FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA Thompson v Lane (Trustee) [2023] FCAFC 32 Appeal from: Thompson v Lane (Trustee) (No 3) [2022] FCA 128 File number: QUD 86 of 2022 Judgment of: CHARLESWORTH, DOWNES AND GOODMAN JJ Date of judgment: 10 March 2023 Catchwords: BANKRUPTCY AND INSOLVENCY – appeal from refusal by primary judge to annul bankruptcy pursuant to s 153B(1) of the Bankruptcy Act 1966 (Cth) – where bankrupt lodged debtor's petition based on legal advice – where bankrupt did not demonstrate that debtor's petition ought not to have been presented or accepted – where discretion to annul bankruptcy did not arise – where bankrupt failed to comply with s 77(1)(a) Bankruptcy Act 1966 (Cth) and provide books to trustee in bankruptcy – where bankrupt failed to disclose all relevant material with respect to her financial affairs – where bankrupt unable to demonstrate appealable error in relation to finding that she was not solvent – appeal dismissed Legislation: Bankruptcy Act 1966 (Cth) ss 5, 52, 55, 77, 153A, 153B Body Corporate and Community Management Act 1997 (Qld) Body Corporate and Community Management (Standard Module) Regulation 2008 (Qld) Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 1999 (Qld) Cases cited: Alfio Peter Bulic v Commonwealth Bank of Australia Limited (2007) 5 ABC(NS) 122; [2007] FCA 307 Amos v Monsour Legal Costs Pty Ltd [2008] 1 Qd R 304; [2007] QCA 235 Beaman v Bond (2017) 254 FCR 480; [2017] FCAFC 142 Boensch v Somerville Legal (2021) 286 FCR 293; [2021] FCAFC 79 Clyne v Deputy Commissioner of Taxation (1984) 154 CLR 589 Corney v Brien (1951) 84 CLR 343; [1951] HCA 31 Culleton v Balwyn Nominees Pty Ltd [2017] FCAFC 8; (2017) 343 ALR 32 Flightdeck Geelong Pty Ltd v All Options Pty Ltd (2020) 280 FCR 479; [2020] FCAFC 138 Francis v Eggleston Mitchell Lawyers Pty Ltd (2014) 12 ABC(NS) 25; [2014] FCAFC 18 Heinrich v Commonwealth Bank of Australia [2003] FCAFC 315 House v The King [1936] HCA 40; (1936) 55 CLR 499 Lowbeer v De Varda (2018) 264 FCR 228; [2018] FCAFC 115 McEvoy v The Body Corporate for No 9 Port Douglas Road [2013] QCA 168 Ramsay Health Care Australia Pty Ltd v Compton (2017) 261 CLR 132; [2017] HCA 28 Re Bond; Ex parte Ramsay [1994] FCA 1052; (1994) 54 FCR 394 Re Coyle (1993) 42 FCR 72; 120 ALR 527 Re Official Trustee [1999] FCA 1755 Re Papps; Ex parte Tapp (1987) 87 FCR 524 Re Sarina; Ex parte Wollondilly Shire Council (1980) 30 ALR 266 Shaw v Yarranova Pty Ltd [2017] FCAFC 88; (2017) 252 FCR 267 Thompson v Body Corporate for Arila Lodge [2017] QDC 134 Thompson v Lane (Trustee) (No 3) [2022] FCA 128 Division: General Division Registry: Queensland National Practice Area: Commercial and Corporations Sub-area: General and Personal Insolvency Number of paragraphs: 231 Date of hearing: 4 August 2022 Date of last submissions: 7 December 2022 Counsel for the Appellant: Ms E Thompson appeared in person Counsel for the First Respondent: Mr R O'Sullivan Solicitor for the First Respondent: Shand Taylor Lawyers Counsel for the Second Respondent: Mr W Macintosh Solicitor for the Second Respondent: Grace Lawyers ORDERS QUD 86 of 2022 BETWEEN: EMMA NARELLE CATHRYN THOMPSON Appellant AND: MORGAN LANE AS TRUSTEE OF THE BANKRUPT ESTATE OF EMMA NARELLE CATHRYN THOMPSON First Respondent BODY CORPORATE FOR ARILA LODGE CTS 14237 Second Respondent order made by: CHARLESWORTH, DOWNES AND GOODMAN JJ DATE OF ORDER: 10 march 2023 THE COURT ORDERS THAT: 1. The appeal is dismissed. 2. The appellant pay the respondents' costs of the appeal. Note: Entry of orders is dealt with in Rule 39.32 of the Federal Court Rules 2011. REASONS FOR JUDGMENT CHARLESWORTH J: 1 On 1 July 2020 the appellant was made bankrupt by force of s 55(4A) of the Bankruptcy Act 1966 (Cth) upon the acceptance by the Official Receiver of her debtor's petition. Some nine months later, the appellant applied to this Court for an order under s 153B(1) of the Act annulling her bankruptcy. The primary judge dismissed the application: Thompson v Lane (Trustee) (No 3) [2022] FCA 128. This is an appeal from that judgment. 2 The appeal should be dismissed for the reasons given below. THE BANKRUPTCY ACT 3 Section 55(1) of the Act provides that a debtor may present to the Official Receiver a petition against herself. A petition so presented must be rejected by the Official Receiver for any one of the reasons specified in s 55(2A), none of which apply here. The Official Receiver otherwise has a discretion to reject a debtor's petition in the circumstances specified in ss 55(3) or 55(3AA). Section 55(3AA) provides: (3AA) The Official Receiver may reject a debtor's petition (the current petition) if: (a) it appears from the information in the statement of affairs (and any additional information supplied by the debtor) that, if the debtor did not become a bankrupt, the debtor would be likely (either immediately or within a reasonable time) to be able to pay all the debts specified in the statement of affairs; and (b) at least one of the following applies: (i) it appears from the information in the statement of affairs (and any additional information supplied by the debtor) that the debtor is unwilling to pay one or more debts to a particular creditor or creditors, or is unwilling to pay creditors in general; (ii) before the current petition was presented, the debtor previously became a bankrupt on a debtor's petition at least 3 times, or at least once in the period of 5 years before presentation of the current petition. 4 The power to reject a debtor's petition in the circumstances there specified reflects the centrality of solvency in the bankruptcy jurisdiction. 5 A person is solvent if, and only if, the person is able to pay all the person's debts as and when they became due and payable: Act, s 5(2). 6 As Deane J said in Re Sarina; Ex parte Wollondilly Shire Council (1980) 30 ALR 266 at 269, in the context of a bankruptcy resulting from a creditor's petition: It does not appear to me that it is possible to devine any policy underlying the provisions of the Act to the effect that a creditor should be entitled to make a recalcitrant debtor bankrupt even though the debtor satisfies the court that he is plainly solvent and able to pay his debts. It seems to me that it may well be that the legislative intent was to leave a creditor, in those circumstances, to the ordinary remedies by way of execution and garnishee. 7 It follows that an order should not be made under s 52(2) on a creditor's petition against the estate of someone who refuses to pay debt if that person discharges the onus of proving that he or she is solvent. 8 The Full Court in Culleton v Balwyn Nominees Pty Ltd [2017] FCAFC 8 confirmed that Bankruptcy is not a variety of inter partes litigation dealing only with the private rights and obligations of the debtor and creditor, nor is a creditor's petition to be utilised as a form of judgment execution. Rather (at [40]: It is directed to the estate of a person who is insolvent. In that sense it has as a public interest, through the general body of creditors and potential creditors of the debtor and prospective bankrupt, and through what is referred to as the change of status of the person who becomes a bankrupt. That status is changed because of the provisions of the Act which inhibit conduct and affect rights and obligations of the bankrupt, including making the bankrupt susceptible to criminal punishment for what would otherwise be innocent conduct. 9 In Clyne v Deputy Commissioner of Taxation (1984) 154 CLR 589 a creditor's petition brought by the Deputy Commissioner of Taxation was pending when the debtor was made bankrupt on his own petition. The power to make a sequestration order on the Commissioner's petition could no longer be exercised because, as Gibbs CJ, Murphy, Brennan and Dawson JJ explained (at 594-5), the effect of the bankruptcy was that the bankrupt was no longer obliged to pay his creditors: … since the debtor was already bankrupt when the petition came to be heard, the remedies against the person and property formerly available to the Deputy Commissioner had been taken away and there was substituted a right to prove against the estate which had become vested in Mr. Andrew as trustee: see In re Thomas; Ex parte Commissioners of Woods and Forests (21). At that time the Deputy Commissioner "was not a mere creditor. [He] was a creditor whose claim was in proof. [His] claim was no longer a mere right of action for a debt. [He] could no longer have maintained an action as for a debt. The debt had been, at any rate provisionally, merged in an equitable execution ...": see In re Higginson & Dean; Ex parte Attorney-General (22); Ex parte Trustee of the Property of Cork (23); and In re Cole; Ex parte Richards (24). Amounts which were owed by a debtor at the date of the bankruptcy may, notwithstanding his bankruptcy, still be described as debts, and the Act refers to them as such: see, e.g., ss. 58(3), 84(1), 85(1), 86(1), 153(1), 154(1)(b). They are "debts" from which the bankrupt is not released until he is discharged from bankruptcy: s. 153. However, in our opinion, they are no longer debts "still owing" within the meaning of s. 52(l)(c). Although, as was rightly observed in the Federal Court, one dictionary meaning of "owing" is "that is yet to be paid", the word connotes a sense of obligation to make the payment. The effect of the bankruptcy however is that the debtor is no longer obliged to pay his creditors; indeed he is disabled from doing so. If he offered payment they could not safely accept it; their right is a right of proof against the estate. Annulment 10 Sub-section 153A(1) of the Act provides that if the trustee of a bankrupt estate is satisfied that all of the bankrupt's debts have been paid in full, the bankruptcy is annulled, by force of that subsection, on the date on which the last such payment was made. No Court order is necessary to bring about annulment in those circumstances. 11 A bankruptcy may also be annulled by an order of this Court under s 153B(1) of the Act. It relevantly provides: Annulment by Court (1) If the Court is satisfied that a sequestration order ought not to have been made or, in the case of a debtor's petition, that the petition ought not to have been presented or ought not to have been accepted by the Official Receiver, the Court may make an order annulling the bankruptcy. (2) In the case of a debtor's petition, the order may be made whether or not the bankrupt was insolvent when the petition was presented. 12 As can be seen, the power to make an order under s 153B of the Act is discretionary. However, in the case of a debtor's petition, the discretion may not be exercised unless one of the two preconditions for its exercise is fulfilled. It is for that reason that exercise of the power is said to involve a two-step process. In the case of a bankruptcy brought about by a debtor's petition the Court must first be satisfied either that the petition ought not to have been presented by the debtor or that it ought not have accepted by the Official Receiver in order for the discretion to be enlivened. It is only then that the discretionary power may be exercised. 13 The two-step process was described by the Full Court of Carr, Finn and Sundberg JJ in Heinrich v Commonwealth Bank of Australia [2003] FCAFC 315 in the similar context of a bankruptcy created by a sequestration order on a creditor's petition (at [20]): The Court must first consider whether the sequestration order ought not to have been made. If it so finds, then the Court must consider whether, in the exercise of its discretion, the bankruptcy should be annulled: Re Deriu (1970) 16 FLR 420. Later evidence of previously unknown facts may disclose matters which show that the sequestration order ought not to have been made. That is, the Court is entitled to consider not only the case as disclosed at the time when the sequestration order was made, but also those facts now known then to have existed. The Court excludes those facts which have occurred since the order was made. Later evidence of previously unknown facts may disclose matters which show that the sequestration order ought not to have been made: Re Frank; Ex parte Piliszky (1987) 16 FCR 396; Stankiewicz v Plata [2000] FCA 1185 at [19]; Re Williams (1968) 13 FLR 10 at 23; Re Ditfort; Ex parte Deputy Commissioner of Taxation (1988) 19 FCR 347. 14 In Beaman v Bond (2017) 254 FCR 480 McKerracher J said that in exercising the discretion to annul, the Court is to have regard not only to the interests of the parties but to the interests of the public, and that neither is paramount over the other (at [79]), Gilmore and Charlesworth JJ agreeing). 15 It is well established that a bankruptcy brought about by a creditor's petition may be annulled if the applicant establishes that the creditor's petition was presented in circumstances amounting to an abuse of process, including because it was utilised as a form of judgment execution against a recalcitrant yet solvent debtor: Shaw v Yarranova (2017) 252 FCR 267. 16 The presentation of a debtor's petition may constitute an abuse of process if it is brought for the purpose of frustrating a creditor's ability to obtain a sequestration order or for the purpose of putting property beyond the reach of the trustee by reason of different relation back dates: Clyne at 598. 17 As s 153B(2) of the Act makes plain, in the case of a bankruptcy brought about by a debtor's petition, an annulment order may be made whether or not the bankrupt was insolvent at the time when the petition was presented. Cases decided before the introduction of s 153B(2) should be applied with caution. Solvency will nonetheless remain an important issue informing the question of whether the provisions of the Act have been invoked by the debtor for an improper purpose. In addition, the circumstance that a debtor was insolvent at time of the presentation of the petition may be a critical factor in determining the question of whether the petition ought not to have been presented and may also be an important factor in the exercise of the discretion to annul. 18 To show that the debtor's petition ought not to have been presented it will not usually be sufficient for an applicant debtor to show that in retrospect, and given better advice, he or she might have pursued options other than bankruptcy: Re Official Trustee [1999] FCA 1755 at [15]. The effect of an annulment order 19 Section 154 of the Act prescribes the effect of an annulment order made under s 153B. Relevantly: (1) acts done by the trustee or any person acting under the trustee's authority are taken to have been validly done (s 154(1)(a)); (2) the property of the former bankrupt still vested in the trustee may be applied in payment of the trustee's costs, charges and expenses associated with the administration of the former bankrupt's estate (s 154(1)(b)); and (3) subject to exceptions, the remainder (if any) of the property of the former bankrupt still vested in the trustee reverts to the bankrupt (s154(1)(c)). 20 Except as provided for in s 154, the annulment has the effect that the bankruptcy will be treated as never having taken place and the debtor is therefore put back in the position he or she would have been in had the bankruptcy never occurred: Re Coyle at 77. It must follow that the rights and obligations vis a vis the debtor and his or her creditor are revived or restored, except to the extent provided for in s 154 of the Act. Accordingly, an annulment may bring about a circumstance where creditors are left to pursue a recalcitrant but solvent debtor. REASONS OF THE PRIMARY JUDGE 21 At first instance it was not disputed that at the time that the appellant presented her debtor's petition, a creditor's petition had been presented by Body Corporate for Arila Lodge CTS 14237 (BCAL) (now the second respondent on this appeal) and was pending before the then-named Federal Circuit Court of Australia. The creditor's petition was founded on a bankruptcy notice specifying a debt in the amount of $80,266.85. Upon the appellant becoming bankrupt on her own petition, BCAL's creditor's petition was dismissed. The costs of those proceedings were ordered to be paid from the appellant's bankrupt estate with the same priority as if a sequestration order had been made on it. 22 As on this appeal, the trustee of the bankrupt estate, Mr Morgan Lane, abided the event at first instance. Mr Lane nonetheless participated in the proceedings, including by providing a report to the primary judge and expressing an opinion as to the appellant's solvency. 23 The primary judge observed that there was little authority concerning the annulment of a bankruptcy grounded in the acceptance of a debtor's petition, but considered that it was possible to derive relevant considerations by reference to s 55 and s 153B of the Act. He observed (correctly) that s 153B(2) provided for an annulment order to be made in the Court's discretion whether or not the debtor was solvent at the time of the presentation of his or her petition (at [10], [19]). 24 The primary judge cautioned himself against uncritically applying cases concerning annulment of a bankruptcy created by sequestration order on a creditor's petition, or applying principles deriving from such cases too mechanically (at [10]). 25 The primary judge identified (again correctly) that the question of annulment involved a two-step process (at [7]) and that the onus of proving that the bankruptcy should be annulled fell on the appellant (at [8]). 26 The primary judge emphasised that a bankrupt carries a heavy burden to make full disclosure of his or her financial affairs (citing Re Papps; Ex parte Tapp (1987) 87 FCR 524 at 531). His Honour said (at [12]): This does not, of course, mean that the standard of proof applicable to facts in an annulment application is anything other than the ordinary, civil standard of proof on the balance of probabilities: s 34A, Bankruptcy Act. What it does mean is that an applicant must be completely candid. An apparent absence of candour, especially where it suggests that an applicant's true present financial position may not be one of solvency, or may be much worse than asserted, may well offer a basis upon which to exercise a discretion so as not to annul a subsisting bankruptcy. 27 The primary judge identified a number of considerations arising from the terms of s 55 of the Act the inform that question of whether a debtor's petition ought not to have been presented or accepted. The correctness of that summary is not challenged on this appeal and is here set out in full: 14 Regard to s 55 of the Bankruptcy Act discloses a number of bases upon which a debtor's petition ought not to be presented: (a) flowing from s 55(2)(b), if it is not accompanied by a statement of affairs completed by the debtor; (b) flowing from s 55(2A), the debtor has no relevant connection with Australia at the time when the petition was presented, the relevant connections being that the debtor: (i) was personally present or ordinarily resident in Australia; or (ii) had a dwelling-house or place of business in Australia; or (iii) was carrying on business in Australia, either personally or by means of an agent or manager; or (iv) was a member of a firm or partnership carrying on business in Australia by means of a partner or partners or of an agent or manager. (c) flowing from s 55(5A), the debtor is a party (as debtor) to a debt agreement and has not been given permission by the Court to present a debtor's petition; (d) flowing from s 55(6), the debtor has executed a personal insolvency agreement and has not received the leave of the Court to present a petition against himself or herself unless: (i) the agreement has been set aside; or (ii) the agreement has been terminated; or (iii) all the obligations that the agreement created have been discharged. (e) flowing from s 55(6A), a stay under a proclaimed law is applicable to the debtor and the debtor has not received the leave of the Court to present a petition against himself or herself. 15 Regard to s 55 of the Bankruptcy Act also discloses a number of bases upon which the Official Receiver is empowered not to accept a debtor's petition: (a) flowing from s 55(2), the debtor has no relevant Australian connection (as detailed above); (b) flowing from s 55(3): (i) the petition does not comply substantially with the approved form; or (ii) the petition is not accompanied by a statement of affairs; or (iii) the Official Receiver thinks that the statement of affairs accompanying the petition is inadequate. (c) flowing from s 55(3AA), it appears to the Official Receiver from the information in the statement of affairs (and any additional information supplied by the debtor) that, if the debtor did not become a bankrupt, the debtor would be likely (either immediately or within a reasonable time) to be able to pay all the debts specified in the statement of affairs and either or each of the following is applicable: (i) it appears from the information in the statement of affairs (and any additional information supplied by the debtor) that the debtor is unwilling to pay one or more debts to a particular creditor or creditors, or is unwilling to pay creditors in general; (ii) before the current petition was presented, the debtor previously became a bankrupt on a debtor's petition at least 3 times, or at least once in the period of 5 years before presentation of the current petition. 28 The primary judge discussed the meaning of "solvency" and "insolvency" before turning to consider the "bankruptcy form" completed by the appellant. His Honour said that the form raised more questions than it answered. He observed that the appellant had stated that: (1) she had been unemployed for 7 years and that her only source of income in the last 12 months and anticipated following 12 months were government pensions and allowances of about $1,100.00 per fortnight; (2) she had five unsecured creditors with estimated debts totalling $505,500.00 (including a claim asserted by BCAL in the amount of $400,000.00). All but $500.00 was "disputed" by the appellant; (3) she had an interest of unspecified value in her father's estate; (4) she owned a house in Hawthorne and a unit in Toowong (in the complex of which BCAL was the body corporate), with a combined value of $3.5m; and (5) the Hawthorne house was subject to a mortgage to Suncorp Bank connected with a $2 m debt which she disputed. 29 The primary judge referred to the change of the appellant's status brought about by bankruptcy. His Honour said that Ms Thompson's assertion on the face of the forms that she was insolvent because of legal action did not provide a reason in of itself for the Official Receiver to accept her petition (at [32]). His Honour observed: Her declared income and non-realty assets were, with respect, modest but so, too, was her only undisputed debt. Further, even allowing for a dispute as to the amount of the estimated secured debt, there was an apparent surplus of more than $1 million in her net realty asset position. In turn, that surplus was more than enough, if realised, to meet the declared disputed debts. On the face of the "Bankruptcy Form", Ms Thompson may well have been insolvent but that position was not clear. Given what was declared, Ms Thompson's case may just possibly have been one where, within a reasonable time she could have paid her debts and where she was unwilling to pay debts to particular creditors. Potentially then, the case was one where it may have been possible for an Official Receiver, pursuant to s 55(3AA) and as a matter of discretion, to reject Ms Thompson's petition. 30 The primary judge nonetheless concluded (at [33]) that the Official Receiver was not obliged under s 55(3AB) to reject the petition under s 55(3AA). His Honour said that it was not a case where a debtor's petition "ought not to have been accepted" within the meaning of s 153B because: The standard posited by that section is not met where, as a matter of discretion, a petition might not be accepted by an Official Receiver but where there is no obligation to exercise that discretion. 31 Importantly for present purposes, the primary judge said that the case was not one which turned on whether or not the debtor's petition ought not to have been presented or accepted, even though the appellant had those raised those issues on her application ( at [36]). The real issue, his Honour said, was whether the appellant's bankruptcy should be annulled in the exercise of the Court's discretion (at [36]). The primary judge said that an important question in that regard was "whether or not she is, having regard to the test as explained above, solvent?". 32 On the question of solvency, the primary judge accepted the opinion of the trustee that the appellant was "not solvent" and rejected the arguments of the appellant as to why he should not act on it. The main focus of the "solvency" enquiry was not so much the financial position of the appellant at the time of presenting the debtor's petition, but the sufficiency of the property vested in the trustee to discharge all of the appellant's liabilities. In respect of the 'debt' side of that equation, his Honour's starting point was the total amount of claims specified in proofs of debt received by the trustee (none of which had been admitted by the trustee). They totalled $1,332,934.00. Of that amount, $820,479.00 was claimed by "BCAL C/- Grace Lawyers". 33 The property of the bankrupt estate was held to include a recovered amount of $930.00. Save for that amount, the primary judge said at [39] that the "bankrupt estate is presently without funds". 34 As to the Hawthorne property, the primary judge held that Suncorp Bank had entered into possession of the property prior to the presentation of the debtor's petition. The property had been sold by 19 December 2020 and settlement on the sale had occurred on 18 January 2021. The trustee estimated that "at least $368,750" was payable to the appellant's bankrupt estate after discharge of the debt owed to Suncorp Bank and its recovery costs. The settlement statement indicated that that very amount had been paid by Suncorp Bank to the Deputy Commissioner of Taxation. However, as no proof of any taxation debt had been lodged, the trustee had assumed the sum to be a recoverable asset and the primary judge took the amount into account in considering the property available to discharge liabilities (at [43]). 35 The primary judge addressed submissions of the appellant to the effect that the Hawthorne property had been sold at an undervalue, given that a government assessment had valued the unimproved land at $3,500,00.00. His Honour said that the valuation raised "an interrogative note ... in terms of whether Suncorp Bank discharged its duties as mortgagor [sic] in possession" (at [46]), but the remedy in that respect was an action for damages that had vested in the trustee. The primary judge did not consider the realisation of the Hawthorne property would support a conclusion that the appellant "was solvent either at 26 June 2020 or at present". 36 The primary judge concluded that the evidence did not indicate the appellant's claimed interest in her father's estate had any value, adding that the executor of the deceased estate had lodged a proof of debt in the amount of $186,221.00 said to be owed by the appellant to the estate, and the appellant's evidence had not shown that amount to be excessive. 37 As to the Toowong unit, the primary judge held that it was subject to debts (estimated by the trustee at $412, 605.97) that could be enforced against any purchaser, making it difficult to sell unless they were first discharged (at [55]). The primary judge concluded that a sale of the unit after discharge of those debts would net $332,394.03 and that the value of the real property assets was (at most) $681,144.03, which fell "dramatically short" of the trustee's preliminary assessment of the other debts, let alone the trustee's costs of administering the bankrupt estate (at [58]). 38 The trustee's claimed costs and expenses were $192.455.71. The primary judge said that the appellant "had made no proposal, as part of her annulment application" as to how the trustee's expenses might be settled, either in whole or in part", and that the costs of the administration were in part a reflection of the lapse of time between the presentation of the debtor's petition and the commencement of the annulment application (at [60]). 39 The primary judge went on to discuss aspects of the proof of debt lodged by BCAL, $128,858.30 of which included amounts owing pursuant to fixed costs orders or cost orders that were yet to be assessed. His Honour traced some of the litigious history resulting in BCAL's claims, which had their genesis in a dispute about a water leak in the Toowong block of units for which the appellant was alleged to be responsible. The primary judge applied, by analogy, the same principles guiding the Court's power to make a sequestration order in cases where judgment debts are in issue (at [70]). His Honour continued: 71 Annulment does not affect sales and dispositions of property and payments duly made and acts done, by the bankrupt's trustee, or any person acting under the authority of the trustee or the Court, before the annulment: s 154(1)(a) of the Bankruptcy Act. Further, a trustee is entitled to be reimbursed in respect of costs of administration out of property which on bankruptcy vested in the trustee: s 154(1)(b) and s 154(2). Subject to this and to other exceptions in s 154 not presently relevant, the effect of annulment is that the remainder (if any) of the property of the former bankrupt still vested in the trustee reverts to the bankrupt: s 154(1)(c) of the Bankruptcy Act. 72 Thus, deciding whether or not to annul a bankruptcy may also affect the rights and interests of each of a bankrupt's creditors in being paid their debts in full. If a person remains in bankruptcy, the rights of unsecured creditors (or secured creditors with a deficiency) become rights to prove in the bankruptcy and to receive such distribution as may be payable to them from the property of the bankrupt in accordance with the Bankruptcy Act. Annulment could therefore bring with it for creditors a right to have payment in full. One reason for annulment might be that in truth and reality there is no particular debt or debts such that a person is not presently and never was insolvent. 40 His Honour rejected the appellant's arguments as to the costs orders, including because her arguments were or could have been raised in the litigation to which they related (at [65], [77]), the outcomes were not the result of fraud, collusion or miscarriage of justice (at [74]) and because her assertion that BCAL had not been authorised to commence the litigation was without merit (at [78] - [79]). 41 As to the larger part of the BCAL proof of debt that was not founded in any fixed cost order, the primary judge said that the trustee had engaged a costs assessor to advise him in relation to its claim, but was yet to receive a report (at [80]) and the appellant's onus of proofing that the proof was excessive "as part of demonstrating solvency" had not been discharged. 42 The primary judge referred to the appellant's evidence that on 5 December 2019 she had received an email from a financial institution confirming that she had been approved for a loan in an amount that exceeded the amount specified in BCAL's creditor's petition (still pending at that time). His Honour said that the email was not an unconditional loan of funds and concluded, on the basis of evidence of the trustee, that no loan approval had been given. It would not be sufficient, his Honour said, for the appellant "to demonstrate present insolvency" to prove that she would have been able (had she chosen) to pay the debt demanded in the bankruptcy notice from borrowed funds. 43 The primary judge concluded that at the time that she presented her debtor's petition, the appellant had already defaulted on borrowings from Suncorp Bank, she was the subject of multiple costs orders of which even the fixed components were unpaid, that "she was greatly in arrears in amounts owed to BCAL", and that her income was insufficient to pay those debts. His Honour continued (at [84]): Even on a generous assessment of the equity she had in the Hawthorne Property and even assuming, also generously, that each of that property and the Toowong Unit might then have been sold within a reasonable time thereafter, the proceeds of the sale would have been insufficient to meet her debts. She has certainly not proved otherwise. Even accepting, in light of s 153B(2) that an annulment order might be made even though she was insolvent when her debtor's petition was presented, neither has she proved that the position is any better at present. Ms Thompson has not proved that she is presently solvent. The evidence before the Court, such as it is, confirms [the trustee's] opinion that she is not solvent. Given this, I am not persuaded that her bankruptcy should be annulled. 44 The primary judge said that the appellant's failure to prove "present insolvency" and her failure to make any proposal for the payment of any part of the trustee's costs of administration provided reasons in themselves not to annul her bankruptcy. Again, his Honour's reference to "present insolvency" equated to an assessment of whether there was sufficient property to be realised within by the trustee with the context of an ongoing bankruptcy to fully discharge the proofs of debts that had been lodged. 45 The primary judge took into account other factors, including that the annulment application had not been made promptly. In conclusion, his Honour said (at [86]): Another factor is [the trustee's evidence] that, despite numerous requests of her by him to comply with s 77 of the Bankruptcy Act regarding the provision of her books and records, Ms Thompson has failed to do so, though acknowledging that she holds books and records. I accept [the trustee's] evidence on this subject. Ms Thompson's stance, evident in her evidence and submissions, has been to request that [the trustee] advise her as to what documents "we require her to provide". This inverts the requirements of the Bankruptcy Act and, in any event, [the trustee] has made it plain enough what he requires of her. In my view, this is an additional reason why her bankruptcy ought not to be annulled. There is a public interest, given this conduct, in her remaining subject to the restrictions and duties imposed on a bankrupt by the Bankruptcy Act. Her case is one were her estate should continue to be administered in insolvency. There is no public interest, and certainly no interest of creditors, served by the annulment of her bankruptcy. THIS APPEAL 46 I have had the benefit of reading the reasons of Downes J in draft. The matters raised on the appeal by the appellant are conveniently summarised by her Honour. 47 The contention that the primary judge failed to comply with the rules of procedural fairness should be rejected for the reasons given by Downes J. 48 As explained earlier in these reasons, the power to annul the appellant's bankruptcy was discretionary. However, the discretion in the appellant's case was not enlivened unless either of the two alternative pre-conditions were met. The primary judge held that it had not been established that the Official Receiver ought not to have accepted the petition for reasons based on his Honour's preferred construction of the s 153B(1) of the Act. The appellant did not address that aspect of the reasons of the primary judge and so has not established that the reasoning was affected by appealable error. In the absence of submissions on the question it is unnecessary to express a view as to whether the legal basis for that finding was correct. 49 I am unable to identify a positive finding of the part of the primary judge that the alternative pre-condition to the exercise of the power was fulfilled. The reasons at [36] proceed from an assumption that the appellant's bankruptcy may be annulled in the Court's discretion whether or not the Court was positively satisfied that the petition ought not to have been presented or that the petition ought not to be accepted. In my view, that approach was erroneous. However, identification of that error does not justify the grant of relief on this appeal. 50 At the hearing of the appeal the appellant presented arguments as to why the debtor's petition "ought not to have been presented" within the meaning of s 153B(1) of the Bankruptcy Act. At first instance (as on this appeal) it was necessary for the appellant to establish the fulfilment of that condition because if that was not done, it must follow that neither precondition to the exercise of the power existed, and the discretion to make an order annulling her bankruptcy was not enlivened. 51 The primary judge correctly identified that proof of solvency at the time of the presentation of the debtor's petition would not of itself be sufficient to justify the annulment. Actual solvency at the time of the presentation of the debtor's petition is a relevant matter in determining whether the debtor's petition ought not to have been presented, including because it may indicate that the Act had been utilised for a purpose other than that identified in the authorities discussed at the outset of these reasons. Questions would then arise as to whether an annulment brought about wrongly by the debtor should be ordered on the application of the debtor herself. 52 I agree with the conclusion of Downes J that the primary judge did not err in his conclusion that the appellant was indeed insolvent at the time that she presented the debtor's petition. I also agree with her Honour's reasons for rejecting the other bases put forward by the appellant to support the contention that the petition ought not to have been presented. I specifically reject the contention that any one of the other respondents wrongly induced the appellant to petition for her own bankruptcy. 53 It follows that the preconditions for an annulment order have not been shown to exist. 54 It cannot assist the appellant to show that the primary judge erred in the exercise of a discretion he did not have. Demonstration of such an error would not be sufficient to empower this Court in its appellate jurisdiction to make an order under s 153B of the Act annulling the bankruptcy. That is a sufficient basis to dismiss the appeal. 55 It is appropriate to make some further observations about the appellant's submissions concerning her financial position and the reasons of the primary judge on that topic. 56 The primary judge undertook a detailed enquiry into the "present solvency" of the appellant. In the course of doing so, he concluded that the appellant had not put forward a proposal to meet the trustee's expenses of administering her estate. Those two considerations were said by the primary judge to be a sufficient basis not to annul the bankruptcy (at [86]). 57 The expression "present solvency" (as the primary judge employed it) is not an apt expression in the context of an annulment application made under s 153B of the Act. That is because the concept of solvency depends not only upon the existence of liabilities in the nature of debts, but upon the time at which the debts are due and payable by the debtor and the capacity of the debtor to pay at that point in time. Upon and by virtue of a bankruptcy, the bankrupt has no liability to pay his or her debts at all. The rights of creditors with respect to the debts are converted to a right to lodge a proof of debt and to share in the rateable distribution of the bankrupt's property in accordance with the provisions of the Act. It is not correct to speak of debts forming the subject of creditors' proofs within the bankruptcy regime as being debts that are presently due and payable, let alone debts that are due and payable by the bankrupt. 58 It was of course appropriate and necessary for the primary judge to consider the financial position the appellant would be in if the bankruptcy were to be annulled. But that question must be answered in the context of s 154 of the Act, particularly on the footing that the appellant would then be in the same position vis a vis her creditors as if the bankruptcy had not occurred at all. 59 That is not to diminish the importance of the question of whether the appellant would be solvent immediately upon an annulment. The appellant herself raised that question at first instance and it formed a significant part of her submissions on the appeal. However, the approach adopted by the primary judge to resolve that question to my mind was incorrect. The effects of s 154 of the Act were not properly considered and his Honour proceeded from the assumption that all of the debts subject to the lodged proofs would be immediately due and payable upon the annulment. 60 To the extent that the primary judge assessed "present solvency" by reference to the lodged proofs of debt, none of the proofs had been formally admitted by the trustee and the full extent of the appellant's liabilities had not in fact been ascertained by him. Importantly, the dates on which many of them might otherwise be due and payable in the event of an annulment was not the subject of findings that properly took into account the legal consequence of an annulment under s 154 of the Act. A good part of the debt claimed to be owed to BCAL (not in the nature of judgment debt) falls within that category. 61 The primary judge placed significant weight on the circumstance that the appellant had not positively put forward a proposal for the payment of the trustee's expenses in administering the appellant's bankrupt estate. However, on the facts as found by the primary judge the surplus from the sale of the Hawthorne property (in an amount exceeding $348,000.00) had vested in the trustee. In the event of an annulment order, s 154(1)(b) of the Act would operate to ensure that the trustee's expenses and remuneration would be paid in priority from that property. The remainder of the vested property would then vest in the appellant by the operation of s 154(1)(c) and would be available to her to pay any debts then due. On any view of the found facts, the remainder was sufficient to pay the debt specified in the bankruptcy notice (as well as BCAL's costs referable to the creditor's petition) such that if a further notice was issued in respect of the same claimed debts, it was not at all clear that the appellant would be unable to pay them should the bankruptcy be annulled. In accordance with the authorities, whether the appellant would have been willing to pay them was not to the point. She could not be made bankrupt on the basis that she was a recalcitrant but solvent debtor. 62 Were it not for our conclusion that the power to annul the appellant's bankruptcy was not enlivened, I would have been minded (given the self-represented status of the appellant) to invite further submissions as to whether the grounds of appeal established a proper basis for remittal of the annulment application for determination on a proper understanding of the law, particularly s 154 of the Act. 63 The primary judge was otherwise correct to find that the appellant had not complied with her obligations under the Act to produce books and records to the trustee. However, I do not consider that that finding was identified by his Honour as a sufficient basis in and of itself to warrant the dismissal of her originating application. The reasons, particularly at [86], are not expressed in that way. 64 There should be an order dismissing the appeal with costs. I certify that the preceding sixty-four (64) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment of the Honourable Justice Charlesworth. Associate: Dated: 10 March 2023 REASONS FOR JUDGMENT DOWNES J: OVERVIEW 65 This is an appeal from the dismissal of an application to annul the appellant's bankruptcy pursuant to s 153B Bankruptcy Act 1966 (Cth): Thompson v Lane (Trustee) (No 3) [2022] FCA 128 (J). 66 The appellant's bankruptcy commenced on 1 July 2020 after the appellant completed a debtor's petition on 26 June 2020 (which included a form which was described by the primary judge as the bankruptcy form), which was then lodged. The appellant declared in that form that she had been unemployed for seven years and that she was a student. In this regard, it is relevant to observe that, since 2013, the appellant has been awarded a Bachelor of Laws, Graduate Diploma in Legal Practice and Masters in Legal Practice, and is currently a PhD candidate. 67 The appellant is the former registered proprietor of real property located at Hawthorne, Queensland which had been mortgaged to Suncorp Bank as security for a loan to the appellant. In her oral submissions to the primary judge, the appellant stated that she "didn't make repayments at times because I have been unemployed". Suncorp Bank took possession of the Hawthorne property prior to the appellant's bankruptcy, selling it at public auction. 68 In 2014, the appellant acquired a unit in a residential complex called Arila Lodge located in Toowong, Queensland, and has resided in that unit since at least 2016. There is a body corporate for a community titles scheme relating to that complex. The body corporate is the second respondent to this appeal. 69 Between 2016 and 2020, the appellant and body corporate engaged in litigation which related to various claims concerning damage caused by a water leak from the appellant's unit, windows in the appellant's unit, unpaid contributions and a dog in the appellant's unit. The litigation involved proceedings before an adjudicator appointed under the Body Corporate and Community Management Act 1997 (Qld), the Queensland Civil and Administrative Tribunal, the Magistrates Court of Queensland, the District Court of Queensland, the Supreme Court of Queensland and the (then) Federal Circuit Court. This litigation has resulted in numerous costs orders being made in favour of the body corporate, including in fixed sums, which were not paid by the appellant. As a result, the body corporate filed a creditor's petition. 70 Before the creditor's petition came on for hearing, the appellant became bankrupt. The trustee in bankruptcy, Mr Morgan Lane, is the first respondent. Mr Lane was appointed on 1 July 2020. 71 During the period of her litigation against the body corporate up to and including the date on which she lodged her debtor's petition, the appellant was represented by different law firms. Mr Lane has received proofs of debt from some of these firms, which contain claims for unpaid legal fees in the total sum of approximately $297,000. 72 After his appointment, the appellant advised Mr Lane that she is an admitted lawyer and offered to act on his behalf in her bankrupt estate. She also advised him that she was admitted to practice in another jurisdiction and that she could "sign the roll" in Queensland. Mr Lane did not take up the offer. 73 The administration is without funds apart from the amount of $930, and Mr Lane has received proofs of debt totalling $1,146,213. This total does not include two further costs orders made against the appellant in the Federal Circuit Court. 74 As at 27 August 2021, Mr Lane had incurred costs and outlays which totalled $192,455.71 in administering the bankrupt estate of the appellant, and had only been reimbursed $691.24 of that sum. 75 Between at least December 2020 and 8 April 2021, Mr Lane issued requests to the appellant seeking that she provide to him all books that are in her possession that relate to her examinable affairs as required by s 77(1)(a) Bankruptcy Act. The appellant has not complied with those requests. 76 On 14 April 2021, being shortly after Mr Lane's last request for the books made on 8 April 2021, the appellant filed the annulment application which came before the primary judge, who dismissed it on 18 February 2022. 77 For the reasons which follow, the appeal should be dismissed, with costs. THE APPEAL 78 The notice of appeal which was filed by the appellant contained several pages of alleged "errors of fact and errors of law". These were, in substance, identification of grounds of appeal as well as submissions about those grounds. For that reason, the appellant was relieved of the obligation to file written submissions prior to the hearing. 79 During the hearing of the appeal and by Order dated 4 August 2022, the appellant was granted leave to file supplementary submissions on or before 1 September 2022 comprising: (1) a copy of her notice of appeal containing cross-references to any materials before the primary judge in QUD113/2021 relied upon in support of each ground; (2) if the appellant so wished, a copy of the transcript of the argument [in the hearing of the appeal] cross-referenced to any material before the primary judge upon which she relies upon in support; and (3) a copy of Exhibit MFI-A1 cross-referenced to the materials before the primary judge upon which she relies. 80 By Order dated 5 December 2022, the appellant was permitted to file the supplementary submissions, notwithstanding that they had not been filed by 1 September 2022. 81 Pursuant to the Order dated 5 December 2022, the appellant lodged an affidavit on 7 December 2022 (which was accepted for filing on 8 December 2022). The appellant's supplementary submissions, which were 61 pages in length, were an annexure to that affidavit. By the appellant's affidavit, the appellant attested that the supplementary submissions comply with the requirements of the Order dated 4 August 2022. 82 However, upon review, it was apparent that the supplementary submissions were not confined to addressing the matters identified in the Order dated 4 August 2022. Relevantly, they sought to raise additional errors not contained in the notice of appeal and they referred to facts which were not supported by evidence which had been before the primary judge. 83 In addition, an affidavit which had not been before the primary judge at the hearing below (without exhibits) was also attached to the supplementary submissions. 84 I have had regard to the supplementary submissions to the extent that they do the things identified in the Order dated 4 August 2022, but not otherwise. 85 Further, I have not had regard to any evidence which was not before the primary judge in relation to the decision which is the subject of this appeal. In particular, I have not had regard to evidence which the appellant sought to have admitted after the hearing before the primary judge, and the rejection of which was the subject of a separate decision by the primary judge delivered on 17 December 2021, more than a year ago and from which no appeal was brought. This decision is referred to by the primary judge at [83] J: Ms Thompson also sought, after judgment had been reserved, to re-open proceedings so as to lead further evidence, notably evidence of superannuation balances in respect of superannuation funds not listed by her in her Bankruptcy Form and not earlier disclosed to Mr Lane. All of this evidence could have been adduced by her at trial with ordinary diligence and attention to the responsibilities of a party to proceedings in this Court. For reasons separately delivered, I dismissed this application. 86 Generally, I observe that the task of the Court in this appeal is the same as that identified by the Full Court in Shaw v Yarranova Pty Ltd (2017) 252 FCR 267; [2017] FCAFC 88 (North, Perry and Charlesworth JJ), which was also an appeal from the dismissal of an application under s 153B Bankruptcy Act to annul a bankruptcy. That task was stated by the Full Court at [11]–[13] to be as follows: This appeal is in the nature of a rehearing: Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Jia Legeng (2001) 205 CLR 507 at [75] (Gleeson CJ and Gummow J). The task of the Court on such an appeal is the correction of error: CDJ v VAJ (No 1) (1998) 197 CLR 172 at [111]. The demonstration of error in any given case depends not only upon the evidence but also on the nature of the findings or conclusions made by the primary judge. The demonstration of error affecting findings or conclusions involving elements of fact, degree, opinion or judgment will ordinarily be more difficult to demonstrate than errors affecting conclusions about matters in respect of which there can be only one correct answer: Branir Pty Ltd v Owston Nominees (No 2) Pty Ltd (2001) 117 FCR 424 at [24]–[25] (Allsop J). Where error affecting the exercise of a discretionary power is alleged, the Court on appeal will not interfere unless the error falls within the principles stated by the High Court in House v The King (1936) 55 CLR 499 (House v The King) at 504–505 (Dixon, Evatt and McTiernan JJ) … The cumulative effect of these principles is that the appeal is not an occasion for [the appellant] to re-agitate arguments that were rejected in the sequestration proceedings, or other proceedings in which he has been unsuccessful against the respondents, so as to have this Court determine the issues afresh in his favour. Rather, he must demonstrate appealable error affecting the decision of the primary judge not to annul his bankruptcy in accordance with the principles we have stated. WHETHER APPELLANT DEMONSTRATED THAT DEBTOR'S PETITION OUGHT NOT TO HAVE BEEN PRESENTED OR ACCEPTED 87 To enliven the discretion conferred on the Court to annul a voluntary bankruptcy, s 153B Bankruptcy Act requires the Court to be satisfied that the petition ought not to have been presented or ought not to have been accepted by the Official Receiver: see Beaman v Bond (2017) 254 FCR 480; [2017] FCAFC 142 (McKerracher J, Gilmour and Charlesworth JJ agreeing) at [38]. 88 To meet this threshold issue, the notice of appeal refers to a meeting on 1 June 2020 at which Mr Lane was informed to the effect that the appellant had "capacity to pay the amount on the Creditor's Petition" but that she was "unwilling" to sell the residential unit and the Hawthorne property, and "unwilling" to pay the body corporate and other creditors associated with legal proceedings commenced by the body corporate. The appellant therefore relies on the fact of her solvency at the time that she presented her petition as well as the fact that she was unwilling (and disclosed to Mr Lane that she was unwilling) to pay certain claimed debts. 89 For the reasons given below, I do not accept that the primary judge erred in deciding that the appellant was insolvent when she lodged her petition. As a result, her willingness to pay her debts (whether disclosed to Mr Lane or otherwise) is irrelevant to the inquiry as to whether her petition ought not to have been presented or accepted. That is because, whether she was willing or not, the appellant was not able to pay all her debts, as and when they became due and payable, and so was not solvent: see s 5(2) Bankruptcy Act. 90 The appellant also complained that Mr Lane (an accountant and registered bankruptcy trustee) did not give her advice about other options on 26 June 2020, being the date that the appellant completed the bankruptcy form. However, the appellant did not identify what advice ought to have been given by Mr Lane (but was not) nor did she establish by her evidence what she would have done (if anything) had such advice been given. 91 By his affidavit evidence below, Mr Lane stated that he was introduced to the appellant by her solicitor, Mr Charles Londy. Mr Lane said that at a meeting with the appellant and her friend on 1 June 2020, they discussed bankruptcy and its consequences and effect. He said that at a further meeting with the appellant and her friend on 26 June 2020, he again discussed bankruptcy and what happens upon going bankrupt. Mr Lane said that, at that second meeting, the appellant advised that she wanted to lodge her own bankruptcy petition rather than be bankrupted on the creditor's petition of the body corporate. 92 At the hearing before the primary judge, Mr Lane gave evidence that what the appellant told him was that she had no money and she was not able to pay the debt (being the debt claimed in the creditor's petition). Later in his evidence, Mr Lane also referred to the fact that, according to the statement of affairs, the appellant had no assets other than a sum in a bank account which was around $2,000 and the two properties. Mr Lane gave evidence that, as at 1 July 2020, the appellant did not have the liquid resources to pay her creditors. 93 Mr Lane also gave evidence that the appellant had a solicitor representing her at the time (which was the case). Indeed, by her supplementary submissions, the appellant submitted that she "completed her debtor's petition in reliance upon legal advice" of her solicitor. That she received such legal advice was also referred to in her affidavit evidence before the primary judge. 94 In summary, then, at the time of lodging the debtor's petition, the appellant was not solvent, the consequences and effect of bankruptcy were explained to her by a registered bankruptcy trustee before the petition was lodged, there was nothing to indicate to the trustee that the appellant was able to pay her debts as and when they fell due, and the appellant was legally represented and lodged the debtor's petition in reliance upon legal advice of her solicitor. Such circumstances do not warrant a conclusion that the debtor's petition ought not to have been presented within the meaning of s 153B Bankruptcy Act. 95 For these reasons, this aspect of the appeal must fail. 96 As to whether the appellant has established that the debtor's petition ought not to have been accepted by the Official Receiver, the primary judge stated at [33]–[34] J that: … [B]y s 55(3AB), the Bankruptcy Act expressly provides that an "Official Receiver is not required to consider in each case whether there is a discretion to reject under subsection (3AA)". Further, s 55(4) provides that the "Official Receiver must accept a debtor's petition, unless the Official Receiver rejects it under this section or is directed by the Court to reject it". There were no features of the "Bankruptcy Form" which obliged an Official Receiver not to accept it, only some features which, as a matter of discretion, might have warranted rejection as a matter of discretion, or at least the seeking of further particulars from Ms Thompson. Given s 55(3AB) and however much there may be cause for dismay in relation to what this case has revealed in relation to contemporary debtor's petition law and practice, I do not consider this to be a case where a debtor's petition "ought not to have been accepted" in terms of s 153B. The standard posited by that section is not met where, as a matter of discretion, a petition might not be accepted by an Official Receiver but where there is no obligation to exercise that discretion. There are no features of the Bankruptcy Form which precluded Ms Thompson from presenting the debtor's petition nor which obliged the Official Receiver not to accept it. It was apparent on the face of the Bankruptcy Form that Ms Thompson had the requisite Australian association. There was an accompanying statement of affairs. 97 The appellant did not make any submissions about why there was an error in the primary judge's reasons, and no error was otherwise demonstrated. This aspect of the appeal must also fail. 98 The consequence of these conclusions is that the primary judge's discretion to annul the bankruptcy did not arise. For this reason alone, the appeal should be dismissed. WHETHER APPELLANT MADE FULL DISCLOSURE OF FINANCIAL AFFAIRS 99 It is well-established that an applicant who seeks an annulment of his or her bankruptcy pursuant to s 153B Bankruptcy Act carries a heavy burden. It is incumbent on such an applicant to place before the Court all relevant material with respect to his or her financial affairs so that the Court may be properly informed and may make a judgment that is based on the actual circumstances of the applicant. Whether an applicant has done this is a relevant factor when determining whether to exercise the discretion: see Francis v Eggleston Mitchell Lawyers Pty Ltd (2014) 12 ABC(NS) 25; [2014] FCAFC 18 (Rares, Flick and Bromberg JJ) at [16] in which the Full Court cited the decision of Tracey J in Alfio Peter Bulic v Commonwealth Bank of Australia Limited (2007) 5 ABC(NS) 122; [2007] FCA 307 at [12]; see also [11(b)] and [12] J. 100 As the primary judge observed at [12] J (which is not challenged by the appellant): … [A]n applicant must be completely candid. An apparent absence of candour, especially where it suggests that an applicant's true present financial position may not be one of solvency, or may be much worse than asserted, may well offer a basis upon which to exercise a discretion so as not to annul a subsisting bankruptcy. 101 One of the reasons given by the primary judge for refusing to make the annulment order was the appellant's non-compliance with s 77 Bankruptcy Act, stating at [86] J that: … Another factor is Mr Lane's report in his affidavit that, despite numerous requests of her by him to comply with s 77 of the Bankruptcy Act regarding the provision of her books and records, Ms Thompson has failed to do so, though acknowledging that she holds books and records. I accept Mr Lane's evidence on this subject. Ms Thompson's stance, evident in her evidence and submissions, has been to request that Mr Lane advise her as to what documents "we require her to provide". This inverts the requirements of the Bankruptcy Act and, in any event, Mr Lane has made it plain enough what he requires of her. In my view, this is an additional reason why her bankruptcy ought not to be annulled. There is a public interest, given this conduct, in her remaining subject to the restrictions and duties imposed on a bankrupt by the Bankruptcy Act. Her case is one were [sic] her estate should continue to be administered in insolvency. There is no public interest, and certainly no interest of creditors, served by the annulment of her bankruptcy. (emphasis added) 102 As to this reason, the appellant's stated position in her notice of appeal was this: Par [86] is apparently further confirmation of errors of fact/errors of law noting that absent exhibited evidence, of Morgan Lane's "numerous requests" or of making his requirements "plain enough"; and evidence of the Applicant's numerous emails sent to Morgan Lane that have been unanswered; Logan J. has apparently relied upon Morgan Lane's false/misleading allegations. In fact, the Appellant/Applicant has identified in numerous emails sent to Morgan Lane that she has not operated a business, has no "books and records" pertaining to the operation of a business (noting same is the usual definition of "books and records" pertaining to s.77 of the Bankruptcy Act), and has genuinely and sincerely asked Morgan Lane to identify what "books and records" he wishes her to provide; noting that the Applicant owns hundreds of fiction and nonfiction books and apparently Morgan Lane does not require her to provide same. And despite the Bankruptcy Act providing that Morgan Lane must answer the Applicant's questions, he has failed to answer the Applicant's genuine, sincere and reasonable questions about what "books and records" he requires the Applicant to provide. The Appellant/Applicant's true belief is that there would be as much public interest in the truth of the actions of BCAL, Grace Lawyers and Morgan Lane (not only pertaining to the Appellant/Applicant's bankrupt estate and lot 3 at Arila Lodge but also pertaining to other litigation commenced against lot owners, other body corporate actions and bankrupt estates) if the public was aware of same. (emphasis original) 103 In summary, the appellant's complaint therefore appears to be that the primary judge did not have a proper basis on the evidence to conclude that she had failed to comply with s 77 Bankruptcy Act. The appellant did not submit that such failure, if established, was not relevant to the exercise of discretion under s 153B. Indeed, it is plain that such a matter is relevant having regard to the appellant's obligation to place before the Court all relevant material with respect to her financial affairs. 104 It is therefore necessary to consider the obligations which the appellant bears pursuant to s 77 Bankruptcy Act and the evidence which was before the primary judge. 105 Section 77 relevantly provides as follows: (1) A bankrupt shall, unless excused by the trustee or prevented by illness or other sufficient cause: (a) forthwith after becoming a bankrupt, give to the trustee: (i) all books … that are in the possession of the bankrupt and relate to any of his or her examinable affairs … 106 Section 5(1) defines "books" as follows: books includes any account, deed, paper, writing or document and any record of information however compiled, recorded or stored, whether in writing, on microfilm, by electronic process or otherwise. 107 Section 5(1) defines "examinable affairs" as follows: examinable affairs, in relation to a person, means: (a) the person's dealings, transactions, property and affairs; and (b) the financial affairs of an associated entity of the person, in so far as they are, or appear to be, relevant to the person or to any of his or her conduct, dealings, transactions, property and affairs. 108 Mr Lane gave the following evidence in his affidavit filed 6 May 2021: Despite numerous requests of the Applicant to comply with Section 77 of the Bankruptcy Act 1966 regarding the provision of her books and records, the Applicant has failed to do so, though acknowledging that she holds books and records. Rather the Applicant has requested that I am to advise the Applicant as to what documents "we require her to provide" … 109 Contrary to the notice of appeal, Mr Lane's affidavit annexed copies of some of the requests made of the appellant. 110 On 27 January 2021, Mr Lane sent an email to the appellant in these terms: In relation to your attached document, you state: "**All documents referenced and any additional information required can be provided upon request." Sorry, however I find that statement astounding, because we have asked you on numerous occasions, to provide to this office all the books and records that you have in your possession and you have failed to do so. So again, and so that there can be no doubt about my position and that of the law; please provide to this office all the books and records in your possession, not just the records that you want to provide, because Section 77(1)(a) of the Act clearly states: Duties of bankrupt as to discovery etc. of property (1) A bankrupt shall, unless excused by the trustee (and you are not excused) or prevented by illness or other sufficient cause: (a) forthwith after becoming a bankrupt, give to the trustee: (i) all books (including books of an associated entity of the bankrupt) that are in the possession of the bankrupt and relate to any of his or her examinable affairs; (emphasis omitted) 111 On 7 April 2021, Mr Lane sent an email to the appellant which included this statement: As for your compliance with the Bankruptcy Act, I note you have continued to fail to deliver up all your books and records. I attach a notice issued to you in this regard on 28 October 2020, almost 6 months ago. I suggest to assist in the administration, you comply with this request. 112 On 8 April 2021, the appellant sent an email to Mr Lane which included this statement: … 3. And can you please confirm what steps you would take if I provided "all your books and records". Noting that pertaining to "all your books and records" I have previously identified that my understanding (based on legal advice) is that the legal obligation pertains to "books and records" of business(es) I have operated, of which there is none. If you are aware of a relevant legal determination of same then can you please provide it to me. 4. Additionally, noting that I have emailed to you multiple documents explaining the actions of the Body Corporate for Arila Lodge and others who have filed Proof of Debt Claims and the apparent invalidity of same, and have offered to provide any legal documents you require. To date I have received no response from you pertaining to any legal documents you require. … 113 That same day, Mr Lane wrote to the appellant in these terms: In relation to the provision of your books and records it is an obligation that is imposed upon you under the Act. As to your understanding, which you say is based on legal advice, I beg to differ as has been previously explained to you (refer my emails of 22/12/20, 23/12/20 and 27/1/21). Sorry you have to comply with the requirements of the Act, it is you that needs to provide written advice as to the alternative. In your words, you "have offered to provide any legal documents you require", with respect it is not for you to offer and as advised to you on 27/1/21 in response to your email of 25/1/21, it is your duty to comply with the Act and simply provide. 114 Less than a week later, on 14 April 2021, the appellant filed the annulment application. 115 Although Mr Lane was cross-examined at the hearing before the primary judge, there was no suggestion made to him, and no submission was made by the appellant, that she had provided all books in her possession to Mr Lane which related to her examinable affairs within the meaning of the Bankruptcy Act. Nor did the appellant establish or submit that the position had been rectified through her evidence such that all such books had been provided as required. 116 To the contrary, in this appeal, the appellant seeks to maintain the position adopted by her in correspondence that, as she did not operate a business, she is not required to provide any books, and that, in any event, the onus is upon Mr Lane to identify the books which he requires to be delivered. Such a position is wrong when one has regard to the legislation, including the definitions of "books" and "examinable affairs". Further, s 77 places the onus on a bankrupt to act as stipulated, and there is no requirement for a trustee in bankruptcy to identify or request particular books from the bankrupt. 117 Contrary to the position of the appellant, there was therefore no error by the primary judge in accepting the evidence of Mr Lane and finding that the appellant had failed to provide the books which she was required to provide to him pursuant to s 77 Bankruptcy Act. 118 Further, the obligation placed upon a bankrupt by s 77(1)(a) is a significant and serious one, as s 265 Bankruptcy Act makes plain. In this regard, the observations of Sheppard J in Re Bond; Ex parte Ramsay [1994] FCA 1052; (1994) 54 FCR 394 at 401 are apposite: … The provisions of s 77 and the other provisions of Part V of the Act are designed to enable the Trustee to make the fullest investigation into a bankrupt's property, dealings and affairs. At least so far as bankrupts are concerned, the essence is a requirement that they co­operate. Co-operation can and will be compelled in appropriate cases. If this were not the case, bankrupts could make a laughing stock of their obligations. Thus unwilling and uncooperative bankrupts must produce documents and answer questions against their will. That is their obligation. If they fail in that obligation they expose themselves to the risk of being found in contempt of court or in breach of the criminal law. To require Mr Bond to sign the consent here in question is, in my opinion, an ordinary and commonplace incident of his overall obligation to co-operate with his Trustee. He is required to do many things that he is probably unwilling to do. This is but one of them … 119 The conduct of the bankrupt is a relevant consideration in determining whether an order annulling a bankruptcy should be made, as is whether an annulment will be conducive of or detrimental to commercial morality and the interests of the public: Shaw at [112]. 120 For these reasons, I agree with the primary judge that there is a public interest, given her conduct, in the appellant remaining subject to the restrictions and duties imposed on a bankrupt by the Bankruptcy Act and that her estate should continue to be administered in insolvency. I also agree that there is no public interest served by the annulment of the appellant's bankruptcy. 121 The primary judge was therefore justified in treating the appellant's non-compliance with s 77 Bankruptcy Act as providing an additional reason why the appellant's bankruptcy ought not to be annulled. 122 Importantly, it was in the context of the appellant's non-compliance with her statutory obligations that the primary judge considered the appellant's central contention in support of annulment, being that she was solvent when the debtor's petition was presented and that she would be able to pay her debts as and when they fell due if her bankruptcy was annulled. 123 In circumstances where the appellant failed to deliver books to Mr Lane in compliance with s 77 Bankruptcy Act, and Mr Lane could therefore only opine to the appellant's financial position based on the information known to him (which was incomplete), the appellant failed to present her complete financial position to the Court. 124 In these circumstances, the primary judge was not properly informed and was therefore unable to make a judgment that was based on the actual circumstances of the appellant. 125 For these reasons, the appellant did not discharge the heavy burden which was imposed on her as referred to by the Full Court in Francis. This provides a second reason in and of itself to dismiss the appeal. WHETHER APPELLANT DEMONSTRATED SOLVENCY 126 This aspect of my reasons proceeds on the assumption that the appellant placed before the primary judge all relevant material with respect to her financial affairs. 127 The central argument by the appellant before the primary judge was that she was solvent when she presented her debtor's petition, and that (in effect) she would be solvent if the bankruptcy was annulled. This argument was relied upon by the appellant for the purposes of seeking a finding that the debtor's petition should not have been presented or accepted (at least in part) as well as to support the exercise of discretion in favour of annulment. 128 As part of consideration of this central argument, the primary judge set out ss 5(2) and 5(3) Bankruptcy Act at [20] J and stated at [82] J that, "in terms of determining solvency, monies which a debtor might readily command by way of loan funds in order to meet debts are to be taken into account". 129 At [71] – [72] J, the primary judge also made the following observations: Annulment does not affect sales and dispositions of property and payments duly made and acts done, by the bankrupt's trustee, or any person acting under the authority of the trustee or the Court, before the annulment: s 154(1)(a) of the Bankruptcy Act. Further, a trustee is entitled to be reimbursed in respect of costs of administration out of property which on bankruptcy vested in the trustee: s 154(1)(b) and s 154(2). Subject to this and to other exceptions in s 154 not presently relevant, the effect of annulment is that the remainder (if any) of the property of the former bankrupt still vested in the trustee reverts to the bankrupt: s 154(1)(c) of the Bankruptcy Act. Thus, deciding whether or not to annul a bankruptcy may also affect the rights and interests of each of a bankrupt's creditors in being paid their debts in full. If a person remains in bankruptcy, the rights of unsecured creditors (or secured creditors with a deficiency) become rights to prove in the bankruptcy and to receive such distribution as may be payable to them from the property of the bankrupt in accordance with the Bankruptcy Act. Annulment could therefore bring with it for creditors a right to have payment in full. One reason for annulment might be that in truth and reality there is no particular debt or debts such that a person is not presently and never was insolvent. 130 At the hearing before the primary judge and in order to demonstrate her solvency, the appellant produced a summary table, which was accepted for filing on 1 September 2021. 131 Having regard to the grounds of appeal, the appellant failed to establish any error in the primary judge's rejection of her central argument. This is for the following reasons. Evidence before the primary judge 132 Mr Lane's evidence before the primary judge was as follows (in summary): (1) the administration is to-date without funds, apart from a refund received in the amount of $930.00; (2) Mr Lane has received proofs of debt totalling $1,146,213 from creditors, with the largest being the body corporate in the amount of $820,479; (3) no determination has been made concerning the proofs of debt because no dividend has been gained; (4) Mr Lane has received copies of orders of the Federal Circuit Court whereby it was ordered that the body corporate's costs in two proceedings (including the proceedings pursuant to its creditor's petition) be paid with the same priority as if a sequestration order had been made against the appellant; (5) the mortgagee of the Hawthorne property has sold that property by public auction. On the best information available to Mr Lane, he estimates that there may be surplus proceeds from the Hawthorne property for the benefit of the administration of at least $348,750.00; (6) Mr Lane has obtained desktop appraisals of the Arila Lodge unit which is estimated to be valued between $645,000 and $760,000. The body corporate has made a claim that the outstanding levies, penalty interest and recovery costs totalling $549,711.49 are amounts owing on the unit to be paid at settlement of the sale of the unit, which has a similar effect to that of a secured debt; (7) Mr Lane has not identified any other avenues of recovery for the benefit of the bankrupt estate; (8) Mr Lane has not seen and the appellant has not produced any evidence that the Hawthorne and Toowong properties were readily realisable as at the date of her bankruptcy and nor has he seen any evidence that the appellant had any liquid funds available to pay her debts at that time. In his opinion, the appellant was insolvent as at 1 July 2020; (9) Mr Lane has incurred costs and outlays totalling $192,455.71 and has only been reimbursed $691.24 of that sum. This figure does not include the legal costs associated with appearing at first instance and in this appeal; (10) based on the information currently available to Mr Lane and his inquiries to date, the bankrupt estate is not solvent with the value of creditor claims exceeding the estimated recoveries in the administration; (11) Mr Lane estimated that the likely return to unsecured creditors would be between $0.17 and $0.4241 in the dollar. 133 No expert evidence was adduced by the appellant to contradict Mr Lane's evidence. Under cross-examination below, Mr Lane maintained the position that, based on the figures currently available, he was not satisfied that the appellant's bankrupt estate was solvent. 134 The primary judge agreed. At [84] J, his Honour stated: On the evidence, by the time when she signed her Bankruptcy Form on 26 June 2020 and when, shortly thereafter, the debtor's petition portion thereof was accepted by an Official Receiver, Ms Thompson had already defaulted on borrowings from Suncorp Bank such that it had entered into possession of the Hawthorne Property. She was by then subject to multiple costs orders even the fixed components of which were, in the main, unpaid and she was greatly in arrears in amounts owed to BCAL. Her income was insufficient to meet even those debts. She was unable within any reasonable time, or even on the evidence at all, to borrow funds even to meet the amount specified in the bankruptcy notice. Even on a generous assessment of the equity she had in the Hawthorne Property and even assuming, also generously, that each of that property and the Toowong Unit might then have been sold within a reasonable time thereafter, the proceeds of sale would have been insufficient to meet her debts. She has certainly not proved otherwise. Even accepting, in light of s 153B(2) that an annulment order might be made even though she was insolvent when her debtor's petition was presented, neither has she proved that the position is any better at present. … 135 For the following reasons and by reference to the grounds of appeal, the appellant failed to demonstrate error by the primary judge in relation to these findings. Errors alleged by appellant 136 The appellant asserts that the primary judge erred in relying on and accepting Mr Lane's evidence as to solvency. 137 In relation to the debts claimed by creditors, the following specific errors are alleged in the notice of appeal: (1) the primary judge erred in refusing to go behind the costs orders made in various proceedings between the appellant and the body corporate. As part of this complaint, it is contended to the effect that the primary judge erred as a matter of law in relation to certain findings in [78]–[79] J; (2) the primary judge erred in failing to find that: (a) the appellant is not in fact indebted to the body corporate including because Mr Lane's affidavits did not exhibit a costs assessment report of Mr Glenn Walter (Walter report), which report confirmed that the amount of $412,605.97 referred to in [56] J is not the amount of debt owed by the appellant to the body corporate; (b) the appellant is not in fact indebted to the other creditors who have submitted proofs of debt; (c) the primary judge erred in not considering that the amount of $10,000 had been allowed for the purposes of paying Mr Lane, which fee is adequate compensation having regard to the ways in which Mr Lane has been derelict in his duties as trustee. 138 In relation to the appellant's asset position, the following specific errors are alleged in the notice of appeal: (1) the proceeds from the appellant's father's estate should have been included when determining the appellant's solvency (although the appellant did not herself include this as an asset in the summary table); (2) the primary judge "relied on false representations made by Morgan Lane pertaining to the Appellant/Applicant's ability to obtain a loan secured against the unmortgaged Toowong Unit"; (3) the primary judge erred in preferring desktop appraisals of the unit at Arila Lodge instead of accepting other evidence (although, in any event, the position in the summary table did not include any value posited by the appellant in the place of the appraisals). 139 These grounds will be addressed by reference to the summary table, and to the evidence, which was before the primary judge. Alleged error in failing to go behind costs orders Reasons of the primary judge 140 At [60] J, the primary judge identified the costs orders (including fixed costs orders) which are listed in the body corporate's proof of debt as follows: 141 While the primary judge accepted that a court of bankruptcy has power to go behind particular judgment debts, his Honour observed at [73] J that, "The existence of such a power is one thing, occasion for its exercise is quite another". 142 The primary judge continued at [74]–[79] J: The place for the agitation of Ms Thompson's grievances about the sequel to the water leakage was in the various forums for which State law makes provision. Ms Thompson has exercised rights so conferred and there have been resultant determinations made on the merits. Her subjective appreciation apart, Ms Thompson has not by evidence established that the several outcomes adverse to her in the State system, as detailed in the summary offered by Sofronoff P, were the result of fraud, collusion or miscarriage of justice. Especially that is so when it is recalled that these are grave allegations attracting commensurate care in deciding whether they are proved: Briginshaw v Briginshaw (1938) 60 CLR 336. Fraud, collusion or miscarriage of justice do not, as I have mentioned, delineate the limits of the bases upon which a court of bankruptcy might go behind any judgment. But there is a singular public interest in the determination to finality of factual controversies in the usual forums appointed for the determination of those controversies. There are also the legitimate private interests of other unit owners in the complex in which the Toowong Unit is situated, and the body corporate for that complex, BCAL, in such finality. Ms Thompson made particular reference in evidence and submissions to events in her personal and wider family life which had intruded upon her ability to cope with the stresses of dealing with the water leakage, its consequences and defaults in loan and body corporate levy payments and related litigation, as well as intruding on her decision to present her debtor's petition. Such stresses, real though they may be, are not, in themselves, a basis for annulling a bankruptcy in circumstances where her debts as proved in the bankruptcy are not shown to be other than real. I am just not satisfied on the evidence that there is any reason to go behind the various judgment debts. Ms Thompson's complaints about the sequel to the water incursion incident have been dealt with in the appointed fora. All of her evidence and submissions either were or could have been advanced there. Further and in any event, the taking of legal action against Ms Thompson by BCAL, to the extent that it required approval by body corporate resolution, has been ratified by various resolutions passed by the body corporate on 6 April 2020, as meeting minutes annexed to an affidavit of Mr Schoch, solicitor, of Grace Lawyers attest. That ratification was, in my view, effective retrospectively to authorise, insofar as the same may have been necessary, the institution of proceedings against Ms Thompson by BCAL and the response by BCAL to proceedings instituted by her and related retainers of lawyers. It was within the power of BCAL to institute recovery proceedings and to defend proceedings brought by Ms Thompson. The authorisation was a matter for internal management, to be decided by the majority at a general meeting. The requisite ratifying special resolution has been passed. The position is analogous to that which prevails in respect of the ratification by resolution of actions within the power of a corporation to undertake: see Grant v United Kingdom Switchback Railways Company (1888) 40 Ch D 135, at 139 – 140 and a local application of this by Cussen J in Colhoun v Green [1919] VLR 196, at 203. As to the submission based on s 153 of the BCCM Act, it could not have been known in advance that legal costs would exceed any statutory threshold. I doubt that this section has any application. In my view, the authorisation given at general meeting was sufficient approval. Relevant legal principles 143 There are well established principles in relation to when a bankruptcy court can, or should, exercise its power to "go behind" a judgment in order to determine whether there is in fact a debt owing as claimed by the petitioning creditor. 144 As recognised by the primary judge at [68] and [70] J, it should be noted that these principles have developed in the context of the discretion to make sequestration orders under s 52 of the Bankruptcy Act. 145 Where a question is raised as to whether a judgment or order establishes the amount truly owing to the petitioning creditor, there are two separate questions: first, whether there is a proper basis to exercise the discretion to go behind the judgment, and second, if there is, whether there is in truth and reality no debt: see Ramsay Health Care Australia Pty Ltd v Compton (2017) 261 CLR 132; [2017] HCA 28 at [16], [37]–[38], [65]–[71] (Kiefel CJ, Keane and Nettle JJ); see also Lowbeer v De Varda (2018) 264 FCR 228; [2018] FCAFC 115 at [53]. 146 The discretion may be exercised where the judgment or order which comprises the debt was reached with fraud, collusion or a miscarriage of justice: Corney v Brien (1951) 84 CLR 343; [1951] HCA 31. However, as also recognised by the primary judge at [69] J, the circumstances in which a court may go behind a judgment are not limited to fraud, collusion or miscarriages of justice. A bankruptcy court should go behind a judgment where sufficient reason is shown for questioning whether behind the judgment there is in truth and reality a debt due to the petitioning creditor: see Ramsay at [37]–[38] (Kiefel CJ, Keane and Nettle JJ). 147 In Ramsay, Edelman J, in a separate concurring judgment, observed at [111] that: … in the absence of some evidence of fraud, collusion, or miscarriage of justice, a court exercising bankruptcy jurisdiction will rarely have substantial reasons to investigate whether the debt which merged in the judgment is truly owed. 148 Consistently with the observations of the Full Court in Shaw at [13], this appeal is not an occasion for the appellant to re-agitate arguments that were rejected in other proceedings in which she has been unsuccessful against the body corporate, so as to have this Court determine the issues afresh in her favour. No proper basis to exercise discretion 149 In this case, the costs orders identified above were made in different jurisdictions, in connection with a variety of proceedings (both brought by or against the appellant) and in circumstances where the appellant had ample opportunity to test the merits of her contentions as to why the costs orders should not be made. Each of the appellant's contentions before the primary judge either have been, or as identified by the primary judge at [77] J ought to have been, advanced in these other proceedings especially as the appellant had legal representation in all proceedings prior to the presentation of her petition. 150 For these reasons, no error has been shown in the decision reached by the primary judge not to go behind these costs orders. 151 The appellant also contended in her notice of appeal that the primary judge erred at [78] and [79] J in concluding that retrospective approval of the commencement of proceedings against Ms Thompson ameliorated any deficiencies in the initial process adopted by the body corporate for commencing such proceedings. In particular, the appellant submitted that the Body Corporate and Community Management Act 1997 (Qld) does not allow for retrospective approval when the statutory requirements to commence a proceeding have not been complied with. 152 However, in McEvoy v The Body Corporate for No 9 Port Douglas Road [2013] QCA 168, the Queensland Court of Appeal confirmed that a failure to obtain a special resolution authorising the commencement of proceedings (as required by s 312 Body Corporate and Community Management Act 1997 (Qld)) could be cured by subsequent ratification: [30], [40] (Holmes JA, as her Honour then was, McMurdo P and Douglas J agreeing). This authority provides strong support for the primary judge's conclusion. 153 For these reasons, no error has been established by the appellant and, accordingly, this aspect of the appeal must fail. Alleged failure to make identified findings Debt owed to body corporate 154 This alleged error stems from the content of the Walter report, being a report obtained by Mr Lane from a costs assessor in relation to two aspects of the claims by the body corporate. The appellant asserts an error by the primary judge on the basis that the Walter report confirmed that the amount of $412,605.97 referred to in [56] J is not the amount of debt owed by the appellant to the body corporate. 155 However, for the following reasons, no such error exists. 156 In the reasons for judgment, the primary judge noted that Mr Lane's preliminary assessment of the amount of body corporate debts owing in respect of the unit, being outstanding contributions, penalty interest and recovery costs, is $412,605.97. The primary judge then assumed that the outstanding body corporate debts are at least that amount notwithstanding that the proof of debt from the body corporate claimed the higher amount of $593,249.40: see, generally, [54]–[56] J. 157 Mr Lane's preliminary assessment of these body corporate debts is contained in a table which is an annexure to his affidavit filed on 15 July 2021 (Table 6). The total of his preliminary assessment is $412,605.97 (which is the figure adopted in [56] J). 158 In relation to certain of these body corporate debts, it is stated that: (1) for claim A, the body corporate claimed an amount of $451,750.76 in its proof of debt but Mr Lane's preliminary assessment was that $284,386.28 should be allowed. A note in the table states, "Preliminary assessment figure from Paragraph 8 of Glenn Walter assessors [sic] advice dated 23 April 2021"; (2) for claim D, the body corporate claimed an amount of $25,500 in its proof of debt but Mr Lane's preliminary assessment was that $12,231.06 should be allowed. A note in the table states, "Preliminary assessment figure from Paragraph 8 of Glenn Walter assessors [sic] advice dated 23 April 2021". 159 By the notice of appeal, the appellant is critical of the fact that Mr Lane did not exhibit the Walter report to his affidavits. However, this complaint is without substance as the report was annexed to the affidavit of Mr O'Sullivan, who was Mr Lane's solicitor, and this affidavit was also relied upon by Mr Lane below. Further, the table referred to the Walter report and made plain that the figure from that report had been adopted by Mr Lane. 160 When the appellant cross-examined Mr Lane at the hearing before the primary judge, she referred to the Walter report but did not take Mr Lane to it, and no party took the primary judge to the report during oral submissions. The affidavit material before the primary judge was voluminous, comprising 15 affidavits in total. It was in these circumstances that the primary judge erred when he stated at [80] J to the effect that Mr Lane was yet to receive the report. However, that error is of no significance in this appeal. 161 As observed correctly by the primary judge at [80] J, the onus of proving that the proof of debt lodged by the body corporate was excessive and by how much, as part of demonstrating solvency, was upon the appellant. The appellant did not tender any report from a costs assessor. 162 Instead, the appellant sought to rely upon the Walter report to support her contention that no amount is owed to the body corporate, and to allege that the primary judge erred in accepting Mr Lane's evidence as to solvency. 163 However, the Walter report does not establish that no amount is owed to the body corporate for the following reasons. 164 First, Mr Walter was only engaged to provide advice in relation to two claims made in the body corporate's proof of debt (claims A and D), and not all claims. 165 Relevantly, Mr Walter assessed those claims by reference to the body corporate's entitlement to recovery costs pursuant to s 145(1) Body Corporate and Community Management (Standard Module) Regulation 2008 (Qld) (as it then was). That section entitled a body corporate to recover as a debt any costs reasonably incurred by a body corporate in recovering the amount of a contribution or instalment as well as any penalty for not paying the contribution or instalment. Such contributions were able to be levied by the body corporate under s 141 of the Regulation. 166 Second, Mr Walter assessed claims A and D and concluded that the total recovery costs reasonably incurred by the body corporate in the claim against the appellant for payment of body corporate contributions or instalments was in the total sum of $296,617.34 exclusive of indemnity for GST. 167 Mr Lane accepted this assessment for the purposes of providing his evidence at the hearing before the primary judge, and the primary judge accepted Mr Lane's opinion as to solvency (which included the acceptance of the conclusion by Mr Walter as to claims A and D). That the primary judge did not himself review the Walter report does not matter as Mr Lane had read it, and adopted this part of it, and there was no error shown in the primary judge's approach, especially in the absence of any contradictory evidence. 168 Mr Lane did not adopt the approach taken in a separate part of Mr Walter's report, in which Mr Walter opined that the body corporate's costs should be capped at $50,000.00. 169 That approach was correct for the following reasons. 170 As part of his report, Mr Walter set out the following chronology of "important steps in the conduct of the litigation" between the parties as follows: 2.2 On or about 29 March 2016 the Body Corporate gave instructions to its solicitors to recover outstanding contributions claimed to be owing by the bankrupt. 2.3 By Claim and Statement of Claim filed in the Magistrates Court on 5 May 2016 the proceeding (which was later transferred to the District Court) was commenced in reliance upon s.145 of the Body Corporate and Community Management (Standard Module) Regulation 2008 (Qld) whereby there was claimed some $17,751.00 for outstanding contributions, plus interest in the sum of $1,400.45 and recovery costs. 2.4 By Orders of a Magistrate made 4 November 2016 Summary judgement was obtained against the defendant/bankrupt in the total sum of $49,037.70 (such sum comprising: outstanding levies $13,191.66; levies for period 6/5/2016 to 14/9/2016 $2,857.36; interest $817.49; and recovery costs $32,171.21). 2.5 Subsequent to the hearing before a Magistrate on 4 November 2016 and before 31 December 2016, the defendant/bankrupt paid to the Body Corporate the sum of $17,751.00 on account of outstanding contributions. 2.6 By Appeal No. B4769/16 filed 2 December 2016 in the District Court of Qld, the appellant/bankrupt appealed the Orders made 4 November 2016. The hearing of the appeal proceeded before Judge Butler DCJ on 21 April 2017. 2.7 By Orders made by Judge Butler DCJ on 5 May 2017, the appellant/bankrupt succeeded on the ground of appeal as to the entitlement of recovery costs of the respondent Body Corporate and that part of the claim seeking $32,171.21 in recovery costs was remitted to the Magistrates Court and the appellant/bankrupt's Counterclaim (which sought to litigate a claim allegedly for the failure of the Body Corporate to inter alia repair storm damage to the bankrupt's residential unit) was dismissed. 2.8 At the time of the Appeal hearing, the appellant/bankrupt had paid to the Body Corporate sums on account of body corporate contributions then outstanding. 2.9 Subsequent to a hearing before Magistrate Ehrich on 12 April 2018, by affidavit of Brogan Elliot, solicitor filed 12 July 2018 it was the Body Corporate's evidence that its costs had now accumulated to more than $150,000.00 and were now in excess of the monetary jurisdiction of the Magistrates Court. The proceeding was thereafter transferred to the District Court. 2.10 By Orders of Judge Smith DCJ made 23 April 2019, the proceeding was listed for hearing on 19 and 20 August 2019. 2.11 The hearing proceeded on 19 August 2019 before Judge Koppenol DCJ when the proceeding was adjourned to 30 October 2019 with costs reserved. 2.12 By Application filed 25 October 2019 listed before Judge Koppenol DCJ on 29 October 2019 the bankrupt/defendant sought orders, inter alia, that the plaintiff's Further Amended Statement of Claim be struck out including for reasons that the plaintiff admits that the claim had been paid. The Application was adjourned and was relisted on 11 November 2019 before Judge Porter DCJ together with the bankrupt/defendant's Application filed 6 November 2019 for orders, inter alia, for leave to file a Third Amended Defence of the Defendant. 2.13 At the conclusion of the hearing on 11 November 2019 Orders were made, inter alia, for leave to file a Further Amended Claim within 28 days, that the defendant pay 2/3rds of the plaintiff's costs of the Application filed 25 October 2019, and that the Application filed 6 November 2019 be dismissed with no order as to costs. 2.14 Upon the plaintiff's Application filed 14 November 2019 for leave to file a Third Amended Statement of Claim, Orders were made by Porter DCJ on 27 November 2019 granting such leave. On 9 December 2019, the plaintiff filed further amended pleadings in accordance with the Orders made 11 and 27 November 2019. 2.15 At a directions hearing on 7 February 2020, Judge Porter DCJ granted leave for the bankrupt/defendant to file a Third Amended Defence, informed the parties that he intended to have the proceeding ready for trial by the end of June 2020, and adjourned the matter of the plaintiff's disclosure to a directions hearing on 25 February 2020. 2.16 By further Application filed by the bankrupt/defendant on 14 February 2020 listed before Judge Porter DCJ on 25 February 2020 orders were sought, inter alia, that the plaintiff give further disclosure of documents. 2.17 By further Application filed on 9 March 2020, the bankrupt/defendant sought Orders for summary judgment against the plaintiff. 2.18 The proceeding including the bankrupt/defendant's Application for summary judgement was listed for mention before Judge Porter DCJ on 18 March 2020 when orders were made, inter alia, dismissing the Application for summary judgment with the bankrupt/defendant's consent, and the proceeding was listed for hearing for 4 days commencing 17 August 2020 and was listed for directions on 22 May 2020. 2.19 At directions hearing on 22 May 2020 before Judge Porter DCJ, orders and directions were made for the parties to file further evidence-in-chief, the bankrupt/defendant was ordered to pay the costs of the directions hearing on the indemnity basis, and the proceeding was listed for pre-trial directions hearing on 16 June 2020. 2.20 At further directions hearing on 16 June 2020 before Judge Porter DCJ, orders and directions were made for trial including in respect of affidavit evidence, for preparation of Court books and trial bundles, and for the parties exchange written trial openings by 24 July 2020. 2.21 A mention listed 26 June 2020 was adjourned, whilst the trial listed from 17 to 20 August 2020 was subsequently vacated by Orders of Judge Reid DCJ made 27 July 2020. (footnotes omitted) 171 Notwithstanding his recognition of the numerous steps taken in the litigation between the parties (insofar as they related to claims A and D), Mr Walter then expressed the opinion that, if it was his role to consider whether the body corporate's recovery costs should be "capped", then he would determine that they be capped at $50,000.00. He did this on the expressed basis that "the principle of proportionality" had "judicial imprimatur in Queensland". 172 However, no reasons were given in the Walter report as to how he had arrived at the amount of $50,000.00. 173 This is a critical deficiency in the Walter report because, as the report itself recognises, the litigation between the parties spanned more than four years and involved numerous steps, including several appearances in different courts. Mr Walter does not explain whether and, if so, how the numerous rounds of appearances and various other steps in the litigation were taken into account by him when arriving at the figure of $50,000. 174 I also have some doubts about the legal correctness of Mr Walter's approach in any event (although it is not necessary to express a concluded view). 175 Section 145 of the Regulation did not require nor impose any notion of proportionality between the amounts being pursued by a body corporate under s 145(1)(a) and s 145(1)(b) and the recovery costs under s 145(1)(c). However, even if the principle of proportionality is a relevant factor to a decision whether recovery costs under s 145(1)(c) of the Regulation have been reasonably incurred, it does not follow that other factors are irrelevant. For example, another relevant consideration would be the manner in which parties (other than the body corporate) have conducted the litigation, and the impact which such conduct has had on the body corporate's costs. 176 Further, the decision of Thompson v Body Corporate for Arila Lodge [2017] QDC 134, which is cited in the Walter report as supporting the application of the principle, relied upon the decision of the Queensland Court of Appeal in Amos v Monsour Legal Costs Pty Ltd [2008] 1 Qd R 304; [2007] QCA 235 at [29]. However, Amos concerned the assessment of costs on an indemnity basis under r 704 of the Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 1999 (Qld), and the proper construction of that rule, which has different wording to s 145. Having said that, even the Court in Amos recognised that a determination of whether costs are "reasonably incurred" (albeit within the meaning of r 704) will involve a consideration of all relevant circumstances pertaining in the particular case: see [29] of that decision. Debts owed to other creditors 177 In the summary table, the appellant allowed nil for all proofs of debt on the basis that they have not been determined to be valid by Mr Lane. However, the fact that Mr Lane has yet to determine the extent to which these debts will be admitted does not mean that Mr Lane's opinions as to the solvency of the applicant should not be accepted. 178 The appellant also submitted that, "in the absence of any Exhibited evidence to prove otherwise, the Applicant believes that the valid amount of the Proof of Debt claims is nil". However, the onus was upon the appellant to prove that no amount should be allowed for the debts claimed by creditors other than the body corporate. Having regard to the evidence before the primary judge, the appellant failed to do this. 179 This aspect of the appeal fails. Alleged failure to allow for payment of $10,000 to Mr Lane 180 In the summary table, the appellant included $10,000 for Mr Lane's fees with a note to the effect that there had been no explanation provided of how expenditure of $120,640.08 had been to the benefit of the bankrupt estate nor how it was necessary and reasonable. It was submitted that, "The Applicant understands that an amount less than $10,000 would be reasonable to determine that the Debtor's Petition ought not to have been accepted". 181 However, as the primary judge stated at [29] J, it was not for Mr Lane to decide whether or not to accept the appellant's application to become bankrupt and that, pursuant to s 55 Bankruptcy Act, that task fell to an Official Receiver. 182 Further, as observed by the primary judge at [11(f)] J, it was a relevant consideration whether the appellant has made any proposal for the payment of the fees and disbursements of her trustee in bankruptcy and, if not, why not. In this case, the appellant did not propose to pay Mr Lane's claimed fees and outlays but, as she has done with many of her creditors (such as lawyers who have acted for her), criticised his performance instead. 183 As to these matters, the primary judge stated at [59] J: … In his more recent affidavit (that of 27 August 2021), Mr Lane deposed that the total costs and outlays he had incurred administering the bankrupt estate were $192,455.71. While, at first blush, the trustee's expenses might seem high, it is quite apparent from Mr Lane's evidence (in his affidavit of 27 August 2021, under the heading Updated Administration Costs), which I accept, that there have been extensive dealings as between the trustee and his staff and Ms Thompson and vice versa, as well as dealings with the Australian Taxation Office in relation to the Hawthorn [sic] Property and general administration duties. Having regard to her conduct of the present application, I do not doubt that Ms Thompson has been a demanding, time consuming person with whom to deal. And time carries a monetary cost in a bankruptcy administration. Ms Thompson has made no proposal, as part of her annulment application, as to how the trustee's expenses might be settled, either in whole or in part. Instead, without, as far as I can see, any evidenced warrant, she seems to think that Mr Lane has been derelict in his duties as trustee to the extent that he is entitled to no remuneration whatsoever. Yet further, the costs of administration are also a reflection of the lapse of time between when Ms Thompson became bankrupt on her petition and when on 14 April 2021 she filed her application for annulment, a delay of over nine months. 184 While it is the case that the primary judge stated that the appellant's position was that Mr Lane should receive no remuneration whereas the summary table allowed the nominal sum of $10,000.00, this is a distinction without a difference. 185 The primary judge's findings accord with the oral evidence of Mr Lane that he has been a trustee in bankruptcy for over 26 years, that he did not believe that the fees and outlays were excessive, in his opinion, and that he was satisfied that what has been incurred was reasonable in the circumstances of the file. 186 No evidence was adduced by the appellant to contradict Mr Lane's evidence. Further, the appellant failed to demonstrate why the primary judge erred in accepting Mr Lane's detailed evidence concerning his costs and outlays. 187 Further, the appellant's attacks on Mr Lane's conduct as trustee in bankruptcy are without merit as they fail to recognise that Mr Lane is without funding and that he is administering a bankrupt estate in circumstances where the bankrupt is not complying with her statutory obligations, with the consequence that he does not possess all relevant information. 188 This aspect of the appeal must also fail for these reasons. Alleged error in relation to proceeds from father's estate 189 This complaint relates to a claim which the appellant had in relation to her deceased father's estate. 190 That claim was brought by the appellant in the District Court of Queensland, and was the subject of a self-executing order made on 19 July 2019. By that order, the appellant was required to pay certain costs, failing which the proceedings were dismissed. Mr Lane gave evidence before the primary judge that the appellant had not paid the costs and so "the matter was at an end". 191 The appellant did not include this claim in the summary table as being an asset, which is consistent with the finding of the primary judge at [51] J that: There was nothing in the evidence which would indicate that whatever interest Ms Thompson had in her late father's estate was of any worth. It appears that her interest was via a family provision claim but that the estate was already fully administered. 192 No error has been shown by the appellant and this aspect of the appeal fails. Alleged error in relation to ability to obtain loan 193 This complaint relates to the appellant's claim that, on 5 December 2019, she had received an email from a Mr Gregory Perfrement of CPA Home Loans "confirming approval of a loan of $95,000". However, the email itself is nothing more than an "indicative quotation". 194 The appellant relied on this evidence to contend that she was solvent at the time of presentation of the debtor's petition. 195 This was addressed by the primary judge at [82] J: Of course, in terms of determining solvency, monies which a debtor might readily command by way of loan funds in order to meet debts are to be taken into account. However, regard to the email concerned from Mr Perfrement discloses that it is a long way short of an unconditional offer of loan funds. Further, this is a subject which has not passed without investigation by Mr Lane. Mr Lane deposed in his affidavit and without objection that he had spoken with Mr Perfrement, who had advised him that no loan approval had been given, rather that a loan may have been possible subject to Ms Thompson's providing further information for submission to potential financiers, and that no further information was provided by Ms Thompson. Yet further, it would not be sufficient, in order for Ms Thompson to demonstrate present solvency, that she prove (and she has not) that she would have been able, had she chosen, to pay the sum demanded in the bankruptcy notice from borrowed funds readily at her command. 196 The appellant did not adduce evidence which contradicted that of Mr Lane, and no error has been shown by the primary judge's acceptance of the evidence of Mr Lane relating to his conversation with Mr Perfrement or of his finding that the appellant had not established by her evidence that she would have been able to pay the sum demanded in the bankruptcy notice from the borrowed funds. 197 This aspect of the appeal must fail. The Hawthorne property 198 The primary judge included an amount of $348,750 as an asset in relation to the Hawthorne property: see [43] J. 199 Other critical findings relating to this property were as follows: (1) the appellant believes that the surplus should be more than this. However, the evidence does not establish that, as at 26 June 2020, she might have realised that property within a reasonable time so as to pay all then outstanding debts. She was not even then in possession of that property, Suncorp Bank having by then entered into possession. Inferentially, she was then in default in respect of the borrowing secured by the mortgage over the Hawthorne property: [44] and [46] J; (2) the evidence adduced by the appellant falls a long way short of establishing, even prima facie, any breach of a mortgagee's duties either under statute or the general law by Suncorp Bank in the sale of the Hawthorne property. These duties did not extend to Suncorp Bank waiting for some indeterminate time in order to obtain the very best possible price. The means adopted by Suncorp Bank for the sale of the Hawthorne property, being sale by public auction, was not, in itself, indicative of a breach of these duties, rather the reverse. Further, and again prima facie, a price obtained in a public auction on the open market might be regarded as a reliable indication of market value: [48] J; (3) on the evidence, there is nothing to indicate that Suncorp Bank did otherwise than sell the property on the market under the conditions of the market as they then stood: [49] J; (4) for these reasons, realisation of the Hawthorne property should not be regarded as offering, beyond the prospective $348,750 recovery, anything which might support a conclusion that the appellant was solvent either at 26 June 2020 or at present: [50] J. 200 Other than a general assertion of solvency, the notice of appeal did not identify any particular error by the primary judge in relation to the Hawthorne property. 201 Before the primary judge, the appellant relied on a printout from a website operated by the Queensland government which identified that the valuation of the Hawthorne property was $3,500,000. However, there is no information as to how this valuation was determined. 202 As observed by the primary judge at [46] J, the land valuation does nothing more than raise an interrogative note about the price for which the Hawthorne property was sold in terms of whether the Suncorp Bank discharged its duties, and the evidence did not establish that, as at 26 June 2020, the appellant might have realised that property within a reasonable time so as to pay all then outstanding debts. 203 By the supplementary submissions in this appeal, the appellant claims that, as at the date of the hearing before the primary judge, her claim in relation to the sale of the Hawthorne property in breach of Suncorp Bank's duties as mortgagee was and is valued at $2,000,000, and that this claim should have been included as an asset. However, by the summary table which was provided to the primary judge at the conclusion of the hearing below, the appellant only claimed that the amounts of $348,750, $139,500 and $314,447 should have been included as assets in connection with the Hawthorne property. Of these amounts, the primary judge included the amount of $348,750 as an asset. 204 In any event, at best for the appellant, even if the appellant had some proper basis to assert a claim against Suncorp Bank (which the evidence did not establish) and even if such a claim could be valued at $2,000,000, the existence of such a claim does not lead to a conclusion that the appellant was able to pay her debts as and when they became due and payable, or (if her bankruptcy was annulled) she would be able to do so now, having regard to the definition of solvent in s 5(2) of the Bankruptcy Act. 205 A person is not solvent if their creditors, whose debts are due for payment, must await the outcome of litigation which is yet to be commenced, especially in circumstances where there is no indication of how and when it will ever be commenced, how it would be funded and the prospects of such a claim succeeding are not known. 206 For these reasons, the appellant has failed to demonstrate an appealable error by the primary judge in relation to the Hawthorne property. 207 This aspect of the appeal fails. The Arila Lodge unit 208 As for the valuation of the unit, the primary judge preferred the market appraisals which had been obtained by Mr Lane, stating as follows at [52]–[53] J: As to the Toowong Unit, Mr Lane's evidence establishes that, although Ms Thompson was not, as at the time her debtor's petition was accepted, the registered proprietor, she was then the beneficial owner of that property and entitled to be registered as its owner pursuant to a contract for its purchase and related memorandum of transfer signed by the registered proprietor (Mr Mark Peacock) as far distant in time as 2014. The Toowong Unit has passed to Mr Lane as part of Ms Thompson's bankrupt estate. There are no formal valuations of the Toowong Unit in evidence. However, Mr Lane has obtained "desktop appraisals" of that property from Ray White (Toowong) and from Bell Property. These are in evidence. They are admissible as a species of opinion evidence. While they do not carry the same weight as would a formal valuation, they are the best evidence available. They are based on comparable sales. They indicate that the value of the Toowong Unit is between $645,000 and $760,000. Ms Thompson tendered some searches obtained from the website, realestate.com, of sales of other units in the complex where the Toowong Unit is located. These units sold for higher amounts than the range I have mentioned. However, neither is a considered opinion by a person qualified to express an opinion as to the value of the Toowong Unit. I prefer the range derived from the market appraisals obtained by Mr Lane. 209 The Ray White appraisal dated 6 July 2020 and obtained by Mr Lane provided the upper estimate of $760,000.00 which was adopted by the primary judge at [57] J. That appraisal considered properties comparable to the Arila Lodge unit, being properties with a riverfront aspect and a layout similar to that of the unit and which had been sold between May 2019 and March 2020. It included external and internal photographs of those properties as well as other data, including the size, the sale price, the way that each property had been sold and the time that each property had spent on the market (if sold on market). 210 Another market appraisal was also in evidence, being that of Belle Property dated 6 July 2020. That appraisal was by a real estate agency which was familiar with the unit, having acted as buyer's agent in 2015. That appraisal contained less detail than the Ray White appraisal, and stated that the property had a "realistic selling price of $655,000 with a range of $645,000 - $665,000". 211 The appellant complains in the notice of appeal that the primary judge's reliance on the Ray White appraisal was "not in accordance with the rules of evidence". However, the appellant did not object to the appraisals being admitted into evidence, and does not identify the rules of evidence which lead to a conclusion of error by the primary judge. 212 The appellant has failed to demonstrate an appealable error in relation to the primary judge's conclusion as to the market value to be given to the Arila Lodge unit. 213 This aspect of the appeal fails. WHETHER DENIAL OF PROCEDURAL FAIRNESS 214 By the notice of appeal, the appellant asserts that the primary judge erred in failing to afford natural justice and denied assistance that would reasonably be expected to be provided to a self-represented litigant (which appears to be a complaint that the appellant was denied procedural fairness). Complaint is also made that she did not receive such assistance from the legal representatives for Mr Lane and the body corporate. 215 By the notice of appeal, the appellant also submitted that: It is a denial of natural justice for Logan J. to apparently ignore the exhibited evidence of; • "fraud, collusion or miscarriage of justice"; and • breach of statutory duties, fiduciary duties and duties to the court; and to rely upon false and misleading submissions/allegations (absent exhibited evidence) made by Morgan Lane and pertaining to the proceedings pursued against the Appellant/Applicant. (emphasis original) 216 The obligations of a court to a litigant in person were recently summarised by the Full Court in Flightdeck Geelong Pty Ltd v All Options Pty Ltd (2020) 280 FCR 479; [2020] FCAFC 138 (Markovic, Derrington and Anastassiou JJ), which summary was cited with approval in Boensch v Somerville Legal (2021) 286 FCR 293; [2021] FCAFC 79 (Katzmann, Markovic, and Abraham JJ) at [86]. 217 In Flightdeck, the Court observed (at [54], [56], and [58]) that: The assistance provided to a litigant-in-person must therefore be limited to that which is necessary to diminish the disadvantage which he or she will ordinarily suffer, and the Court should be wary to avoid placing a litigant-in-person in a position of advantage or privilege over a represented opponent. As acknowledged by Samuels JA in Rajski v Scitec Corporation Pty Ltd (unreported, Court of Appeal, NSW, No 146 of 1986, 16 June 1986), at 27, and cited with approval by the High Court in Nobarani v Mariconte (2018) 265 CLR 236 , 250 [47]: [T]he absence of legal representation on one side ought not to induce a court to deprive the other side of one jot of its lawful entitlement … An unrepresented party is as much subject to the rules as any other litigant. The court must be patient in explaining them and may be lenient in the standard of compliance which it exacts. But it must see that the rules are obeyed, subject to any proper exceptions. To do otherwise, or to regard a litigant in person as enjoying a privileged status, would be quite unfair to the represented opponent. … The duty of the Court does not extend to providing judicial advice, counselling a litigant on how to exercise their rights, or conducting the case on their behalf. … … A denial of procedural fairness must work a practical injustice on the appellant in order for the Court to exercise its discretion to grant relief … An appellant alleging a denial of procedural fairness need only demonstrate that they were deprived of the possibility of a successful outcome; to negate that possibility it is necessary to find that a properly conducted trial could not possibly have produced a different result. (citations omitted) 218 By the supplementary submissions, the appellant submitted that she had been denied procedural fairness because she and another person were not cross-examined which had the consequence that this "denied the Court the opportunity to address the false allegation" that the appellant has not been "completely candid". However, in the period of more than four months between the annulment application being filed and heard, the appellant filed nine affidavits which were relied upon by her in the hearing before the primary judge, including two affidavits which were accepted for filing in the week before the hearing below. The appellant was given more than ample opportunity to address all allegations made against her, and was not denied that opportunity because she was not cross-examined. 219 Other complaints were also made which were not substantiated by any evidence or a review of the transcript of the hearing before the primary judge. Further, the appellant did not identify or establish: (1) the circumstances that amounted to her not being afforded procedural fairness. In particular, she did not identify or establish the evidence of "fraud, collusion or miscarriage of justice" and "breach of statutory duties, fiduciary duties and duties to the court" which were "ignored" by the primary judge, or the false and misleading submissions made on behalf of Mr Lane as referred to in the notice of appeal; (2) what the practical injustice is that has been occasioned by the failure to afford her procedural fairness; (3) what assistance it is that she asserts she ought to have received from the primary judge or the lawyers; and (4) how that assistance was required to diminish any disadvantage. 220 Accordingly, this ground must fail. DISPOSITION 221 For these reasons, the appeal should be dismissed, with costs following the event. That is, the appellant should be ordered to pay the respondents' costs of the appeal. I certify that the preceding one hundred and fifty-seven (157) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment of the Honourable Justice Downes. Associate: Dated: 10 March 2023 REASONS FOR JUDGMENT GOODMAN J: 222 I agree that the appeal should be dismissed with costs. As I have had the considerable benefit of reading in draft the judgments of Charlesworth J and Downes J, I am able to express my reasons for that conclusion succinctly. 223 The discretion conferred on the Court under s 153B of the Bankruptcy Act 1966 (Cth) is enlivened if the Court is satisfied that a debtor's petition ought not to have been presented or ought not to have been accepted by the Official Receiver. 224 The primary judge's reasons for judgment (J) indicate that his Honour was not satisfied that the appellant's debtor's petition ought not to have been accepted by the Official Receiver (at J[33]). That finding is not challenged on appeal. 225 With respect to his Honour, it is not clear whether he was satisfied that the appellant's debtor's petition ought not to have been presented. There is no express finding of such satisfaction and at J[36] his Honour appears to have proceeded on the basis that such satisfaction was unnecessary. If that was indeed the basis on which his Honour proceeded, then there was an error, however such an error does not assist the appellant. Further, the issue of whether the appellant's debtor's petition ought not to have been presented was argued on this appeal; and for the reasons expressed by Downes J at [87] to [94] above, I agree that the appellant has not established that her debtor's petition ought not to have been presented. 226 It follows that there is and was no basis for the enlivenment of the discretion in s 153B of the Act. I agree with Charlesworth J at [53] to [54] and Downes J at [98] above that the non-enlivenment of the discretion is a sufficient reason to dismiss the appeal. 227 It is thus unnecessary to consider whether the primary judge erred in the exercise of the discretion (assuming it had been enlivened). Had it been necessary to do so, then I would not have been satisfied that the primary judge erred in the exercise of that discretion in accordance with the well-established principles explained in House v The King [1936] HCA 40; (1936) 55 CLR 499 at 504 to 505 (Dixon, Evatt and McTiernan JJ): see also Shaw v Yarranova Pty Ltd [2017] FCAFC 88; (2017) 252 FCR 267 at 270 to 271 [11] to [13] (North, Perry and Charlesworth JJ). 228 The primary judge at J[86] stated: Although Ms Thompson's failure to prove present solvency, and her failure to make any proposal for the payment of any part of Mr Lane's costs of administration, provide reasons in themselves not to annul her bankruptcy, I have also taken into account other factors. One is the lapse of time (over nine months) between when Ms Thompson became bankrupt and when she filed her annulment application. Her application is not one which was made promptly. Another factor is Mr Lane's report in his affidavit that, despite numerous requests of her by him to comply with s 77 of the Bankruptcy Act regarding the provision of her books and records, Ms Thompson has failed to do so, though acknowledging that she holds books and records. I accept Mr Lane's evidence on this subject. Ms Thompson's stance, evident in her evidence and submissions, has been to request that Mr Lane advise her as to what documents "we require her to provide". This inverts the requirements of the Bankruptcy Act and, in any event, Mr Lane has made it plain enough what he requires of her. In my view, this is an additional reason why her bankruptcy ought not to be annulled. There is a public interest, given this conduct, in her remaining subject to the restrictions and duties imposed on a bankrupt by the Bankruptcy Act. Her case is one were (sic) her estate should continue to be administered in insolvency. There is no public interest, and certainly no interest of creditors, served by the annulment of her bankruptcy. (emphasis added) 229 I read this paragraph as indicating that the primary judge considered the failure of the appellant to comply with s 77 of the Act to provide a free-standing basis for the exercise of the discretion against the appellant. The primary judge at J[12] and J[86] recognised the importance of the obligation to comply with s 77 of the Act and the related obligation on an applicant for an annulment under s 153B of the Act to act with complete candour. That importance is also reflected in the reasons of Downes J at [75] and [99] to [125] above. I agree with the views expressed by both the primary judge and Downes J and find no error in the primary judge refusing to exercise the discretion favourably to the appellant on the basis solely of her non-compliance with s 77 of the Act. Further, the absence of candour and compliance with s 77 is a serious impediment to the formation of a reliable view as to the present solvency of an applicant for annulment. 230 Thus, I do not find it necessary to consider whether the primary judge was correct in his assessment as to other bases upon which he exercised his discretion. 231 Finally, for the reasons expressed by Downes J at [214] to [220] above, there was no failure by the primary judge to afford procedural fairness to the appellant. I certify that the preceding ten (10) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment of the Honourable Justice Goodman. Associate: Dated: 10 March 2023