Supreme Court New South Wales Medium Neutral Citation: R v Jenkin (No 14) [2018] NSWSC 837 Hearing dates: 23 May 2018 Date of orders: 23 May 2018 Decision date: 23 May 2018 Jurisdiction: Common Law - Criminal Before: Hamill J Decision: The evidence of the recovered video file is admissible. Catchwords: CRIMINAL LAW – evidence – documentary evidence – proof of contents of documents – Crown seeks to tender video file recovered from mobile telephone – where original file unplayable or corrupted – where programme used to recover or repair document – operation of s 48 Evidence Act – whether section renders evidence inadmissible – whether video file a document – whether relevant "document" is the corrupted file or the recovered file – assessment of probative value of evidence – evidence admissible Legislation Cited: Evidence Act 1995 (NSW), ss 47, 48, 51, 76-79, 135, 137 and 146 Cases Cited: Wade v The Queen [2014] VSCA 13; (2014) 29 A Crim R 29 Category: Procedural and other rulings Parties: Regina Mark Kenneth Jenkin Representation: Counsel: Mr M Fox (Crown) Mr P Lowe (Accused) Solicitors: Director of Public Prosecutions NSW (Crown) O'Brien Solicitors (Accused) File Number(s): 2015/00345562 Publication restriction: No Judgment 1. On Wednesday 23 May 2018, over the objection of the accused and following a relatively brief voir dire, I ruled that an electronic video file recovered from a mobile telephone was admissible in the Crown case. The file, which had the name "MOV_0051.mp4_fixed.mp4", became part of Ex CC. Ex CC is a disc that contains two other video files to which objection was not taken. These are my reasons for deciding that the evidence is admissible. 2. On the Crown case, the video file in question was "recovered" from another video file ("MOV_0051.mp4") located on a telephone seized from the accused at the time of his arrest on 8 April 2015. The evidence will be that the recovered file depicts the deceased in the accused's bathroom in the days or weeks prior to his death. According to the data recovered from the 'phone, the video was recorded on 22 March 2015 at about 4:20pm. The accused is charged with the deceased's murder. The Crown case is that the accused was filming the scene and that his voice can be heard speaking to, or abusing, the deceased. 3. At the heart of the objection (in its various formulations) is the fact, not disputed by the Crown, that the original video file on the mobile telephone was unable to be played either (as I understood the evidence) on the telephone itself or when the file was first downloaded (or extracted) by police using a well-known computer programme called Cellebrite. As it could not be played, the Crown expert witness, Senior Constable Yang, described the file as being "corrupted". This description, and the manifestation of the problem with the file, was somewhat circular: the file was corrupted because it could not be played; it could not be played because it was corrupted. There was no evidence of the nature of any "corruption" to the file. Mr Yang gave evidence that he used another computer programme – Untrunc – to "recover the broken video file to make it playable". [1] He said that there were many programmes available to recover video files that could not be played. He could not explain why he chose Untrunc over the other programmes available at the time. However, he was satisfied that the process was successful in recovering the file. 4. It appears, from viewing and listening to the video file, that the audio component cuts out towards the end. Mr Yang could not explain why this occurred. Nor could he explain the technical operation of Untrunc and the way it worked to enable the user to play, view and hear the file. He could not rule out the possibility that the recovery process itself may have caused the difficulty with the audio. However, he had not encountered any such difficulties with Untrunc before. He could not rule out with any certainty the possibility that there were other problems with the recovered file. 5. All of that having been acknowledged, viewing the file suggests that what was recovered is a continuous visual and audio narrative. There are no obvious gaps or breaks in the recording as recovered. The "corruption" of the file, however it occurred, may have impacted the beginning and end of the recording but it does not seem to have affected the continuous portion upon which the Crown seeks to rely. 6. In outlining the nature of the objection, Mr Lowe indicated that the primary question was "whether the Crown can satisfy your Honour under ss 47 and 48 of the Evidence Act": T 1082. He said that there were supplementary objections under ss 135 and 137 of the Evidence Act 1995 (NSW). He indicated that there was no question that the file came from the 'phone "but the issue is the expertise of this particular witness; whether it is, as identified in his report, that he was – we say that there are real problems with the authenticity of the actual file": T 1082. 7. In cross-examination, there was some challenge to Mr Yang's expertise. However, no submission was made under ss 76-79 of the Evidence Act concerning the officer's qualifications to give the evidence. In particular, there was no evidence suggesting that he was not qualified to operate the Cellebrite or Untrunc programmes or that his selection of the Untrunc programme was the manifestation of some deficiency in his qualifications or expertise. It is clear that he was not an expert in the functions or technical operation of the particular model of telephone in question (a Sony Experia D 2005) and that he could not give technical evidence as to how the Untrunc and Cellebrite programmes actually worked. But those were not the areas of expertise upon which his opinions were based. In the absence of any submissions to the contrary, I proceeded on the basis that the witness was qualified to use the relevant programmes to extract and repair the movie files from the mobile telephone and to provide an opinion as to the usual result of that process. 8. I will deal very briefly with the supplementary objections under ss 135 and 137. There is no substance in these submissions. 9. The basis of these objections was that the evidence is misleading (s 135) or is unfair or prejudicial (s 137), and that these matters outweigh the probative value of the evidence. I was unable to accept these submissions. I have explained the fundamental factual contest between the parties in previous judgments. The Crown says the deceased was detained against his will, subject to violence and abuse, with the intention of using his cash card. The defence case, insofar as it is known, is that the accused was assisting the deceased by letting him stay at his flat while the deceased was drying out from alcoholism. 10. In light of that factual dispute, evidence of the way Mr Dower was being treated a few weeks before his body was found in a nearby laundry has (potentially at least) a high degree of probative value. The recording shows him being held up by another man (allegedly Paul Turner) while being abused for losing control of his bowel movements. He is called, amongst many other things, "a dirty cunt" and a "filthy little fucken animal". He is told how to stand and not to move. Mr Turner is directed to "turn him around" and throw him in the bath. At the end of the recording, Mr Jenkin is heard to say something like "I'm gonna kill him." The Crown accepts that those final words could not be used to support an intention to kill for the purpose of the murder charge. However, the scene viewed and heard as a (possibly truncated) whole has a not insignificant capacity to affect the existence of a fact in issue – namely, the circumstances in which, and the reason or reasons why, Mr Dower was at Mr Jenkin's unit. 11. The fact that the audio cuts out at the end is not misleading or unfair in any significant sense. As the tribunal of fact, I am able to understand that the context in which this scene unfolded is not known and that the scene is not determinative of the ultimate issues in the trial or even the intermediate question identified in the final sentence of the last paragraph. 12. Nevertheless, it remains important evidence and its probative value outweighs the danger that it might be misleading (s 135) and the danger of unfair prejudice (s 137). 13. I turn then to the primary basis of the objection which is based on the provisions in ss 47 and 48 of the Evidence Act. Those sections provide: 47 DEFINITIONS (1) A reference in this Part to a document in question is a reference to a document as to the contents of which it is sought to adduce evidence. (2) A reference in this Part to a copy of a document in question includes a reference to a document that is not an exact copy of the document in question but that is identical to the document in question in all relevant respects. 48 PROOF OF CONTENTS OF DOCUMENTS (1) A party may adduce evidence of the contents of a document in question by tendering the document in question or by any one or more of the following methods: (a) adducing evidence of an admission made by another party to the proceeding as to the contents of the document in question; (b) tendering a document that: (i) is or purports to be a copy of the document in question; and (ii) has been produced, or purports to have been produced, by a device that reproduces the contents of documents; (c) if the document in question is an article or thing by which words are recorded in such a way as to be capable of being reproduced as sound, or in which words are recorded in a code (including shorthand writing)--tendering a document that is or purports to be a transcript of the words; (d) if the document in question is an article or thing on or in which information is stored in such a way that it cannot be used by the court unless a device is used to retrieve, produce or collate it – tendering a document that was or purports to have been produced by use of the device; (e) tendering a document that: (i) forms part of the records of or kept by a business (whether or not the business is still in existence); and (ii) is or purports to be a copy of, or an extract from or a summary of, the document in question, or is or purports to be a copy of such an extract or summary; (f) if the document in question is a public document--tendering a document that is or purports to be a copy of the document in question and that is or purports to have been printed: (i) by a person authorised by or on behalf of the government to print the document or by the Government Printer of the Commonwealth or by the government or official printer of another State or a Territory; or (ii) by the authority of the Government or administration of the State, the Commonwealth, another State, a Territory or a foreign country; or (iii) by authority of an Australian Parliament, a House of an Australian Parliament, a committee of such a House or a committee of an Australian Parliament. (2) Subsection (1) applies to a document in question whether the document in question is available to the party or not. (3) If the party adduces evidence of the contents of a document under subsection (1) (a), the evidence may only be used: (a) in respect of the party's case against the other party who made the admission concerned; or (b) in respect of the other party's case against the party who adduced the evidence in that way. (4) A party may adduce evidence of the contents of a document in question that is not available to the party, or the existence and contents of which are not in issue in the proceeding, by: (a) tendering a document that is a copy of, or an extract from or summary of, the document in question; or (b) adducing from a witness evidence of the contents of the document in question. 1. The word "document" is defined in the Dictionary to the Evidence Act as follows: "document" means any record of information, and includes: (a) anything on which there is writing, or (b) anything on which there are marks, figures, symbols or perforations having a meaning for persons qualified to interpret them, or (c) anything from which sounds, images or writings can be reproduced with or without the aid of anything else, or (d) a map, plan, drawing or photograph. (Emphasis added.) 1. The argument commenced with the proposition that the disc containing the recording was a document under the definition. This is undoubtedly correct. 2. The argument proceeded that the only avenues under s 48 through which the Crown could tender the document were sub-ss (1)(b) or (1)(d). Those subsections were not satisfied because the document did not "purport to be a copy" of the original file and was not produced by a device designed to retrieve "it" (that is, the original file). So it was put (at T 1116): Your Honour cannot be satisfied that the information that is retrieved equates to the original file. All you'd be satisfied of, that there was a process of retrieving the information which is unsatisfactory and incomplete. We say that the process of retrieval must be the complete document, to put it in its contextual setting, rather than an incomplete one which your Honour might rely on, but because of its incompleteness, we say an unsatisfactory basis for it to be admitted into evidence. Those are my essential submissions, that the Crown is, wouldn't be permitted under s 48(2) to prove the content of that file by merely tendering it. The whole process has been compromised by one, the original file being corrupt. The process of transfer was to transfer a corrupt file and a new process software process has been applied to that same file in order to restore it in the circumstances where your Honour would not be satisfied that it is complete, accurate or reliable, except in part. 1. The Crown Prosecutor submitted that the "document" with which we are concerned is the recovered file (not the file on the 'phone) which is, on the Crown's argument, "a document in its own right". He observed that the provision in s 48 was facilitative rather than being concerned with admissibility. He also relied on s 48(4) and the decision of the Victorian Court of Appeal in Wade v The Queen [2014] VSCA 13; (2014) 29 A Crim R 29 and referred to the abolition of the original evidence rule (s 51 Evidence Act) and the presumption that a device or process produces the expected result (s 146 Evidence Act). 2. I accepted the Crown Prosecutor's primary submission. 3. The video file (or "document") that became Ex CC is a copy of a "document" for the purpose of s 48. However, it does not purport to be a copy of the corrupted (or, I think more accurately, unplayable) video file on the accused's mobile telephone. Rather, it was a copy of the video file (or document) created by the Untrunc programme when it repaired or recovered a (playable) version of the original file that was on the telephone (and/or downloaded by means of the Cellebrite programme). 4. The application of s 146 allows for the presumption that the programme produced the result that it would ordinarily produce. That is, the Untrunc programme created an accurate (even if truncated) version of the video file that was corrupted or unplayable when extracted or downloaded from the mobile telephone. 5. Once this is understood, s 48 operates to allow the tender of the copy of the document rather than as an exclusionary provision whereby the tendering party is required to establish that the recovered file is a precise copy of the corrupted file. 6. Even if the assumptions in the foregoing paragraphs are not correct, ss 47(2) or 48(4) would apply to facilitate or permit the tender of the document. On what I believe is the incorrect assumption that the "document" in question is the corrupted (unplayable) file on Mr Jenkin's telephone (which is impossible given that it cannot be played), s 47(2) would allow a copy of a document that is "not an exact copy" but is identical in all material respects. The copy tendered is not an exact copy because the data and technical details must, presumably, have changed in the recovery process. Further, it at least appears that part of the document is different in that it contains no sound at the end, although there is an element of speculation in this. Even so, "in all relevant respects" it is identical to the corrupted file on the telephone. This accords with the opinion of Mr Yang at paragraph [13] of his statement. 7. Section 48(4) would allow evidence to be given of the contents of the document (that is, the data, images and audio on the corrupted video file) because it "is not available to the party". In Wade v The Queen, the Victorian Court of Appeal held that the section allowed a police officer to recount details of CCTV footage that had been lost. I accept the Crown's submission in this case that the file recovered or repaired by means of the Untrunc programme falls within the provision in s 48(4). 8. It is for those reasons that I held the evidence to be admissible. ********** Endnote 1. T 1093-1094. DISCLAIMER - Every effort has been made to comply with suppression orders or statutory provisions prohibiting publication that may apply to this judgment or decision. The onus remains on any person using material in the judgment or decision to ensure that the intended use of that material does not breach any such order or provision. Further enquiries may be directed to the Registry of the Court or Tribunal in which it was generated. Decision last updated: 06 June 2018