be made by e-mail". 101 Her Honour described (at [11]) the correspondence as: "voluminous, and increasingly concerning. Some of it is bizarre, some offensive, some threatening. In some instances it may well, and in others almost certainly does, amount to criminal conduct." 102 The primary Judge referred (at [12]) to a "representative sample" of the communications taken over a period of about ten months. Her Honour did not consider it necessary to set out the detail of all these communications or to repeat "the vulgarities" in some of them. However, she observed (at [15]) that: "Although legal practitioners may be expected to be robust in the performance of their duties, these vulgarities are of a kind to which no ordinary person ought to be subjected". 103 Her Honour noted (at [18]) references to Nazi Germany became a recurring theme in the correspondence, and that at least on one occasion the applicant appeared to be drawing an analogy between the perpetrators of the Holocaust and the conduct of the junior solicitor employed by the Solicitors. She also noted that the correspondence repeatedly referred to the applicant's poor state of health. 104 The primary Judge specifically referred (at [32]) to a facsimile of 18 February 2009 in which the applicant referred to a Professor W who was expected to be a witness in the substantive proceedings. The communication stated that Professor W had "much to fear from being called as a witness … as also do Professors [X] and [Y]". 105 The primary Judge found (at [33]) that the filing of the University's motion on 6 March 2009 "provoked an escalation of the offensiveness of the continued communications from [the applicant]". Her Honour gave numerous examples recorded in Ms Bennett's second affidavit. One example was a communication to the Chancellor of the University which, her Honour found (at [51]) contained "unmistakable … threats". 106 The primary Judge (at [54]) had no doubt, upon the facts adduced by the University: "that restraint upon the barrage of communication ought, provided the court has jurisdiction, to be imposed upon [the applicant]. [The Solicitors] have repeatedly requested [the applicant] to desist from communicating with any of the individuals other than the solicitor on the record. Their repeated requests have had no effect." 107 The primary Judge noted (at [55]) that the applicant had clearly acknowledged in his submissions that his conduct "had been, to put it mildly, unacceptable and inappropriate". He had sought to explain this by claiming that he had been under considerable stress for which he blamed the Solicitors in their conduct of the litigation. Her Honour accepted that many of the communications, particularly the more offensive ones, had been made late at night. However, she had some difficulty seeing how this was relevant except possibly to the exercise of her discretion. 108 The primary Judge recorded (at [56]) that the applicant had been prepared to submit to orders of the kind sought, but only if they were mutual. In her Honour's view: "[t]here is not reason to impose restraint upon a party to litigation that has not in any way abused its position or acted in a way that calls for external restraint". 109 The primary Judge then turned to the source of power to make the orders sought by the University. In her Honour's view, it was not open to the University to rely on the inherent jurisdiction of the court to make orders of the kind sought (at [59], [62]). While authorities such as Commonwealth Trading Bank v Inglis [1974] HCA 17; 131 CLR 311, established that the court has inherent jurisdiction to restrain repeated vexatious applications in pending actions, the applicant had not brought any applications, let alone repeated and vexatious applications, in the course of the substantive proceedings. 110 The primary Judge also rejected the University's argument that the court had authority to make the orders by reason of its undoubted power to protect its process from abuse. Her Honour considered (at [68]) that the abuse of process cases have always involved the utilisation of some facility of the court, such as the filing of documents, the initiation of an action or invoking jurisdiction of the court. The concept of "abuse of process" did not extend to conduct associated with, but collateral to the use of the court's facilities or procedures. Nothing the applicant had done invoked the jurisdiction of the court or utilised its facilities, processes or procedures (at [69]-[71]). Accordingly, his conduct did not amount to an abuse of process. 111 Nor did her Honour consider (at 87]) that s 23 of the SC Act conferred power to make the orders sought. Her Honour considered the meaning and extent of s 23 to be "obscure". However, she did not give detailed reasons for her conclusion that the section was unavailable in the present case. 112 The primary Judge also held (at [86]) that the University was not entitled to rely on its supplementary written submissions contending that the Orders were justified as a means of restraining a threatened contempt of court. The submissions had been made for the first time after the conclusion of the hearing and went beyond the terms of the leave that had been granted. In these circumstances, it would be unfair to allow the University to diverge markedly from the course it had taken at the hearing. 113 Nonetheless, the primary Judge considered (at [95]) that s 61 of the CP Act was sufficiently broad in its terms to justify making the orders sought by the University. To support this conclusion, her Honour referred to the paragraph in Ms Bennett's affidavit reproduced at [82] above, in which Ms Bennett expressed her concerns about the correspondence. Her Honour found (at [91]) that the " volley of communications " had caused stress to Ms Bennett. 114 The primary Judge continued (at [92], [94]) as follows: "When cross-examined about the most recent communications, the texts sent to her mobile phone after 8.00pm on a Friday evening, [Ms Bennett] said that she feared [the applicant] might have followed her from the office. ([The applicant] characterised this as an allegation of stalking.) That was, as I perceive it, an indicator of the level of stress to which she had been subjected. I accept that her mobile phone number appeared at the top of an e-mail to [the applicant], and that the probability is that this is where he obtained it. Nevertheless, it is apparent that both the volume and the content of the communications is interfering with the orderly processing of the proceedings initiated by [the applicant]. In hindering the legal practitioners in the execution of their duties in the litigation, [the applicant] is in breach of his obligations stated in s 56(3). As well, I am satisfied that the sheer volume of the communications (given their substantial irrelevance to the proceedings) amounts to harassment of the various recipients, and causes a financial burden to the University. … Further, although a good number of the communications have been sent to individuals other than the legal practitioners, it may be assumed that it is necessary that they all be forwarded to the legal practitioners for assessment of any relevance they may have to the proceedings. And although many of the communications sent directly to the legal practitioners are of no, or peripheral, relevance to the proceedings, it will be necessary for each to be perused against the possibility that there is, buried therein, some item that is of relevance. The cost to the University is unconscionable." 115 The primary Judge concluded (at [95]) that in these unusual circumstances, s 61(2)(c) of the CP Act was sufficiently wide to support the order sought by the University. Notwithstanding what the applicant had said about the circumstances in which he made the communications, there was no discretionary reason not to make the order sought, and (at [97]): "every compelling reason why they ought to be made. The Court's processes ought not to be allowed to be the occasion for extra-curial harassment". 116 Finally, the primary Judge set aside the Notices served by the applicant. They were premature as no defence had been filed, the matters in issue had not been defined and the status of the originating process was uncertain (at [98]). The Orders 117 In addition to setting aside the Notices, her Honour made the Orders, in the following form: "Pursuant to section 61 of the Civil Procedure Act 2005, the Court, by this order, directs the [applicant]: (i) not to send any written communication (whether by letter, facsimile, e-mail or any other means) concerning the proceedings to any officer or employee of the [University] including without limitation: (a) the Chancellor of the University; (b) the Vice-Chancellor and President of the University; (c) any member of the University Council; and (d) the University Solicitor and any employee of the University Legal Office (ii) not to send any written communication (whether by letter, facsimile, e-mail or any other means) to counsel retained in the proceedings to act on behalf of the [University] (iii) not to send any written communication (whether by letter, facsimile, e-mail or any other means) to the solicitor on the record for the [University] in the proceedings, or any partner or employee of such solicitor, apart from: (a) documents required to be served on the [University] or its solicitors; (b) formal letters required to be sent for the purpose of the [applicant] conducting the proceedings; and (c) formal letters required to be sent for the purpose of the [applicant] conducting any other proceedings to which he is a party and in which the [University's] solicitor is solicitor on the record. (d) responding to any offer to settle any proceedings pending in this Court, in the Court of Appeal and in the Administrative Decisions Tribunal between the [applicant] and the [University] … without the prior leave of the Court." PROCEDURAL FAIRNESS The Applicant's Complaints 118 It is not easy to discern from the applicant's written and oral submissions precisely the matters which he suggests constituted a denial of procedural fairness. Based on the draft notice of appeal, his major complaints appear to be that the primary Judge: (i) failed to grant him an adjournment of the proceedings either on medical grounds or to gather further evidence; (ii) denied the applicant the opportunity to adduce evidence of the circumstances which led to him sending the various communications; (iii) denied the applicant an opportunity to cross-examine Ms Bennett; (iv) refused to disqualify herself by reason of her Honour's participation in previous proceedings or her Honour's friendship with the media officer at the University; and (v) made findings of criminal conduct against him when no such allegations had been made by the University. Reasoning 119 In my opinion, none of these complaints has substance, although her Honour's finding in relation to criminality warrants some comment. I deal briefly with each of the matters I have identified. Adjournment 120 The applicant sought an adjournment on the first day of the hearing, 23 March 2009. The application was not made until some time after the hearing had commenced. It was put on a number of bases, including that the motion was an abuse of process, the applicant had made an offer to desist from communications so long as the University reciprocated, he did not feel well enough to proceed and that he had not had an opportunity to prepare his case. 121 The primary Judge in fact granted an adjournment until 25 March 2009 to enable the applicant to read Ms Bennett's second affidavit and to prepare for the balance of the hearing. There was no medical evidence before the Court to indicate that the applicant would not be able to conduct his case at the adjourned hearing. Nor was there any evidence that, insofar as his health was impaired, a longer adjournment would be likely to result in a significant improvement such that he would be better equipped to conduct his case. The other matters relied on by the applicant were not such as could have justified a longer adjournment than that granted by her Honour. No basis has been shown for determining that her Honour's refusal to grant a longer adjournment involved a miscarriage of her discretion. 122 The applicant's next adjournment application was made towards the end of the second day of the hearing, after he had completed his cross-examination of Ms Bennett. The basis of this application was that the applicant wanted time to put on evidence. However, the applicant did not identify what that evidence might have been nor why he had not prepared it in the two and a half weeks since being served with the University's motion and supporting affidavit. Once again, there is no basis for contending that her Honour's exercise of discretion miscarried. Opportunity to Adduce Evidence 123 The applicant's complaint that he was denied the opportunity to adduce evidence of the circumstances which led to him sending the various communications seems to relate to the primary Judge's rejection of the tender, on the second day of the hearing, of a voluminous affidavit sworn by the applicant in the proceedings involving ICAC. Since the affidavit was sworn two years before the hearing of the University's motion in the current proceedings, it is hardly surprising that the primary Judge upheld a relevance objection. The applicant has not shown that her Honour erred in rejecting the tender of the affidavit. Opportunity to Cross-Examine 124 The applicant was not denied the opportunity to cross-examine Ms Bennett. He was given that opportunity. However, her Honour took into account the nature of the proceedings and the state of her list and exercised the power conferred by s 62(3)(a) of the CP Act to limit the time available for cross-examination. Her Honour initially allowed 30 minutes, but extended the time for cross-examination by a further 20 minutes. The applicant did not seek any additional extension to cross-examine Ms Bennett when the time expired. He has not identified in his submissions in this Court any specific matters that he was prevented from putting to Ms Bennett that could have caused the primary Judge to make different findings on any issue of fact. There is therefore no basis for concluding that the applicant was denied procedural fairness by the imposition of a time limit for his cross-examination of Ms Bennett. Disqualification of Primary Judge 125 The applicant's claim that the primary Judge should have disqualified herself because of her involvement in ICAC v McGuirk cannot be sustained. As her Honour pointed out in the ICAC Judgment (at [7]), the case turned on a very narrow point of construction of s 9 of the FOI Act. The fact that Simpson J decided the question of law against the applicant (a decision upheld by the Court of Appeal) and ordered him to pay costs could not create a reasonable apprehension of bias in the present proceedings. 126 The test is whether a fair-minded lay observer might reasonably apprehend that the judge might not bring an impartial and unprejudiced mind "to the resolution of the question the judge is required to decide": Johnson v Johnson [2000] HCA 48; 201 CLR 488 at 492-493 [11], [12], per Gleeson CJ, Gaudron, McHugh, Gummow and Hayne JJ; see also Re JRL; Ex parte CJL [1986] HCA 39; 161 CLR 342, at 352, per Mason J. The fair-minded lay observer would not consider that the determination by Simpson J of a narrow question of law against the applicant might create a reasonable apprehension that she might be unable to bring an impartial and unprejudiced mind to the quite different issues presented by the University's application: cf Sydney Refractive Surgery Centre Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation [2007] FCA 1544, at [23], per Sackville J. 127 There is also no basis for concluding that Simpson J's friendship with a media officer at the University could create a reasonable apprehension of bias. The officer was not a recipient of the applicant's communications and played no part in the proceedings brought by the University. As the High Court has repeatedly emphasised, there must be a logical connection between the matter complained of and the feared deviation from the course of deciding the case on its merits: Ebner v Official Trustee in Bankruptcy [2000] HCA 63; 205 CLR 337, at 345 [8], per Gleeson CJ, McHugh, Gummow and Hayne JJ; Smits v Roach [2006] HCA 36; 227 CLR 423, at 443-444 [53]-[54], per Gleeson CJ, Heydon and Crennan JJ; at 444-445 [56], [58], per Gummow and Hayne JJ. There was no such logical connection here. Criminal Conduct 128 The primary Judge, when describing the communications sent by the applicant, said (at [11]) that in some instances it "almost certainly does … amount to criminal conduct". The University's supplementary written submissions invited the primary Judge to find that an injunction should be granted to prevent a threatened contempt. However, as I have noted, her Honour held that the University was not entitled to rely on that argument. It does not appear that the University otherwise submitted that her Honour should find that any of the applicant's conduct was criminal. In any event, the submissions did not canvass precisely which of the applicant's acts might have constituted criminal conduct and what state of mind would be required in order for a criminal offence to be committed. 129 In these circumstances, it was in my respectful opinion inappropriate to characterise the conduct as "almost certainly" criminal. Whether her Honour's comment about the character of the applicant's conduct led to appellable error would depend, among other things, as to whether she took the comment into account in making findings of fact reaching the conclusions she did. However, the comment of itself does not demonstrate that the primary Judge failed to bring an unprejudiced and impartial mind to the case. Nor does it demonstrate that the applicant was denied procedural fairness, unless she took the comment into account in making findings of fact or expressing her conclusions. Notices to Admit 130 The applicant has not demonstrated any error in her Honour's conclusion that service of the Notices was premature. Insofar as the Orders set aside the Notices, they do not preclude the applicant serving further Notices at an appropriate stage of the proceedings. SOURCE OF POWER: SECTION 61 OF THE CP ACT University's Submissions 131 The University emphasised that any powers conferred by statute on a court must be exercised judicially and that, accordingly, powers must be given a liberal construction. The University submitted that, when regard was paid to ss 56-58 of the CP Act, the primary Judge had been correct to hold that s 61 provided a source of power to make the Orders. According to Dr Bell, the power conferred by s 61(1) was enlivened by the finding that the applicant had breached the duty imposed by s 56(3) of the CP Act to assist the Court to further the overriding purpose of facilitating the just, quick and cheap resolution of the real issues in dispute. That was a matter to which the Court was required to have regard when determining whether to make any order for the management of proceedings, including an order under s 61(1): ss 58(1)(a), 58(2)(a), 58(2)(b)(iv). 132 In his oral submissions, Dr Bell accepted that her Honour may have taken into account the stress caused to some recipients by the applicant's communications. However, he contended that if the stress caused by the applicant's actions had an impact on the orderly, expeditious, efficient and cheap conduct of the proceedings, it was a matter that could properly be considered for the purposes of giving directions under s 61 of the CP Act. Legislative History 133 Section 61 of the CP Act forms part of the legislative scheme endorsing and restating the principles underlying case management in New South Wales. Section 61 must be read in context. In particular, as Dr Bell submitted, due regard must be paid to the other provisions in Part 6 of the CP Act that bear on the scope of the power to make directions conferred by s 61(1). Nonetheless, it is appropriate in construing s 61(1) to take into account that it has a pedigree of over a century in New South Wales legislation, dating from the establishment by statute of a commercial causes list in 1903. 134 Section 4 of the Commercial Causes Act 1903 ("Commercial Causes Act") provided for a list of commercial causes to be kept by the Prothonotary of the Supreme Court. Entry in the list occurred on the order of a judge. Relevantly, s 5 provided that: "Such Judge or any other Judge shall, by such or subsequent order, give such directions as in his opinion are expedient for the speedy determination of the questions in the action really at issue between the parties." Section 6 elaborated upon the kinds of directions which could be made under s 5. These included directions dispensing with pleadings or with technical rules of evidence for proving matters not bona fide in dispute. Provision was also made for directions requiring documents to be served within a specified time or for the settling of issues for trial. 135 The second reading speech to the Commercial Causes Bill 1903 explained that there was nothing new in the proposed legislation: "They are an absolute copy of what is now the mercantile law of England, which has been so successful that, since 1895, practically, the cumbrous, costly, and uncertain method of arbitration has almost ceased". New South Wales Legislative Council, Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), 1 October 1903, at 2941 (The Hon B R Wise). The Minister also explained (at 2942) that legislation was necessary because the Chief Justice, Sir Frederick Darley, had advised that the rule-making power of the New South Wales judges was less extensive than that of the judges of the High Court in England. Thus the reforms could not simply be introduced by the judges themselves. 136 Section 5 of the Commercial Causes Act was repealed in 1970 and replaced by s 56(3) of the SC Act. The sub-section was limited to proceedings entered in the commercial list and using the word "questions" instead of "issues". Otherwise, it was in substantially the same terms as s 61(1) of the CP Act. 137 In 1985, the legislation establishing the Commercial Division of the Supreme Court substituted s 76A of the SC Act for s 56(3): Supreme Court (Commercial Division) Amendment Act 1985, Sch 1, items (5), (6) (previously a commercial list operated within the Common Law Division). In 1989, s 76A was amended so that it applied to all civil proceedings in the Supreme Court: Courts Legislation (Procedure) Amendment Act 1989, Sch 8, item (3). Section 61(1) of the CP Act repeats the language used in s 76A of the SC Act, as amended in 1989. 138 With the repeal of the Commercial Causes Act in 1970, the powers previously conferred by s 6 of that Act were dispersed. Some were incorporated in the SC Act itself and some were included in the Supreme Court Rules. For example, s 82(1)(a) of the SC Act authorised the Court in any proceedings to dispense with the rules of evidence for proving any matter not bona fide in dispute, while s 82(1)(b) permitted the court to require a party to make admissions on pain of an adverse order for costs (see now CP Act, s 70(1)(a)-(d)). Other matters, such as the power to dispense with further pleadings or to settle the issues for trial, were included in Part 15 of the Supreme Court Rules (see now UCPR, Pt 14 r 14.2). The Supreme Court Rules were amended in 2000 to include a general power to make directions on a range of matters: Supreme Court Rules, Pt 26, rr 1-3 (see now UCPR, Pt 2, rr 2.1-2.3). 139 The legislative history does not provide precise guidance as to the scope of the power conferred on the court by s 61(1) of the CP Act. It is necessary to take into account the current legislative context which is different from the legislative context in which the predecessors to s 61(1) were placed. But the legislative history does emphasise that the power from the very beginning, has been to make directions for the speedy determination of the issues really in dispute between the parties. It might be thought odd, having regard to the "overriding purpose" expressed in s 56(1) of the CP Act that s 61(1) was not drafted in wider terms, so as to enable the Court to give directions for the just, quick (or speedy) and cheap determination of the proceedings. Perhaps the view was taken that it was sufficient that UCPR, Pt 2 r 2.1 conferred a power expressed in such wide terms. Be that as it may, it must be remembered that s 61(1) of the CP Act, like its predecessors, is not an open-ended power to make any directions the Court considers appropriate. Otherwise the concluding words of s 61(1) would not have any meaning. Construction of s 61(1) of the CP Act 140 As Dr Bell submitted, the court is obliged, when exercising the power given to it by s 61(1) of the CP Act, to give effect to the overriding purpose stated by s 56(1) – that is, to facilitate "the just, quick and cheap resolution of the real issues in the proceedings". The court must also take into account the overriding purpose when interpreting s 61(1). So much is provided by s 56(2) of the CP Act. 141 The legislation makes it clear that in determining whether to make an order for the management of the proceedings, including a direction under Part 6, Div 2 of the CP Act (where s 61 is located), the court must seek to act in accordance with the "dictates of justice": s 58(1). In determining what are the dictates of justice in a particular case, the court must have regard, inter alia, to the overriding purpose (s 56(1)) and to the duty of a party to civil proceedings to assist the court to further the overriding purpose (s 56(2)): s 58(2)(a). In making the same determination, the court may have regard, inter alia, to the degree of expedition with which the parties have approached the proceedings, the degree to which they have fulfilled their duties under s 56(3), the degree of injustice that would be suffered by the respective parties as a consequence of any direction and such other matters as the court considers relevant: s 58(2)(b)(ii), (iv), (vi), (vii). 142 The authorities support the contention that s 61 of the CP Act should be given a liberal construction. In Knight v FP Special Assets Ltd [1992] HCA 28; 174 CLR 178, Gaudron J said this (at 205): "It is contrary to long-established principle and wholly inappropriate that the grant of power to a court (including the conferral of jurisdiction) should be construed as subject to a limitation not appearing in the words of that grant. Save for a qualification which I shall later mention, a grant of power should be construed in accordance with ordinary principles and, thus, the words used should be given their full meaning unless there is something to indicate to the contrary. Powers conferred on a court are powers which must be exercised judicially and in accordance with legal principle. This consideration leads to the qualification to which I earlier referred. The necessity for the power to be exercised judicially tends in favour of the most liberal construction , for it denies the validity of considerations which might limit a grant of power to some different body, including, for example, that the power might be exercised arbitrarily or capriciously or to work oppression or abuse". (Emphasis added.) Her Honour's observations were cited with approval in PMT Partners Pty Ltd (In Liq) v Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service [1995] HCA 36; 184 CLR 301, at 313, per Brennan CJ, Gaudron and McHugh JJ. See also Re JJT; Ex parte Victoria Legal Aid [1998] HCA 44; 195 CLR 184, at 201 [41], per Kirby J; at 226 [128], per Callinan J. 143 While s 61 of the CP Act must be given a liberal construction, careful attention must be paid to the limitations inherent in the wording of the section. As I have noted, s 61(1) empowers the court to give such directions as it thinks fit for the speedy determination of the real issues between the parties. It is true that in deciding whether to make a direction under s 61(1), the court must have regard to the matters in ss 56 and 57, including the overriding purpose, and may have regard to the matters specified in s 58(2)(b). But it is still necessary for the court to consider whether particular directions should be given for the speedy determination of the real issues. This language, in my opinion, requires the court to consider whether the directions are necessary or appropriate for the speedy determination of the real issues between the parties. 144 No doubt a finding that the unjustified behaviour of one party has significantly increased the costs of the proceedings or inflicted hardship on the other party makes it easier for the court to conclude that the behaviour is likely to lead to delays and that orders curtailing the behaviour will assist in bringing about the speedy determination of the real issues in dispute. But that does not detract from the proposition that the language of s 61(1) requires the court to consider whether the proposed orders are appropriate for the purpose identified in the sub-section. If no such conclusion is or can be reached, the proposed directions are not authorised by s 61(1). The fact that the court must seek to give effect to the overriding purpose when considering whether to exercise the power conferred by s 61, does not allow the court to read s 61 as authorising any direction it thinks appropriate for the just, cheap resolution of the proceedings. Thus, s 61(1) cannot be read, for example, as authorising a direction that will have no bearing on the speedy determination of the "real" issues, but might be thought to save some costs or avoid unnecessary distress to a party. (This is not to suggest that other powers, notably that conferred by UCPR, Pt 2 r 2.1, cannot be used for these purposes.) 145 The point is illustrated by the observations of Moffit P (with whom Glass JA agreed) in Stanley-Hill v Kool [1982] 1 NSWLR 460, concerning the scope of s 56(3) of the SC Act, a predecessor to s 61(1). Moffit P said (at 461-462): "The effect of the Supreme Court Act , 1970, by the repeal of the Commercial Causes Act , 1903 and the Commercial Causes Rules and the substitution by the Act and rules of like provisions in no way confines the former wide discretion relating to procedures and evidence but rather extends to the court generally to some extent these wide discretions. However s 56 of the present Act and its like equivalent ( Commercial Causes Act , 1903, s 5) means that wide discretions particular to commercial cases are given to and ought to be exercised by the Commercial judge, as indeed they have over the years, so that the court comes with expedition, minimizing expense, to the real matter in issue, setting aside, so far as reasonably proper, procedures and rules of evidence which stand in the way of so doing. The judge is in a particular position of advantage in the exercise of the discretions conferred by s 56(3) when he sits in the directions and other hearings preliminary to the trial. He is in a position to discern from the detail of what passes before him any tactical manoeuvre which seeks to exploit the ordinary procedures or rules of evidence and thereby directly delay or prevent the determination of the real question in dispute or thereby indirectly do so by subjecting the opposing party to the pressures of delay or expense . Accordingly, he is in a superior position to decide by what directions or orders any such manoeuvre can be neutralized and how best the true issue can be fairly determined with expedition". (Emphasis added.) As I have noted, s 61(1) of the CP Act must be interpreted in its present statutory context, even though it uses essentially the same language as its predecessors. Nonetheless, the legislative history reinforces what the language of s 61(1) plainly indicates, namely that the directions given by the Court must be " for the speedy determination of the real issues between the parties to the proceedings ". 146 In determining the scope of the powers conferred by s 61, it is necessary to take into account s 61(2)(c), which provides as follows: "In particular, the court may, by order, do any one or more of the following: … (c) it may give such other directions with respect to the conduct of proceedings as it considers appropriate". Dr Bell did not submit that s 61(2)(c) should be read as a discrete source of power, unaffected by the limitation inherent in s 61, namely that the directions must be for the speedy determination of the real issues in dispute. Nor do I think it can be so read. The words " in particular " indicate that the function of s 61(2)(c) is to identify the kind of orders that can be made in the exercise of the power conferred by s 61(1). 147 If a party to litigation persists in sending to another party or its legal advisers a large volume of communications that are irrelevant to the issues in dispute, a court may well come to the view that directions curtailing the flow of communications or restricting the manner of their distribution are appropriate for the speedy determination of the real issues between the parties. That could be the case, for example, if the sheer volume of communications is likely to divert the recipients from concentrating on the "real issues", thus making the statutory objective of a speedy determination of the real issues more difficult to achieve. 148 A finding that the sender of the communications had breached his or her duty to the court imposed by s 56(3) of the CP Act would make the court more likely to give directions designed to limit the flow of communications (s 58(2)(b)(iv)). Similarly, if the party responsible for the communications had not acted expeditiously in undertaking the steps necessary to bring the proceedings to trial, a court could take that failure into account. If the volume of communications increases the costs incurred by the other party to a point where, for example, they threaten to be disproportionate to the complexity or importance of the case, this, too, must be taken into account in deciding whether to exercise the powers conferred by s 61(1): ss 58(2)(b)(iv), 60. But the precondition to the exercise of the power conferred by s 61(1) of the CP Act is a determination by the Court that the proposed directions will promote the speedy determination of the real issues between the parties, or are otherwise necessary or appropriate for that purpose. 149 The present case involves communications that have been found, in part, to be offensive or threatening. A court might find that the offensive or threatening nature of communications, from one party to another, whether considered in conjunction with or independently of the volume of communications, is likely to be inimical to the statutory objective of achieving a speedy determination of the real issues between the parties. An extreme case could be where threats contained in communications sent by one party to the other party's legal representatives so intimidated the recipients that they feel unable to undertake the tasks required to prepare the case for trial on behalf of their client. A less extreme case could be where threats or false allegations are made, which require the legal representatives to take time to respond, thereby diverting them from preparation of the matter for trial. In either case, a court may well conclude that directions requiring the sender to desist from threats are likely to assist in the speedy determination of the real issues between the parties. The Primary Judge's Findings 150 To apply these principles to the present case it is necessary to recall the findings made by her Honour. The significant findings appear to be the following: the communications sent by the applicant to the various recipients were voluminous and some of them were bizarre, offensive or threatening (at [11]); no ordinary person should be subjected to the vulgarities to which some of the recipients of communications were exposed (at [15]); the filing of the University's motion provoked an escalation of the continued communications from the applicant (at [33]); the applicant ignored repeated requests to desist from communicating with individuals other than the solicitor on the record (at [54]); the applicant acknowledged that his conduct had been unacceptable and inappropriate (at [55]); the volley of communications from the applicant caused stress to Ms Bennett (at [91]); the volume and content of the communications was interfering with the orderly processing of the proceedings initiated by the applicant (at [92]); in hindering the legal practitioners in the execution of their duties in the litigation, the applicant was in breach of his obligations under s 56(3) of the CP Act (at [92]); the sheer volume of the communications, given their substantial irrelevance to the proceedings amounted to harassment of the recipients and caused a financial burden to the University (at [92]); and communications sent to persons other than legal practitioners had to be forwarded to the practitioners for an assessment of relevance and those sent to practitioners had to be perused to ascertain whether they contained anything of relevance, thus causing the University to bear an " unconscionable " cost (at [94]). 151 Having made these findings at various points in the judgment, the primary Judge simply said that she had come to the conclusion that s 61(2)(c) of the CP Act was sufficiently wide to justify orders in the terms sought by the University. Her Honour did not state specifically why her findings supported a conclusion that the directions would make "the speedy determination of the real issues between the parties to the proceedings" more likely or were otherwise necessary or appropriate for that purpose. Indeed, her Honour did not make a finding to that effect. Nor did her Honour explain why the offensive and sometimes threatening character of the communications was relevant to the exercise of the power conferred by s 61(1) of the CP Act (as distinct from any other powers that may have been available to her). 152 In making these observations, I think it important to record that, in my view, the primary Judge was placed in a rather difficult position in relation to the University's motion. Her Honour had clearly formed the impression that many of the applicant's communications were unacceptable and demanded a response. However, she was equally clearly troubled by whether the court had the power to make the Orders. The difficulties she confronted in resolving the University's application included the following: (i) The University did not refer her Honour to UCPR , Pt 2 r 2.1, which, on its face, is not confined to making directions for the speedy determination of the issues in dispute and appears to permit the court to make such directions for the conduct of the proceedings as appears convenient for the just, quick and cheap disposal of the proceedings. (ii) The evidence adduced by the University did not explain how the volume and content of the applicant's communications impeded the orderly preparation of the proceedings, except insofar as inferences could be drawn from the correspondence itself. Nor did the evidence quantify the costs incurred by the University or the time spent by legal representatives in dealing with the applicant's communications. The only affidavit evidence bearing on the question was Ms Bennett's bare assertion that she and her client were " concerned " that the correspondence took a long time to read and respond to. (iii) The University's submissions seemed to assume that a failure on the applicant's part to comply with his duty to facilitate the just, quick and cheap resolution of the real issues in dispute would justify making the Orders pursuant to s 61(1) of the CP Act . This assumption deflected attention from the terms of s 61(1) itself. (iv) Not surprisingly, the applicant, an unrepresented litigant, did not provide significant assistance to her Honour on the question of power, beyond raising the issue. 153 The findings made by the primary Judge emphasise the offensive and threatening nature of the communications and the stress caused to Ms Bennett. There was ample evidence to support these findings. It is certainly difficult to resist the proposition that no one should be subjected to the vulgarities and threats of the kind repeatedly expressed by the applicant. Equally, no legal practitioner or party should be exposed to stress induced by threatening or gratuitously offensive communications. 154 But these conclusions do not establish that whatever orders might appropriately have been made under other heads of power to curtail the applicant's objectionable conduct, the Orders were properly made under s 61(1) of the CP Act. If the University's concern was delay in the conduct of the proceedings occasioned by the communications, some cogent evidence might have been expected demonstrating how the offensive or threatening content of the communications had impeded, directly or indirectly, the expeditious preparation of the case for trial or created a risk that the issues would not be dealt with reasonably expeditiously. Ms Bennett's general expression of concern in her affidavit did not explain the link between the content of the communications and delay in resolving the proceedings. 155 The findings that some of the applicant's communications were vulgar, offensive or threatening were not accompanied by findings that these characteristics had impeded or were likely to impede the expeditious preparation of the case for trial. The closest her Honour came was her finding that the volume and content of the communications interfered with the orderly processing of the proceedings. The import of this finding is not clear. The nature of the interference is not identified and the finding does not distinguish between the number and length of the communications and the nature of the communications. Moreover, the finding does not state whether and, if so, how any such interference caused or was likely to cause any significant delays in preparing the matter for hearing. The procedural history of the litigation suggests that the major impediment to the matter progressing has been the applicant's desire to file a lengthy amended statement of claim and the University's understandable unwillingness to file a defence until its foreshadowed objections to the proposed pleading were dealt with. 156 The primary Judge found that the communications were causing a financial burden to the University. The evidentiary foundation for this finding is also not clear. Dr Bell did not point to any evidence supporting the finding, other than any inference that can be drawn from the volume of communications. Certainly the evidence does not explain why many of the applicant's communications could not have been more or less instantly deleted or discarded as utterly irrelevant to any issue in the proceedings. Nor does the evidence address why, given that the applicant had been told to direct his communications exclusively to the Solicitors (whose office was the University's address for service: UCPR, Pt 4 r 4.5(2)(b)), instructions could not have been given to University officers and others simply to ignore any communications from the applicant purporting to deal with proceedings involving the University. In fact, by a letter dated 18 February 2009, the Solicitors told the applicant that: "The University … (including all members of its staff) is not, and will not be, responsible for forwarding or delivering any communications received from you addressed to individuals who happen to be (or have in the past been) officers or employees of the University". In my view, the finding by her Honour is not supported by the evidence adduced by the University. 157 Her Honour thought that communications forwarded by the applicant to persons other than legal practitioners had to be assessed by the Solicitors for relevance. Again, the evidentiary basis for that finding is not apparent, particularly taking into account the letter sent by the Solicitors on 18 February 2009. 158 For much the same reasons, I do not think that her Honour's reference to the volume of communications self-evidently leads to an inference that the Orders would make the speedy determination of the real issues between the parties more likely or were otherwise appropriate for that purpose. There were many communications from the applicant, but the vast majority were patently irrelevant to the issues in the proceedings and required no response. As I have noted, the University's legal representatives took the perfectly sensible course of telling the applicant that the University would not be responsible for passing on communications that the applicant insisted on sending to individual officers of the University. The University's representatives also took the perfectly sensible course of not replying to irrelevant communications, except to ask the applicant to desist. It is difficult to accept, without more specific evidence, that more than a few moments were required to establish that each irrelevant communication was indeed irrelevant and thus could and should be ignored. 159 In my opinion, despite the volume and offensive nature of the communications sent by the appellant to the University and its legal representatives, the evidence did not support the primary Judge's conclusion that the directions sought by the University could be made under s 61(1) of the CP Act. This is not to say that the University might not have been able to adduce evidence that would have enlivened the power conferred by s 61(1). Nor is it to say that the University could not have invoked other powers to support the directions made by the primary Judge. But in my view the University did not lay a sufficient foundation to support its reliance on s 61(1) of the CP Act. OTHER SOURCES OF POWER UCPR Pt 2 r 2.1 160 As I have recorded, the University placed no reliance on UCPR, Pt 2 r 2.1, either before the primary Judge or in its written or oral submissions to this Court. When r 2.1 was drawn to the attention of the parties, the University filed written submissions contending that, if no other power supported the Orders, r 2.1 was a sufficient source of power. 161 The University submitted that, although there was some overlap between s 61 of the CP Act and UCPR r 2.1, the latter was broader in that it was not confined to making directions for the speedy determination of the real issues between the parties. The University further submitted that it was entitled to rely on appeal on any ground to support the decision appealed from, provided that the new ground raised only a question of law and could be resolved on the basis of evidence adduced at trial: NRMA Insurance Ltd v B&B Shipping and Marine Salvage Co Pty Ltd (1947) 47 SR (NSW) 273, at 282, per Jordan CJ. This principle, so the University contended, had particular force where the issue on appeal concerns a question of power. It submitted that account should be taken of the analogous administrative law principle that an act purportedly done under one statutory power can be justified under another if that power is available: Eastman v Director of Public Prosecutions (ACT) [2003] HCA 28; 214 CLR 318, at 362 [124], per Heydon J (with whom Gleeson CJ, Gummow, Kirby, Hayne and Callinan JJ agreed). 162 I agree with the first of the University's submissions. The width of the power conferred by r 2.1 is striking. The court is given power at any time to give such directions and to make such orders for the conduct of any proceedings, whether or inconsistent with the rules of court, for the just, quick and cheap disposal or the proceedings. Rule 2.1 differs from s 61(1) in two important respects: the power is not confined to making directions for the speedy determination of the real issues in the proceedings, but includes a power to make directions or orders as appear convenient for the just, cheap and quick disposal of the proceedings; and the power is to give directions or orders " for the conduct of any proceedings ". 163 In my opinion, if a party to proceedings repeatedly sends gratuitously offensive or threatening communications to the other party or its legal representatives, it will not usually be difficult to conclude that it is convenient for the just, cheap and quick disposal of the proceedings to make directions or orders requiring the party to desist from such conduct. In particular, a finding that the party responsible for the communications is in breach of his or her duty under s 56(3) of the CP Act (as the primary Judge found in this case) would support such a conclusion. It will be even easier to reach that conclusion if the communications have caused distress or safety concerns to some of the recipients. In the circumstances I have described, it would generally be open to a court to find that the proceedings cannot be disposed of justly if a party cannot pursue or defend a claim, or its legal representatives cannot discharge their responsibilities to the client or the court, without being subjected to gratuitously offensive or threatening communications. An order or direction requiring the offending party to desist can aptly be described as an order or direction for the "conduct of the proceedings". 164 There are two difficulties confronting the University in its belated attempt to rely on UCPR Pt r 2.1. The first is that the University did not rely on r 2.1 at trial and did not rely on it on the appeal until after the hearing had concluded, when the Court drew the rule to the attention of the parties. No explanation has been provided for this omission, other than the inference that it was an oversight. In these circumstances, the University is not entitled as of right to rely on r 2.1 on the appeal: Multicon Engineering Pty Ltd v Federal Airports Corporation (1997) 47 NSWLR 631, at 645-646, per Mason P. It is true that an appellate court may take the view that it is expedient and in the interests of justice to entertain a point, even if the point was not raised at trial and was not identified on appeal until after the hearing had concluded: Jones v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1995) 63 FCR 32, at 47, per Carr J (and authorities cited there). Nonetheless, the University's failure to take the point any earlier is an important factor to be taken into account in determining whether this Court should allow the University to rely on it now. Ordinarily, the issues between the parties are determined at the trial: Coulton v Holcombe (1982) 162 CLR 1, at 7, per Gibbs CJ, Wilson, Brennan and Dawson JJ. If anything, that proposition has greater force when a represented party is opposed to an unrepresented party, since the latter will often be at a disadvantage in understanding and addressing the issues raised by the represented party. 165 The second reason is that the University's failure to rely on r 2.1 at trial may have prejudiced the applicant. I appreciate that the applicant in his written submissions in this Court did not assert that he would have acted differently had the University relied on r 2.1 at the trial. Nonetheless, the transcript of the hearing indicates that the applicant made offers to the University to desist from his conduct, which he acknowledged had been inappropriate. While these offers were apparently conditional and while the applicant's behaviour in court and outside does not suggest that he necessarily has the ability or desire to cease his unacceptable conduct, it is possible that identifying a clearer source of power to make the Orders would have led the applicant to agree to modify his behaviour or at least to seek advice as to his position. Bearing in mind that the consequences of a breach by the applicant of the orders made by the primary Judge included the prospect of contempt proceedings (which duly eventuated), I think that this Court should exercise considerable caution before concluding that the applicant under no circumstances would have agreed to discontinue his offensive conduct or would have appreciated the gravity of his actions. 166 The conduct of the applicant in his dealings with the University and its legal representatives is not calculated to attract sympathy. Even so, in my opinion, it would not be in the interests of justice to permit the University at this late stage of the appeal proceedings to change tack once again. As I have noted, it may well be that even if the University had invoked r 2.1, the applicant would not have changed his attitude to desisting from his conduct. But he was never given the opportunity to assess his position in the light of the case the University now seeks to make. Even a litigant whose behaviour is offensive or threatening is entitled to know how the other party puts his or her claims for relief, particularly where the consequences of a breach of any orders made by the Court may be the imposition of contempt sanctions. 167 It should be clearly said, however, that if the applicant persists with the same kind of offensive or threatening conduct in which he has engaged in the past, it may well be open to the University, by reason of any such conduct, to file a further motion seeking appropriate orders pursuant to UCPR, Pt 2 r 2.1. Apprehended Contempt 168 As I have noted, the primary Judge declined to permit the University to rely on the power of the Court to grant an injunction to restrain a threatened contempt as a basis for making the Orders. Her Honour took this course because the University did not raise the point until it filed supplementary written submissions after the hearing before the primary Judge had concluded and because she considered it unfair for the University to diverge from the path it had followed at the hearing. By its draft notice of contention, the University sought to support the Orders by reference to the Court's power to grant a quia timet injunction to restrain the commission of an apprehended contempt. 169 The University's written submissions in this Court repeated the submissions that had been made to the primary Judge. The University contended that the barrage of correspondence sent by the applicant could be seen to constitute "improper pressure" on the officers and legal representatives of the University. The submissions invited the Court to infer that the applicant's course of conduct was indicative of his continuing intention to threaten the University and its representatives as a means of inducing the University to desist from the litigation. In these circumstances, so it was argued, it was appropriate to direct the applicant not to continue his pattern of conduct: Bhagat v Global Custodians Ltd [2002] NSWCA 160, at [35]-[38], [51], per Spigelman CJ; Y and Z v W [2007] NSWCA 329; 70 NSWLR 377, at 387 [62], per Ipp JA. 170 The University's written submissions did not address whether her Honour had erred in refusing to permit the University to rely on the jurisdiction to restrain a threatened contempt. When the omission was pointed out, Dr Bell contended that there would have been no unfairness to the applicant had her Honour permitted the University to seek orders restraining the applicant from committing contempt in the future. He pointed out that Ms Bennett, in her affidavit, had identified a number of "inappropriate communications" made by the applicant, including the communication to Professor W (referred to at [104] above). 171 It is, however, one thing for an affidavit to identify what are characterised "inappropriate communications". It is quite another to allege that particular communications amount to a contempt of court and to identify the reasons why that is so. It is different again to contend that one party is likely to persist in a threatening course of conduct designed to constitute improper pressure on the other party or its representatives. 172 Despite being the moving party in the proceedings determined by the primary Judge, the University took no steps prior to or at the hearing to signal that it was relying on threatened contempt as a basis for the Orders. Much less did it identify any of the communications as constituting or potentially constituting a contempt. No explanation was provided to the primary Judge or to this Court for the absence of any reference to these matters until the University filed its supplementary written submissions in the proceedings at first instance. 173 The University has not shown or even sought to show that her Honour did not apply correct legal principles or that the exercise of her discretion as to the conduct of the proceedings miscarried. Had the contempt issue been raised in a timely fashion, the applicant would have been entitled to consider whether he wished to adduce further evidence or to seek legal representation. It would be inappropriate to conclude from his conduct that he would not have taken advantage of any such opportunity. It was clearly open to her Honour to conclude that it was unfair for the University to seek to change its forensic course at such a late stage of the proceedings. Inherent Jurisdiction of the Court 174 The University's draft notice of contention sought to uphold the Orders on the ground that the Court had power in its inherent jurisdiction to make the Orders. The University repeated the submissions it had made to the primary Judge, but which her Honour rejected. 175 In those submissions, the University contended that the jurisdiction of the Court includes a power to control the conduct of the parties engaged in proceedings pending in the Court. The power, so it was argued, extends to controlling the processes and proceedings of the Court, including the conduct of litigants. The applicant's conduct directly related to proceedings before the Court, albeit by raising issues quite irrelevant to the issues in the proceedings. The University pointed out that steps taken by or in the proceedings frequently prompted a flurry of correspondence from the applicant, some of it in objectionable terms. 176 It is well-established that the inherent jurisdiction and powers of superior courts exist because they are necessary in the interests of justice: Wentworth v New South Wales Bar Association [1992] HCA 24; 176 CLR 239, at 252, per Deane, Dawson, Toohey and Gaudron JJ. As was said by Deane and Gaudron JJ in Hamilton v Oades [1989] HCA 21; 166 CLR 486, at 502: "The inherent power of a court to control and supervise proceedings includes the power to take appropriate action to prevent injustice: see Cocker v Tempest [(1841) 7 M & W 502, at 503-504; 15 ER 864, at 865]." 177 In New South Wales, the inherent jurisdiction and power of the Supreme Court overlaps with, although may not be entirely displaced by, the jurisdiction conferred on the Court by s 23 of the SC Act. As has been seen, s 23 confers on the Court: "all jurisdiction which may be necessary for the administration of justice in New South Wales." 178 The authorities emphasise that the inherent power of the Court can be exercised in any circumstances where the requirements of justice demand it and thus cannot be restricted to closed and defined categories of cases: Tringali v Stewardson Stubbs & Collett Ltd (1966) 66 SR (NSW) 335, at 344; Reid v Howard [1995] HCA 40; 184 CLR 1, at 16, per Toohey, Gaudron, McHugh and Gummow JJ, and cases cited there. Part of the inherent jurisdiction (or the jurisdiction conferred by s 23 of the SC Act) is the jurisdiction to punish for contempt of court. This jurisdiction extends to the punishment of conduct calculated to interfere with the due administration of justice, including conduct that seeks to bring improper pressure on a party to litigation; K Mason, "The Inherent Jurisdiction of the Court" (1983) 57 ALJ 449, at 452; Attorney-General v Times Newspapers Ltd [1974] AC 273; Y and Z v W [2007] NSWCA 329; 70 NSWLR 377. 179 There is no reason to doubt that threatening communications by a litigant to the officers or representatives of another litigant are may be such as to bring improper pressure on the other litigant and thus constitute a contempt of court. Nor is there any reason to doubt that the jurisdiction to restrain a threatened contempt can support an order restraining a repetition of threatening conduct of that kind. However, as I have explained, the University did not attempt to invoke this aspect of the inherent jurisdiction until too late in the proceedings. It should not now be permitted to do so. 180 Given the nature and purpose of the inherent jurisdiction of the Court, it is not surprising that it has been exercised in a wide variety of circumstances. Nevertheless, as Reid v Howard (184 CLR, at 16) makes clear, the power of the Court in the exercise of the inherent jurisdiction is not at large. This proposition is illustrated by Commonwealth Trading Bank v Inglis [1974] HCA 17; 131 CLR 311, where it was held that the High Court, although having power to prevent further vexatious applications in pending proceedings, did not have power to order that a party should not institute any fresh proceedings without leave of the Court. The latter required a rule of court or legislation. 181 This Court was not taken to any authority that relied on the inherent jurisdiction of a superior court to restrain voluminous, offensive or threatening communications from one party to another, occurring outside court and not involving the processes of the Court, and which did not constitute contempt or threatened contempt. Mr Mason's article (57 ALJ 449) refers to many examples of the exercise of the inherent jurisdiction, but in none of the authorities he cites did the court make orders or directions restraining or prohibiting conduct of this kind. Similarly, the lengthy catalogue of cases in Ritchie's Uniform Civil Procedure NSW, at [SCA s 23.20], illustrating the scope of the inherent jurisdiction, does not include any such cases. 182 Dr Bell referred to the decision of the Divisional Court in Attorney-General v Ebert [2001] EWHC Admin 695; [2002] 2 All ER 789. In that case, a bankrupt vexatious litigant disrupted court proceedings on many occasions; repeatedly demanded of staff of the Royal Courts of Justice that they refer his applications (of which there were over 150) within 24 hours to a judge; wrote letters to the judge dealing with the applications accusing him of corruption, perjury and other offences; threatened to call the police if a registrar did not hear one of his applications immediately; and purported to make a citizen's arrest of a barrister (who had previously acted against him) outside the Royal Courts of Justice. 183 The Divisional Court granted an injunction restraining the litigant, inter alia, from entering the Royal Courts of Justice without permission and from communicating with anyone at the Court except for the purpose of making certain formal applications. The Court held (at 798 [35]) that: "the court's supervisory role now extends beyond the mere regulation of litigation and of litigants who have submitted themselves to the compulsory jurisdiction of the court. It includes the regulation of the manner in which the court process may in general be utilised. It is of course well-established that the High Court may, in appropriate circumstances, grant an injunction to restrain an anticipated interference with the administration of justice, amounting to a contempt … The advent of the [ Civil Procedure Rules ] only serves to bolster the principle that in the exercise of its inherent jurisdiction the court has the power to restrain litigants from wasting the time of court staff and disturbing the orderly conduct of court processes in a completely obsessive pursuit of their own litigation, taking it forward by one unmeritorious application after another and insisting that they should be afforded priority over other litigants." [Citation omitted.] 184 The facts of Attorney-General v Ebert were different from the present case. The conduct restrained by court order occurred in court, in the vicinity of the court. It involved direct interference with the administration of justice: see Manolakis v Director of Public Prosecutions (Cth) [2008] SASC 193 (Gray J); Kay v Attorney-General (Vic) [2009] VSC 71 (Smith J). The decision does not demonstrate that the inherent jurisdiction of the court extends to restraining conduct that does not involve abuse of the court's processes themselves or interference with judicial officers or officers of the court: cf Supperstone v Hurst [2009] EHWC 1271; [2009] 1 WLR 2306, where a Deputy High Court Judge declined to make an order restraining a bankrupt from communicating with the trustee in bankruptcy. 185 The juridical basis of the inherent jurisdiction of a superior court is said to be that: "the essential character of a superior court of law necessarily involves that it should be invested with a power to maintain its authority and to prevent its process being obstructed and abused. Such a power is intrinsic in a superior court; it is its very life-blood, its very essence, its immanent attribute … The juridical basis of this jurisdiction is therefore the authority of the judiciary to uphold, to protect and to fulfil the judicial function of administering justice according to law in a regular, orderly and effective manner." I H Jacob " The Inherent Jurisdiction of the Court " (1970) 23 Current Legal Problems 23, at 27-28. 186 This rationale does not support the contention that either the inherent jurisdiction of the court, or the jurisdiction conferred by s 23 of the SC Act, extends to restraining conduct by a litigant, where that conduct does not: involve use of the processes of the court itself; constitute a contempt; or constitute the basis for a finding that contempt is threatened. 187 There is authority for the proposition that the court's inherent jurisdiction is not displaced by rules of court, provided the exercise of the inherent jurisdiction does not contravene the requirements of the rules of court: Lansdale Pty Ltd (In Liq) v REI Building Society [1993] FCA 121; 41 FCR 421, at 476, per curiam. But where the rules of court contain provisions such as UCPR, r 2.1, which confer broad powers on the court to give directions or make orders for the conduct of proceedings, there is no good reason in policy or practice to extend the inherent jurisdiction of the court beyond its established scope. To put the matter another way, it is not necessary to extend the inherent jurisdiction of the court beyond its established parameters where the existing powers of the court are adequate to ensure that the interests of justice are served. CONCLUSION 188 Leave to appeal should be granted and the appeal allowed. Orders 3 and 4 made by Simpson J on 8 April 2009 should be set aside. In lieu of those orders, the following orders should be made: "3. Defendant's notice of motion filed on 6 March 2009 (as amended) (" Motion ") be otherwise dismissed. 4. Each party bear its or his costs of the Motion." 189 Because the applicant raised a large number of issues on the application for leave to appeal nearly all of which were unsuccessful, it is appropriate that each party bear its or his costs of the appeal (including the application for leave to appeal). ********** DISCLAIMER - Every effort has been made to comply with suppression orders or statutory provisions prohibiting publication that may apply to this judgment or decision. The onus remains on any person using material in the judgment or decision to ensure that the intended use of that material does not breach any such order or provision. Further enquiries may be directed to the Registry of the Court or Tribunal in which it was generated.