Civil and Administrative Tribunal New South Wales Medium Neutral Citation: Avery v Registrar, Births Deaths and Marriages (No 2) [2014] NSWCATAP 43 Hearing dates: On papers after 3 July 2014 Decision date: 14 August 2014 Jurisdiction: Appeal Panel Before: N Hennessy, LCM, Deputy President S Frost, Senior Member P Smith, General Member Decision: Time for the Registrar of Births Deaths and Marriages to file the notice of reply is extended to 29 January 2014. Ms Avery is granted leave to file the supplementary grounds of appeal filed on 11 February 2014 and 5 March 2014 out of time. The Tribunal's decision not to cancel the 2007 entry in the Register with respect to Ms Avery's change of name is affirmed. The appeal is extended to the merits of the Tribunal's decision to refuse to issue a certificate relating to Ms Avery's 1997 change of name. The Registrar's decision not to issue a certificate relating to Ms Avery's 1997 change of name is affirmed. Legislation Cited: Administrative Decisions Tribunal Act 1997 (NSW) Administrative Decisions Tribunal Rules 1998 (NSW) Births Deaths and Marriages Act 1995 (NSW) Civil and Administrative Tribunal Act 2013 NSW Cases Cited: Avery v Registry of Births Deaths and Marriages [2008] NSWADTAP 68 Avery v Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages [2010] NSWCA 72 Re De Brett Investments Pty Ltd and Australian Fisheries Management Authority and 4 Seas Pty Ltd (2005) 82 ALD 163 Tomko v Palasty (No 2) [2007] NSWCA 3 Category: Principal judgment Parties: Stephanie Tatiana Patricia Avery Registrar, NSW Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages Representation: Appellant (in person) Crown Solicitors Office (Respondent) File Number(s): 1390051 Decision under appeal Citation: [2013] NSWADT 298 Date of Decision: 2013-12-24 00:00:00 Before: P Molony File Number(s): 133081 reasons for decision Introduction 1Ms Avery continues to be dissatisfied with the contents of a change of name certificate issued to her by the Registrar of Births Deaths and Marriages in 2007. Her main complaint about the certificate is that it recorded that one of her "former names" was Stephanie Tatiana Avery. She was unsuccessful in previous litigation where she sought to have that name removed from the certificate. She has now applied to the Registrar for the registration of the change of name in 2007 to be cancelled entirely. She has also applied for a certificate in relation to a name change in 1997 to be re-issued. She claims that she needs the 1997 certificate as evidence of her "identity history". 2The Registrar refused both of Ms Avery's applications. Following an application for review, the Administrative Decisions Tribunal (ADT) affirmed the Registrar's decisions. Ms Avery appealed to the Appeal Panel of the ADT on 30 December 2013. On 1 January 2014 the ADT was merged into the Civil and Administrative Tribunal of NSW (NCAT). The appeal instituted in the ADT is a 'pending proceeding' in NCAT and the provisions of any Act, statutory rule or other law that would have applied to the proceedings had the Civil and Administrative Tribunal Act 2013 (NSW) not been enacted, continue to apply: Civil and Administrative Tribunal Act 2013 (NSW), Sch 1, cl 7. That means that, for example, the provisions of the Administrative Decisions Tribunal Act 1997 and the Administrative Decisions Tribunal Rules 1998 (NSW) continue to apply. Ms Avery's names 3In previous proceedings involving the same parties and related issues, the Court of Appeal partially anonymised the decision by using pseudonyms in the judgment rather than Ms Avery's actual names at birth or marriage: Avery v Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages [2010] NSWCA 72 at [8]. The Court's reasoning at [8] was that, "[I]t is not desirable for a judgment to place on the public record facts central to the personal identity of a litigant if that can be avoided." The Tribunal at first instance also adopted that course and although Ms Avery objected, we will do the same. 4Ms Avery's current registered name is her married name, Tatiana Isabella Orlov, but she says she has used the name Stephanie Tatiana Patricia Avery continuously since 1997. We have referred to her by the name, Ms Avery, in these proceedings. She was born in 1958 in the USSR and was given the name Tatiana Isabella Yurovich. She married in 1982 and took on the name of Tatiana Isabella Orlov. After moving to Australia in 1997 she applied to the Registrar to register a change of name from her married name to Stephanie Tatiana Patricia Avery. The Registrar accepted the application and processed it as Registration XXXX7/97 ("the 1997 entry"). The Registrar issued Ms Avery a change of name certificate certifying the registration. 5Nearly ten years later, on 10 February 2007, Ms Avery applied to the Registrar to register a change of name from Stephanie Tatiana Patricia Avery back to her married name, Tatiana Isabella Orlov. The Registrar accepted the application and processed it as Registration XXXX6/07 ("the 2007 entry"). The Registrar issued Ms Avery with a change of name certificate certifying the registration. Legislative scheme relating to name changes 6Two of the objects of the BDMR Act are to provide for "the registration of changes of name" and "the issue of certified information from the registers": s 3(c) and 3(f). In these proceedings the distinction between an entry in the Register (which is the act of registration) and the issuing of certificates certifying the particulars contained in an entry is important. 7The registers are collectively referred to as the "Register". The Registrar's functions include "to maintain the integrity of the Register and to seek to prevent identity fraud associated with the Register and the information extracted from the Register" and "to ensure that this Act is administered in the way best calculated to achieve its objects": s 6(a1) and (c). 8Part 5 of the Act relates to changes of name. It provides that a person's name may be changed by registration of the change: s 26. The procedure for adults is that a person applies to the Registrar in the approved form for registration of a change of the person's name: s 27. Section 30 outlines the procedure the Registrar may follow before registering a change of name: (1) Before registering a change of name under this Part, the Registrar may require the applicant to provide evidence to establish to the Registrar's satisfaction: (a) the identity and age of the person whose name is to be changed, and (b) that the change of name is not sought for a fraudulent or other improper purpose, and (c) if the person whose name is to be changed is a child-that the child consents to the change of name or is unable to understand the meaning and implications of the change of name, and (d) the reasons for making the application for registration of the change of name if the registration of the change would require the Registrar to exercise his or her discretion under section 29C. (2) If the Registrar is satisfied that the name of a person whose birth is registered in the State has been changed under another law (including a law of another State or the Commonwealth) or by order of a court (including any court of another State or the Commonwealth) the change of name may be registered under this Act. (3) The Registrar may refuse to register a change of name if, as a result of the change, the name would become a prohibited name. 9If the application is accepted, the Registrar registers a change of name. Section s 31(1) provides that. The Registrar registers a change of name by making an entry about the change of name in the Register including the particulars required by the regulations. 10Section 31(2) provides for a notation of the change to be made in the particulars of the entry relating to that person's birth. (2) If the applicant for registration of the change of name asks the Registrar to arrange for noting the change of name in the particulars of the person's birth, and the person's birth is registered under this Act or a corresponding law, the Registrar must: (a) if the birth is registered under this Act-note the change of name in the entry relating to the birth, or (b) if the birth is registered under a corresponding law-give notice to the relevant registering authority of the change of name. (3) If the change of name is noted in the Register under subsection (2), a birth certificate issued by the Registrar for the person must show the person's name as changed under this Part. 11A change of name is a "registrable event" and the Registrar must maintain a register of "registrable events": s 6 and s 43. 12The Registrar may conduct an inquiry under Part 8, Division 2 to find out whether a registrable event happened (for example, whether a person was married or has died), the particulars of a registrable event and whether particulars of a specific registrable event have been correctly recorded in the Register: s 44(1). 13Section 45 which is also in Part 8, allows the Registrar to correct the Register: (1) The Registrar may correct the Register: (a) to reflect a finding made on inquiry under Division 2, or (b) to bring an entry about a particular registrable event into conformity with the most reliable information available to the Registrar of the registrable event. (2) The Registrar must, if required by a court, correct the Register. (3) The Registrar corrects the Register by adding or cancelling an entry in the Register or by adding, altering or deleting particulars contained in an entry. 14Under s 45 the Registrar may correct the whole entry by adding or cancelling an entry or may correct particulars in an entry by adding, altering or deleting those particulars. Section 31G gives the Registrar an additional power to correct the Register under s 45 if a change of name has been registered in contravention of Division 3 of Part 5 relating to change of name for certain "restricted persons". 15A person may apply to the Registrar to search the Register for an entry about a particular registrable event: s 47(1). The Registrar may reject the application if the applicant does not show an adequate reason for wanting the information to which the application relates: s 47(3). In making that determination, the Registrar must have regard to relevant factors including the age and content of the entry. 16On completing a search, the Registrar may issue a certificate under s 49, certifying particulars contained in an entry: (1) On completing a search of the Register, the Registrar may issue a certificate: (a) certifying particulars contained in an entry, or (b) certifying that no entry was located in the Register about the relevant registrable event. (2) A certificate under subsection (1) (a) is admissible in legal proceedings as evidence of: (a) the entry to which the certificate relates, and (b) the facts recorded in the entry. Previous litigation 17In 2007 Ms Avery applied to change her name from Stephanie Tatiana Patricia Avery back to Tatiana Isabella Orlov. She did so by completing the approved form, a statutory declaration, which required her to identify her current name and the name she wished to register. Ms Avery indicated on that form that she had previously registered a Change of Name with the Registrar. The form noted that, in those circumstances, "you must return any NSW Change of Name Certificate or Birth Certificate you have in your possession." 18The Registrar accepted Ms Avery's application and registered it by making the 2007 entry. The Registrar issued Ms Avery with a certificate certifying the registration. 19The Registrar was required to record certain particulars in the 2007 entry including "any other former names of the person": Births, Deaths and Marriages Registration Regulation 2006 (NSW) (repealed) (the Regulation), cl 8(d). The Registrar recorded the names Stephanie Tatiana Avery and Stephanie Tatiana Patricia Avery as former names. Among other complaints, Ms Avery objected to the inclusion of Stephanie Tatiana Avery as a former name. The inclusion of this name as a former name is a significant source of Ms Avery's subsequent grievances. She does not accept that Stephanie Tatiana Avery was one of her former names and considers that the Registrar acted unlawfully by including that name in the 2007 entry. 20On 21 December 2007 Ms Avery commenced proceedings in the Administrative Decisions Tribunal seeking review of the form of the certificate that had been issued to her certifying the particulars contained in the 2007 entry. The Tribunal decided that both the Registrar's decisions to include the names Stephanie Tatiana Avery and Stephanie Tatiana Patricia Avery as former names on the 2007 entry and on the certificate certifying that entry, were the correct decisions. Ms Avery appealed and the Appeal Panel affirmed the Tribunal's decision: Avery v Registry of Births Deaths and Marriages [2008] NSWADTAP68. 21On 13 April 2010 the Court of Appeal dismissed an appeal by Ms Avery from the Appeal Panel's decision: Avery v Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages; Avery v State of New South Wales (Attorney General's Department) [2010] NSWCA 72). At [95] Campbell JA (Tobias JA agreeing) came to the following conclusion: Ms Avery's submissions seemed to assume that if there had been any departure from the statutory requirements, her attempt to change her name in December 2007 would have been invalid. I have concluded that there has been no departure from the statutory requirements. However, even if there had been a departure from the statutory requirements, it would not automatically follow that the change of name was invalid. 22On 29 September 2010, the High Court refused Ms Avery's application for special leave to appeal against that decision. The current proceedings 23On 3 January 2013, Ms Avery applied to the Registrar to cancel the 2007 entry by exercising his powers of correction under s 45 of the Act. In an affidavit filed on 9 April 2013, Ms Avery stated that she has withdrawn her intention to register the name Tatiana Isabella Orlov as a change of name. She said she has used the name Stephanie Tatiana Patricia Avery continuously since 1997 despite declaring her intention to use the name Tatiana Isabella Orlov. As in the previous litigation, she stated that she does not accept the change of name certificate certifying the 2007 entry because Stephanie Tatiana Avery is not one of her former names. 24The Registrar advised Ms Avery that it did not consider that it had power to cancel the 2007 entry. 25Ms Avery also applied for the Registrar to issue a certificate certifying the 1997 entry which had previously been invalidated. The Registrar refused to accede to that request. On 19 March 2013 Ms Avery applied to the Administrative Decisions Tribunal for a review of those decisions. 26A person who is dissatisfied with a decision of the Registrar made in the exercise or purported exercise of functions under the Act may apply to the Tribunal for a review of the decision: Administrative Decisions Tribunal Act 1997, s 56. In determining such an application, the Tribunal is to decide what the "correct and preferable" decision is having regard to the material then before it: Administrative Decisions Tribunal Act, s 63. A decision is "correct" if, based on the factual findings and the application of the law, there is only one possible decision. If more than one decision may correctly be made, the Tribunal, standing in the shoes of the administrator, must determine which is the "preferable" decision: Re De Brett Investments Pty Ltd and Australian Fisheries Management Authority and 4 Seas Pty Ltd (2005) 82 ALD 163 at 194. Tribunal's decision 27The Tribunal affirmed the Registrar's decision that there was no power, in the circumstances of this case, to cancel the 2007 entry. It rejected Ms Avery's submission that s 45(3) of the Act gives the Registrar general power to correct any entry in the Register by cancelling it. The Tribunal also affirmed the Registrar's decision not to issue a certificate certifying the 1997 entry. 28The Tribunal noted that it would not reconsider any issue that had already been determined by the previous litigation culminating in the decision of the Court of Appeal in Avery v Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages [2010] NSWCA 72. 29The issues before the Tribunal and its findings in relation to those issues were as follows: (1)Did the 2007 entry registering the change of name occur as a matter of fact and law? At [5] and [30] the Tribunal found that the 2007 entry had occurred. Ms Avery had applied for a change of name by signing a statutory declaration that she would use the name Tatiana Isabella Orlov in future. The Registrar accepted that application and made the entry in the Register. (2)If the entry registering the change of name did occur, does the Registrar have power to cancel that registration? At [29] to [32] the Tribunal found that the Registrar has no power to cancel the registration because none of the circumstances in s 45 applied to this case. There had been no inquiry performed and the most reliable information available to the Registrar suggested that Ms Avery's current registered name was as recorded in the 2007 entry. (1)Assuming that the entry registering the change of name did occur and could not be cancelled, should the Registrar issue a certificate in Ms Avery's former registered name, Tatiana Isabella Orlov? At [33] to [34] the Tribunal found that the fact that the 2007 entry could not be cancelled meant that the 1997 registration was 'historical'. Consequently the Registrar's decision not to issue the change of name certificate in the form sought by Ms Avery was the correct decision. The procedural history of the appeal Filing of documents and extensions of time 30On 30 December 2013 Ms Avery filed and, on 6 January 2014, served a notice of appeal containing 13 grounds of appeal. Ms Avery has the right to appeal on "questions of law". She did not apply for leave to appeal against the merits of the Tribunal's decision: Administrative Decisions Tribunal Act, s 113(2). 31By letter dated 14 January 2014, the Tribunal directed the Registrar to file a response within 21 days of receiving the notice of appeal. That direction accorded with the requirement in the Administrative Decisions Tribunal Rules, cl 40(1). Clause 40(3) of the Rules requires a respondent to serve on the applicant a copy of the reply "before, at the same time or as soon as practicable after lodgement of the notice." 32Ms Avery served the Registrar with the notice of appeal on 6 January 2014. The 21 day period expired on 28 January 2014 as 27 January was a public holiday: Administrative Decisions Tribunal Rules 1998, cl 42A(4). The Registrar filed the notice of reply on 29 January 2014, one day late. On 30 January 2014, Ms Avery filed a 'motion' for summary judgment on the ground that the Registrar was late in filing its reply. 33We extend time for the Registrar to file the notice of reply to 29 January 2014: Administrative Decisions Tribunal Rules, cl 43(1). The reasons for that decision are as follows: the delay is extremely short, the Registrar has a reasonable excuse for the delay given that he did not receive the Tribunal's directions until 21 January 2014 and the delay has not caused any prejudice to Ms Avery: Tomko v Palasty (No 2) [2007] NSWCA 369 at [55] 34Ms Avery filed further grounds of appeal on 11 February 2014 and 5 March 2014. The Registrar does not oppose the filing of what amounts to two amended notices of appeal. We order that Ms Avery be granted leave to file the supplementary grounds of appeal filed on 11 February 2014 and 5 March 2014: Administrative Decisions Tribunal Rules, cl 43(1). Interlocutory decisions 35The appeal was listed for hearing on 10 April 2014 but Ms Avery did not attend and the hearing did not proceed. On 20 May 2014, the Appeal Panel handed down a decision granting Ms Avery an adjournment of the hearing, refusing her application to disqualify Hennessy LCM from hearing the appeal and determining that the appeal could be adequately determined on the papers: Avery v Registrar, Births, Deaths and Marriages [2014] NSWCATAP19. 36On the cover sheet of that decision the "Division" was recorded as "Administrative and Equal Opportunity". Ms Avery assumed from that entry that her appeal had been heard within that Division rather than by the Appeal Panel. That assumption was incorrect. The interlocutory applications were heard by an Appeal Panel. The cover sheet has now been amended to replace the words "Administrative and Equal Opportunity" with the words "Appeal Panel". We apologise to Ms Avery for any confusion or inconvenience this error caused. Grounds of Appeal Summary of grounds 37Ms Avery makes numerous allegations of fraud in the notice of appeal and written submissions. Some allegations relate to factual inaccuracies that Ms Avery has identified, others to her disagreement with a view expressed or an action taken by the Registrar or the Tribunal Member. For example, Ms Avery alleges fraud in connection with the certificate certifying the 1997 entry because she says it incorrectly records her married name as her birth name. Another example is that the Tribunal erred because it did not determine her application on the basis of the instances of "fraud" in relation to the 1997 and 2007 entries. 38In the absence of any probative evidence of fraud on the part of either the Registrar or the Tribunal Member, we do not intend to address any of Ms Avery's allegations in so far as they allege fraud or corruption. 39The grounds of appeal can be categorised as grounds that relate to: (1)incorrect factual findings or slips; (2)failure of the Registrar to provide a statement of reasons under s 58(1)(a) of the Administrative Decisions Tribunal Act; (3)the Tribunal's finding that the "registrable event" (change of name) had occurred and that the 2007 entry was valid; (4)the Tribunal's finding that the Registrar has no power in the circumstances of this case to cancel the 2007 entry; (5)the Tribunal's decision not to issue a certificate in relation to the 1997 entry; and (6)alleged bias on the part of the Tribunal below. Factual findings 40The Tribunal made a number of factual findings that Ms Avery says are incorrect. (1)At [10] the Tribunal refers to Ms Avery applying to change her name to her birth name in 2007 whereas Ms Avery actually applied to change her name to her married name, Tatiana Isabella Orlov. (2)At [10] the Tribunal states that Ms Avery has withdrawn her statutory declaration dated 24 December 2012. The dates of Ms Avery's statutory declarations applying for a change of name were 24 December 1997 and 10 December 2007. (3)At [31] the Tribunal states that Ms Avery changed her name to Tatiana Isabella Yurovich in 2007 when in fact she changed her name to Tatiana Isabella Orlov. (4)At [36] the Tribunal states that; Ms Avery is in possession of a change of name certificate dated December 2007 with respect to her 2007 change of name to Stephanie Tatiana Patricia Avery. She says she is not in possession of such a certificate and, in any case, she changed her name to Tatiana Isabella Orlov in 2007, not Stephanie Tatiana Patricia Avery. (5)At [7] the Tribunal states that Ms Avery said that she had never had the name Stephanie Tatiana Avery. Ms Avery objects saying there is no evidence that she has never used that name. 41In relation to the first, second and third points and the reference to Stephanie Tatiana Patricia Avery in the fourth point, these appear to be obvious errors. Section 87 of the Administrative Decisions Tribunal Act gives the Tribunal power to correct a written statement of reasons for a decision if there is an obvious error in the statement. We will refer these matters to the Tribunal to consider whether the following corrections should be made: (1)Amend paragraph 10 to read: There has been a large and continuing volume of correspondence between Ms Avery, the Registrar and others in the course of which, in January 2013, Ms Avery requested that the Registrar cancel the 2007 registration of her change of name to her married Tatiana Isabella Orlov. Ms Avery says that since 2007 she has never used the name Tatiana Isabella Orlov and that she has withdrawn her statutory declaration dated 10 December 2007. In that declaration she declared that she was changing her name to Tatiana Isabella Orlov, and that the name Stephanie Tatiana Patricia Avery would not be used. (2)Where the name Tatiana Isabella Yurovich appears in [31] of the Tribunal's decision, it should be replaced with the name Tatiana Isabella Orlov. (3)Where the name Stephanie Tatiana Patricia Avery appears at [36], it should be replaced with the name Tatiana Isabella Orlov. 42In relation to the other part of the fourth point, the Registrar acknowledged that he has not yet provided Ms Avery with a copy of a certificate certifying the 2007 entry. The reason is that Ms Avery has not returned the certificate certifying the 1997 entry. The Registrar has said that he may issue a certificate certifying the 2007 entry when Ms Avery applies for the Registrar to search for the 2007 entry and issue a certificate certifying the particulars contained in that entry. The Registrar has stated that he will not do so until Ms Avery returns the copy of the certificate recording the 1997 entry. 43The Registrar and Ms Avery both appear to agree that Ms Avery is not in possession of such a certificate. If that is the case, this is a mistaken finding, not an obvious error which can be corrected pursuant to s 87 of the Administrative Decisions Tribunal Act. Ms Avery would have to persuade the Appeal Panel that this mistaken finding of fact constitutes an error of law. 44It is only where there is no evidence at all on which a 'primary finding of fact' could be based, that there is an error of law in relation to that finding: Azzopardi v Tasman UEB Industries Ltd (1985) 4 NSWLR 139 at 155-156. Even if there was no evidence for the Tribunal's finding that Ms Avery is in possession of a change of name certificate dated December 2007, that finding was not a primary finding of fact. Even if it was, that finding did not affect its reasoning or decision: Australian Broadcasting Tribunal v Bond (1990) 170 CLR 321 at 353 and 384. 45The same reasoning and conclusion applies to the fifth point. If this is a fact finding mistake on the Tribunal's part, and Ms Avery has not said that she has never used the name Stephanie Tatiana Avery, it is not a primary finding of fact or a mistake that affected the Tribunal's reasoning or decision. There was no need for the Tribunal to make a finding about whether or not Ms Avery had used the name Stephanie Tatiana Avery. The issue of whether that was one of her former names was the subject of the previous litigation summarised above. 46Ms Avery makes another claim that at [31] of the decision the Tribunal has incorrectly found that she carried out her intention to change her name. That is not our understanding of what the Tribunal found in that paragraph. Non-compliance with s 58(1)(a) 47In the proceedings below, O'Connor P directed the Registrar to file documents under s 58 of the Administrative Decisions Tribunal Act and a statement or reasons. Section 58 provides that: (1) An administrator whose administratively reviewable decision is the subject of an application for review to the Tribunal must, within 28 days after receiving notice of the application, lodge with the Tribunal: (a) a copy of any statement of reasons given to the applicant under section 49 (or, if no such statement was given to the applicant, a statement of reasons setting out the matters referred to in section 49 (3)), and (a1) a copy of any statement of reasons for a decision in an internal review conducted in respect of the administratively reviewable decision, and (b) a copy of every document or part of a document that is in the possession, or under the control, of the administrator that the administrator considers to be relevant to the determination of the application by the Tribunal. (2) If the applicant has not been given a statement of reasons under section 49, the Tribunal may direct that a copy of the statement of reasons lodged with the Tribunal under subsection (1) (a) be given to the applicant within such period or periods as the Tribunal directs. 48The Registrar filed the s 58(1)(b) documents in compliance with O'Connor P's directions. It did not file a statement of reasons in compliance with s 58(1)(a). On appeal, Ms Avery sought an order that the Registrar file a statement of reasons pursuant to s 58(1)(a). 49Ms Avery did not raise this issue before the Tribunal. As a general rule, a party is bound by the manner in which the case was conducted at first instance: Metwally v University of Wollongong (No 2) (1985) 59 ALJR 481 at 483; Port of Melbourne Authority v Anshun Pty Ltd (1981) 147 CLR 589. 50If that conclusion is not correct, and Ms Avery is permitted to raise this issue for the first time on appeal, the Registrar's failure to comply with s 58(1)(a) does not constitute an error of law on the Tribunal's part. Firstly, it does not relate to "a decision of the Tribunal": Administrative Decisions Tribunal Act, s 112. This ground of appeal has no connection with the Tribunal's decision. It relates to a procedural step in the proceedings below. 51Secondly, even if this matter is connected with the Tribunal's decision, it was not the intention of Parliament when drafting this legislation that any failure to comply with s 58(1)(a) would invalidate the decision: cf Project Blue Sky Inc v Australian Broadcasting Authority [1998] HCA 28; (1998) 194 CLR 355. 52Although Ms Avery did not make this submission, non-compliance with s 58(1)(a) does not constitute a breach of procedural fairness in this case. The Registrar filed written submissions on 21 May 2013 which set out the findings of fact, the Registrar's understanding of the law and the reasoning process. The purpose of s 58 was achieved by service of those written submissions. There was no prejudice to Ms Avery from the Registrar's non-compliance because she had nearly 2 months to prepare her response after being served with the written submissions. Validity of 2007 entry Background 53Ms Avery submits that the 2007 entry is invalid or has subsequently been withdrawn. The grounds for invalidity include that: (1)she did not actually change her name even though she expressed an intention to do so and the registrable event has not 'happened'; (2)the Registrar should not have accepted her application because it breached the Proof of Identity Policy; (3)the Registrar did not include in the 2007 entry matters required to be included by the Regulations. 54We have not addressed the third point because the Court of Appeal has decided that there has been no departure from the statutory requirements in relation to that entry and the entry is not invalid on that basis: Avery v Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages; Avery v State of New South Wales (Attorney General's Department) [2010] NSWCA 72 at [55]. While the Tribunal was referring to the Births, Deaths and Marriages Regulation 2011 in a different context at [34] it is immaterial whether the Member should have referred to cl 8 of the Births, Deaths and Marriages Regulation 2011 which prescribes the particulars that the Registrar is required to include when registering a change of name or cl 8 of the 2006 regulation which is in slightly different terms. Anshun principle 55In relation to the remaining grounds of invalidity, the Registrar submitted that Ms Avery is precluded from raising those issues now because it would have been reasonable for her to have raised the validity of the 2007 entry in the previous litigation. The only basis on which Ms Avery challenged the validity of the 2007 entry in the previous proceedings was non-compliance with the Regulation. The Registrar submitted that the Anshun principle applies because the present proceedings are an impermissible attempt to get around the consequences of the Appeal Panel and Court of Appeal's decisions in the previous litigation: Port of Melbourne Authority v Anshun Pty Ltd [1981] HCA 45. 56The Anshun principle is that parties cannot raise in subsequent proceedings matters that could, and should reasonably, have been raised in earlier proceedings. This principle applies even though the matter raised was not essential to the determination of the earlier proceedings. The test the High Court imposed was essentially one of unreasonableness - whether the matter is "so relevant to the subject matter of the first action that it would have been unreasonable not to rely on it": Anshun at 603-604. The Court also considered whether the second proceedings may lead to a conflicting judgment. 57The principle has been applied mainly to adversarial proceedings where a plaintiff has, for example, failed to plead a particular cause of action. Its applicability in cases requiring merits review has not been considered in any detail by the superior courts and is somewhat contentious: Re Proctor and Commissioner of Taxation (2005) 87 ALD 247 at 254. Because we have rejected each of Ms Avery's grounds of appeal for other reasons, there is no need for us to determine whether the Anshun principle applies. Intention to change name 58On 10 December 2007 Ms Avery applied to register a change of name by signing a statutory declaration in the approved form. On that form she identified herself as Stephanie Tatiana Patricia Avery and declared that the new name she wanted to register and use for all purposes was Tatiana Isabella Orlov. She also declared that: I have read all the instructions contained in this document. I do solemnly and sincerely declare that the new name stated below will be used by me for all purposes in the future and is not sought for fraudulent or improper purposes. I understand it is a punishable offence to give false information in this application. 59The Registrar accepted and processed the application and recorded the registration in the Register. A "registrable event" is defined in s 6 to mean "a birth, adoption or discharge of adoption, change of name, change of sex, death or marriage." 60Ms Avery submitted that the registrable event is not the statutory declaration of a change of name or the entry in the Register. Rather, it occurs when the person carries out their expressed intention to change their name. Because she did not actually use her new name, the registrable event did not occur and the 2007 entry is a nullity. The consequence of this conclusion, according to Ms Avery, is that the Registrar has a 'limited duty' to inquire as to whether the person has proceeded with the declaration of intention because that is a condition of registration. 61These submissions do not accord with the legislative scheme or with the observations of Campbell JA in Avery v Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages [2010] NSWCA 72 at [65]: Many of the events that are registrable events, within the meaning of the BDMR Act, have occurred quite independently of registration under that Act. Thus, a birth, or a death, has occurred, even if it has not been registered. The provisions of the Act concerning change of name are different in this respect. Under section 26, it is registration that causes or constitutes the change of the name - the person's name is "changed by registration of the change". That Part 5 is concerned with registrations that themselves effect a change of name is also shown by section 30(1)(a) and (c), which refer to an applicant under that part as "the person whose name is to be changed". 62Ms Avery cited the case of Informal v Chief Electoral Officer (Supreme Court of Tasmania, 18 February 1992 unreported) as authority for the proposition that "pre-registration of intention to change the name is not change of name itself." We were unable to find any reference to that proposition in that judgment. 63It is the act of registration that causes or constitutes the change of name. The evidence that that event 'happened' is the fact that the change of name is recorded as an entry in the Register. The fact that the applicant begins to use the new name at some time in the future is not the registrable event. 64By completing the statutory declaration and writing that the new name she wanted to register was Tatiana Isabella Orlov, Ms Avery triggered the Registrar's power to consider whether to register the change of name. Regardless of whether Ms Avery adopted the new name, she does not deny that it was her intention to apply for her name to be changed. She signed the statutory declaration which was in the approved form. The validity of the subsequent registration of the change of name is not affected by the fact that she did not use the name Tatiana Isabella Orlov for all purposes. The Tribunal did not err in coming to the same conclusion. 65A related argument which we also reject was that the Tribunal should have found that the Registrar must not register a change of name if there is a dispute about the particulars in the entry. Rather, the Registrar should immediately cancel the entry. That contention is not supported by the terms of s 45 or the common law. Breach of proof of identity policy 66Ms Avery also submitted that the 2007 entry was invalid because the Registrar breached its own Proof of Identity Policy when deciding to accept her application. 67Before registering a change of name, the Registrar "may require the applicant to provide evidence to establish to the Registrar's satisfaction, the identity and age of the person whose name is to be changed": s 30(1)(a). The Registrar has a "Proof of Identity (POI) Policy" which sets out the documents such as driver's licence and an Australian or foreign passport which are required for particular purposes. If the name on any of these documents is different from the name of the applicant, evidence of the change of name is required. Such evidence could be a marriage certificate, a change of name certificate or deed poll, for example. 68While Ms Avery has not provided details of the alleged breach of the POI Policy, we have assumed that Ms Avery contends that the Registrar should not have accepted her application because she did not produce sufficient identity documents or that she did not produce evidence of the changes of name from document to document. In addition, on the basis of the identity documents she did provide, the Registrar should not have been satisfied that she was who she said she was. 69The Registrar required Ms Avery to produce certain documents to prove her identity and was satisfied that she was who she said she was. Ms Avery has never contended that she is not the person who applied to register a change of name in 2007. There has been no breach of s 30 or the Registrar's POI policy that has been brought to our attention that would result in the 2007 entry being invalid. 70Ms Avery also referred to s 64 of the Administrative Decisions Tribunal Act. That provision states that, with some exceptions, when determining an application for an administrative review, the Tribunal must give effect to any relevant Government policy in force at the time. Government policy is defined to mean "a policy adopted by Cabinet or the Premier or any other Minister that is to be applied in the exercise of discretionary powers by the administrators": s 64(5). This provision has no application to these proceedings because there is no government policy in evidence which fits the description in s 64(5) and which relates to the Registrar's decision to refuse to cancel the 2007 entry or the refusal to issue a certificate certifying the 1997 entry. Withdrawal of application 71Ms Avery does not dispute signing the statutory declaration which constituted the application for registration of a change of name. But, in an affidavit dated 9 April 2013, she states that: I have now withdrawn my intention to register new name (back to old name Tatiana Isabella Orlov ) in the NSW Births, Deaths and Marriages Registry. 72The Tribunal found at [31] that: Ms Avery's subsequent attempts to renounce her statutory declaration and disavow her stated intention, do not change the fact of what occurred i.e. that she provided evidence of her intention to change her name and acting on that intention the Registrar recorded a change of her name to Tatiana Isabella Yurovich (sic). The most reliable information available as to what occurred demonstrates that Ms Avery changed her name to Tatiana Isabella Yurovich (sic). 73As we have noted, the Tribunal inadvertently stated that Ms Avery changed her name to Tatiana Isabella Yurovich when in fact, she changed it to Tatiana Isabella Orlov. 74A person cannot withdraw an application for a change of name that has been registered. Registration has occurred and the only mechanism in the legislation for cancelling an entry is under s 45. The 2007 entry is not invalid or deemed to be cancelled because Ms Avery has subsequently withdrawn her intention to change her name. The Tribunal made no error of law in concluding that the registrable event had occurred and the 2007 entry was valid. Power to cancel 2007 entry Tribunal's conclusion 75Several grounds of appeal relate to the Tribunal's finding at [29] - [30] that the Registrar does not have a general and unrestrained power to correct any entry in the Register by cancelling it. The Tribunal found that the Registrar's powers are limited to the three circumstances listed in s 45. The Tribunal held that none of those circumstances applies to this case. In particular, the Tribunal found that there had been no inquiry under s 44, that the statutory declaration which accompanied Ms Avery's change of name application was the most reliable information available to the Registrar of the registrable event and that a Court had not required the Registrar to correct the Register. Misinterpreting s 45 76Ms Avery submits that the Tribunal misinterpreted s 45 in relation to the information that the Registrar needs in order to determine whether an entry should be cancelled. In particular, she submitted that the Tribunal erred when it found that the statutory declaration that Ms Avery signed when applying for a change of name was the most reliable information about whether or not the registrable event had happened. 77Ms Avery's submissions focus on what she refers to as the "declaration of intentions" in the statutory declaration to use the new name for all purposes in the future. That submission discloses a misunderstanding of the Tribunal's reasoning. At [31], the Tribunal stated that "the most reliable information available as to what occurred demonstrates that Ms Avery changed her name to Tatiana Isabella Yurovich (sic)." The information to which the Tribunal was referring was the entire statutory declaration that Ms Avery completed, not just the declaration that she would use the new name for all purposes. When the Tribunal referred to Ms Avery's 'intention' at [30] and [31], it was referring to her intention to apply for her name to be changed and to 'take up' the name Tatiana Isabella Orlov, not just to her intention to use that name for all purposes in the future. 78Ms Avery lists eleven documents or "facts" which she says are relevant to the decision about cancellation of the entry. The Tribunal was correct not to regard any of those matters as being "the most reliable information available to the Registrar of the registrable event." The registrable event in this case is the change of name. The person's name is changed by registration of the change. In this case, as the Tribunal found, the most reliable information available "of the registrable event" is the application that Ms Avery made for the change of name. There was no other information adduced by Ms Avery or available to the Registrar which is more reliable in relation to the correctness of the 2007 entry than her signed statutory declaration. 79Ms Avery submitted that she was never told that there was insufficient 'reliable information' to justify cancellation of the 2007 entry and that if she had known, she would have provided additional information. 80Ms Avery had a reasonable opportunity to present her case and to make submissions in relation to the issues in the proceedings: Administrative Decisions Tribunal Act, s 70 and s 73(4)(c). Duty to conduct an inquiry under s 44 81Section 44 provides, in part, that the Registrar may correct the Register "to reflect a finding made on inquiry under Division 2." Ms Avery submits that the Registrar has a duty to conduct an inquiry as to whether the change of name occurred. While s 44 does give the Registrar power to conduct an inquiry, such an inquiry may only be made to find out: (a) whether a registrable event has happened, or (b) particulars of a registrable event, or (c) whether particulars of a specific registrable event have been correctly recorded in the Register. 82The Registrar was satisfied that a registrable event (the 2007 entry) had "happened" when the change of name was registered and that the particulars of that event were correctly recorded. The Tribunal agreed with those findings. There was no need for the Registrar to conduct an inquiry under s 44. 83The correctness of the particulars and whether they had been correctly recorded was the subject of previous proceedings. Failing to explain why the registration could not be cancelled 84These grounds assert that the Tribunal did not explain why the registration could not be cancelled. The Tribunal did give reasons for that conclusion at [29] and [32] of the decision. The Tribunal considered the evidence, made findings of fact and applied those findings to s 45: Administrative Decisions Tribunal Act, 89. While those reasons were short, they were adequate. Application of s 31G 85One of Ms Avery's grounds of appeal was that the Tribunal wrongly applied s 31G when that provision is not relevant to these proceedings. 86Section 31G does not apply to the circumstances of this case because it only gives the Registrar power to correct the Register under s 45 if a change of name has been registered in contravention of Division 2 of Part 5 of the Act. That Division relates to 'restricted persons'. Ms Avery is not a 'restricted person' so s 31G is not applicable. 87Ms Avery's contention that the Tribunal applied s 31G is incorrect. The Tribunal quoted several provisions including s 31G and s 45 when outlining the relevant legislation. But the Tribunal did not apply that provision to the facts of this case. The Tribunal made no error. Refusal to issue a certificate for the 1997 entry Cancellation decision 88At [33], the Tribunal made the point that the 1997 entry is "an historical change of name that has been supplanted" by the 2007 entry. The Tribunal accepted that the 2007 entry shows Ms Avery's present registered names as Tatiana Isabella Yurovich (sic) and her former names as Tatiana Isabella Yurovich, Tatiana Isabella Orlov, Stephanie Tatiana Avery and Stephanie Tatiana Patricia Avery." The Tribunal went on: The Register does not contain, and clause 8 of the Regulation does not require it to contain, information as to what names were changed in 1997, before the most recent name change. Therefore, any search of the Register conducted by the registrar since the 2007 change of name will not discover the information Ms Avery wants the Registrar to include in a certificate. 89The Tribunal's finding that the Register does not contain information about the 1997 entry must have been based on a finding that the Registrar had cancelled the 1997entry. Section 45 is the only statutory cancellation powers available to the Registrar. Ms Avery also believes that the Registrar has cancelled the entry, whereas the Registrar's submissions only refer to cancellation of the certificate. Because the Tribunal's finding that the Registrar had cancelled the 1997 entry is a mixed question of fact and law and was fundamental to its reasoning and decision, we have examined the evidence on which that finding was based. 90On 21 December 2007 Ms Avery commenced proceedings in the Administrative Decisions Tribunal seeking review of the form of the certificate that had been issued to her certifying the particulars contained in the 2007 entry. She also applied for a stay of the decision. The reason for seeking the stay was so that she could retain her prior change of name certificate (certifying the 1997 entry) pending the Tribunal's decision on the appropriate content of the certificate certifying the 2007 entry. On 9 January 2008, the Tribunal granted Ms Avery a conditional stay of the Registrar's decision in the following terms: Stay is granted on the condition that the Applicant return the certificate issued by the Respondent on 11 December 2007 so that it can be invalidated and the previously issued certificate can be re-validated. 91The Registrar submits that the stay "temporarily re-enlivened" the certificate recording the 1997 entry pending the Tribunal's decision. The effect of the stay was that it permitted Ms Avery to use the 1997 certificate and the name Stephanie Tatiana Patricia Avery, until the conclusion of the proceedings. 92After the Appeal Panel handed down its decision, the Registrar cancelled the certificate recording the 1997 entry because the stay ordered by the Tribunal at first instance had expired and the 2007 registration had come into effect. 93Ms Avery submitted in these proceedings that the Registrar not only cancelled the certificate, but also unlawfully cancelled the 1997 entry. Two documents she provided (Documents 6 and 86) tend to support that version. 94Document 6, headed "Change of Name Certificate" relates to the 1997 entry. In that certificate, under the heading "Endorsements" the following is written: CANCELLED REGISTRATION. Certificates are not to be issued from this registration. 95Under the heading "Remarks" is written: Further c/n XXXX6/2007 96We assume c/n is a reference to "Change of Name". It is not apparent from Document 6 when the Endorsement was or the Remarks were added. 97Document 86 apparently printed on 5 February 2009, is headed "Change of Name Date Entry Screen." It contains the following under the heading "Remarks" Further c/n XXX6/2007 See history This record cancelled in accordance with a decision of the ADT on 31/10/2008. XXXX6/2007 re-instated. 9831 October 2008 was the date the Appeal Panel handed down its decision. The reference to that date is explained in a letter dated 6 November 2008, from the Crown Solicitor, who was representing the Registrar, to Ms Avery: Now that both the hearing and appeal have concluded, the Tribunal's stay decision has expired. Therefore, the Registry will lift the suspension of the certificate XXXX7/2007 and cancel certificate XXXX7/1997 so as to give effect to your change of name application. 99Although the Tribunal at first instance and the Crown Solicitor consistently refer to the Registrar having cancelled certificates, rather than entries, Documents 6 and 86 speak for themselves. The Registrar purported to cancel the 1997 entry at least in part because he understood that the Appeal Panel's 31 October 2008 decision required him to do so. However, when Ms Avery applied for a certificate certifying the 1997 entry, the Registrar did not refuse that application on the basis that "no entry was located in the relevant register about the registrable event": s 49(1)(b). Rather, it was refused on a discretionary basis under s 47. 100Although Ms Avery did not seek leave to extend the appeal to the merits of the Tribunal's decision, it follows in this case, that the Appeal Panel should proceed to determine the merits of the Registrar's decision to refuse to issue a certificate. 101Whether or not the Registrar cancelled the entry and whether any such cancellation was carried out pursuant to s 45 are not matters which we need to finally determine. The ultimate question for the Tribunal was whether the Registrar made the correct and preferable decision by refusing to issue a certificate certifying the 1997 entry. We agree with the Tribunal's conclusion that it did, for the following reasons. 102According to Ms Avery, the Registrar is under a duty to provide a certificate on request and the only kind of discretion conferred by s 49 is as to the kind of certificate to issue. That submission is not supported by the relevant provisions. Section 47 gives the Registrar power, on application, to search for an entry about a particular registrable event and to reject an application if the applicant does not show an adequate reason for wanting the information. 47 Search of Register (1) The Registrar may, on application, search the Register for an entry about a particular registrable event. (2) The applicant must state the reason for the applicant's interest in the subject-matter of the search. (3) The Registrar may reject the application if the applicant does not show an adequate reason for wanting the information to which the application relates. (4) In deciding whether an applicant has an adequate reason for wanting information, the Registrar must have regard to: (a) the relationship (if any) between the applicant and the person to whom the information relates, and (b) the age of the entry, and (c) the contents of the entry, and (d) other relevant factors. 103Following an application, this provision requires the Registrar to determine whether to search the Register for an entry about a particular registrable event. In making that decision, the Registrar must take into account the applicant's reasons for wanting the information together with relevant factors such as the age of the entry and its contents. Paradoxically, the Registrar may have to search the Register and identify the registrable event to determine whether the applicant has an adequate reason for wanting the information. At that point, the decision has already been made to search the Register. 104On completing a search of the Register the Registrar "may" issue a certificate under s 49(1)(a) either "certifying particulars contained in an entry, or certifying that no entry was located in the Register about the relevant registrable event." 105Despite the paradox in s 47, it is apparent that one purpose of these provisions is to give the Registrar a discretion both to refuse to conduct a search or to refuse to issue a certificate after a search has been conducted. Section 49(1)(a) contains the word "may" which is generally taken as conferring a discretion unless there is anything in the context of the provision which indicates a contrary intention: Interpretation Act 1987 (NSW), s 9(1). Ms Avery relied on the judgment of Spigelman CJ in John Fairfax Publications Pty Ltd and 2 Ors v Ryde Local Court and 3 Ors [2005] NSWCA 101 at [55] as authority for the proposition that "may" does not confer a discretion in s 49. The statutory provision being interpreted in that case was s 562BA(1) of the Crimes Act 1900. That provision has no similarities with s 49 of the BDMR Act and anything the Chief Justice concluded about the word "may" in that context is irrelevant. 106Ms Avery's submission was that the certificate should be issued because it provides evidence of her "identity history". She says it creates a link between her former name and her current name. Although the certificate is not evidence of her current name it is evidence that she changed her name from Tatiana Isabella Orlov to Stephanie Tatiana Patricia Avery in December 1997. She says she needs the certificate to show to "overseas immigration offices" and "national verification services", for the purpose of legal proceedings and claiming entitlements which relate to the period when her registered name was Stephanie Tatiana Patricia Avery. In particular, Ms Avery says that "any person on immigration must provide evidence of lawful acquisition of all former names" including Stephanie Tatiana Patricia Avery and Stephanie Tatiana Avery." Ms Avery also asserts that she is not able to change her name in any government departments without the certificate. 107These assertions are vague and unconvincing. They do not satisfy us that there is a valid reason for Ms Avery to have a copy of the 1997 certificate other than her desire to have a record of her "identity history". 108The reasons the Registrar gave at first instance for not issuing Ms Avery with a certificate, were that it would be inappropriate to do so because it could lead to identity fraud. One of the Registrar's functions is "to maintain the integrity of the Register and to seek to prevent identity fraud associated with the Register and the information extracted from the Register.": BDMR Act, s 6(a1). 109A person can only have one registered name under the Act at any one time. Once the name Tatiana Isabella Orlov had been registered in 2007, her former name, Stephanie Tatiana Patricia Avery, was no longer her registered name. A certificate certifying the 1997 entry would show Ms Avery's name as Stephanie Tatiana Patricia Avery when, in fact, her current registered name is Tatiana Isabella Orlov. The Registrar submitted that she should not be issued with a document which could create the perception that her current registered name is Stephanie Tatiana Patricia Avery. 110That argument is supported by the Registrar's policies and practices. The Statutory Declaration that the Registrar requires an applicant to complete to register a change of name asks whether the applicant has previously registered a change of name with the NSW Registry of Births Deaths and Marriages. If the answer is 'yes' the form states that, 'you must return any NSW Change of Name Certificate you have in your possession.' 111Section 31(3) provides that where a change of name is registered, a birth certificate issued by the Registrar for the person must show the person's name as changed. That provision is also consistent with the conclusion that it is not appropriate in this case to issue a certificate in a former registered name. 112There is a further compelling reason not to issue a certificate in this case. A certificate is admissible in legal proceedings as evidence of both the entry to which the certificate relates, and the facts recorded in the entry. The fact as to the person's current registered name will no longer be accurate if a second change of name has been registered. 113We do not accept Ms Avery's submission that this conclusion is contrary to the public interest because it will lead to the risk of identity fraud. For the reasons we have given, the outcome Ms Avery seeks is more likely to lead to identity fraud than the Tribunal's conclusion. 114The correct decision is not to issue Ms Avery with a certificate certifying the 1997 entry. 115At [36] of the decision the Tribunal noted that "the Registrar has offered to provide Ms Avery with a letter outlining her change of name history." The Registrar explained that the letter was part of an offer to help Ms Avery establish a link between her various names. No letter has yet been provided. According to Ms Avery, the Tribunal's reference to this matter constitutes an error of law because the Tribunal has no power to review the letter, the letter cannot be corrected under the Act and the letter will not constitute evidence of the facts it states. Ms Avery also submitted that the Tribunal should have found that the Registrar could not issue a letter in the terms it had foreshadowed. 116The Tribunal did not purport to review the decision to offer to provide the letter. The Tribunal merely noted that the Registrar was prepared to provide such a letter. The validity or relevance of the letter was not an issue before the Tribunal. Alleged bias by the Tribunal below 117Ms Avery also alleged that the Tribunal was biased because the Member maintained eye contact with Mr Della-Pozza from the Crown Solicitor's Office, that they smiled to one another for over an hour and that they thought that what she said was 'no more than funny'. Ms Avery's impression was that the Member and Mr Della-Pozza knew each other very well. 118These are allegations of actual bias. In South Western Sydney Area Health Service v Edmonds [2007] NSWCA 16, McColl JA (with whom Giles and Tobias JJA agreed) said (footnotes omitted): A party asserting actual bias on the part of a decision maker carries a heavy onus. The allegation must be distinctly made and clearly proved. A finding of actual bias should not be made lightly. 119In order to establish actual bias, Ms Avery would have to prove that: (1)the judicial member smiled at Mr Della-Pozza for over an hour during the hearing; that he maintained eye contact with Mr Della-Pozza and that he did something to indicate that he thought what Ms Avery said was 'funny'; (2)that this conduct evidenced prejudgment on his part; and (3)that, as a result of this prejudgment, the Tribunal was "so committed to a conclusion already formed as to be incapable of alteration, whatever evidence or arguments may be presented." 120Ms Avery does not state what the Member did to indicate to her that he thought what she was saying was 'funny'. Making eye-contact cannot be regarded as indicating bias. The 'smiling' allegation is too general to give rise to an inference that the Member had prejudged the matter. Ms Avery does not particularise the nature of the alleged relationship between the Member and Mr Della-Pozza. Given that these are serious allegations, compelling evidence is required. The allegations do not satisfy us that the Tribunal was "so committed to a conclusion already formed as to be incapable of alteration, whatever evidence or arguments may be presented." 121Nor are we satisfied that any of the allegations would give rise to a reasonable apprehension of bias. The relevant test is set out in Ebner v Official Trustee in Bankruptcy [2000] HCA 63; (2000) 205 CLR 337 at [6]. There will be a reasonable apprehension of bias: If a fair-minded lay observer might reasonably apprehend that the judge might not bring an impartial mind to the resolution of the question the judge is required to decide. 122Their Honours emphasised that the test was "one of possibility (real and not remote) not probability." The application of the test involves a two stage process: First, it requires the identification of what it is said might lead a judge (or juror) to decide a case other than on its legal and factual merits. The second step is no less important. There must be an articulation of the logical connection between the matter and the feared deviation from the course of deciding the case on its merits. 123In our view, even if it could be proved that the member smiled at Mr Della-Pozza and made eye contact with him to the extent alleged by Ms Avery, a reasonable observer would not conclude that the Tribunal might not have brought an impartial mind to the issues it had to decide. There is no requirement for decision makers to be completely impassive or non-responsive during a hearing. In the words of Gleeson CJ, they are entitled to intervene in the conduct of cases rather than remaining "as inscrutable as the Sphinx": Johnson v Johnson [2000] HCA 48 at [13]. 124Nor is there any material which suggests a logical connection between the interactions between the Member and Mr Della-Pozza which would lead to the Tribunal failing to decide the case on its merits. Orders 1)Time for the Registrar of Births Deaths and Marriages to file the notice of reply is extended to 29 January 2014. 2)Ms Avery is granted leave to file the supplementary grounds of appeal filed on 11 February 2014 and 5 March 2014 out of time. 3)The Tribunal's decision not to cancel the 2007 entry in the Register with respect to Ms Avery's change of name is affirmed. 4)The appeal is extended to the merits of the Tribunal's decision to refuse to issue a certificate relating to Ms Avery's 1997 change of name. 5)The Registrar's decision not to issue a certificate relating to Ms Avery's 1997 change of name is affirmed. I hereby certify that this is a true and accurate record of the reasons for decision of the New South Wales Civil and Administrative Tribunal. Registrar ********** I hereby certify that this is a true and accurate record of the reasons for decision of the Civil and Administrative Tribunal of New South Wales. Registrar DISCLAIMER - Every effort has been made to comply with suppression orders or statutory provisions prohibiting publication that may apply to this judgment or decision. The onus remains on any person using material in the judgment or decision to ensure that the intended use of that material does not breach any such order or provision. Further enquiries may be directed to the Registry of the Court or Tribunal in which it was generated. Decision last updated: 14 August 2014