Compiled Auditing Standard ASA 620 (December 2022) Auditing Standard ASA 620 Using the Work of an Auditor's Expert This compilation was prepared on 31 March 2022 taking into account amendments made by ASA 2020-2, ASA 2020-1, ASA 2021-5 and ASA 2021-1. Compilation number: 3 Compilation date: 14 December 2022 Prepared by the Auditing and Assurance Standards Board Obtaining a Copy of this Auditing Standard The most recently compiled versions of Auditing Standards, original Standards and amending Standards (see Compilation Details) are available on the AUASB website: www.auasb.gov.au Contact Details Auditing and Assurance Standards Board Phone: (03) 8080 7400 Level 20, 500 Collins Street E‑mail: enquiries@auasb.gov.au Melbourne Victoria 3000 AUSTRALIA Postal Address: PO Box 204 Collins Street West Melbourne Victoria 8007 AUSTRALIA COPYRIGHT © 2022 Commonwealth of Australia. 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ISSN 1833‑4393 CONTENTS COMPILATION DETAILS AUTHORITY STATEMENT CONFORMITY WITH INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ON AUDITING Paragraphs Application...............................................................Aus 0.1-Aus 0.2 Operative Date............................................................Aus 0.3 Introduction Scope of this Auditing Standard.................................................1-2 The Auditor's Responsibility for the Audit Opinion....................................3 Effective Date...............................................................4 Objectives..................................................................5 Definitions.................................................................6 Requirements Determining the Need for an Auditor's Expert........................................7 Nature, Timing and Extent of Audit Procedures.......................................8 The Competence, Capabilities and Objectivity of the Auditor's Expert.......................9 Obtaining an Understanding of the Field of Expertise of the Auditor's Expert.................10 Agreement with the Auditor's Expert..............................................11 Evaluating the Adequacy of the Auditor's Expert's Work.............................12-13 Reference to the Auditor's Expert in the Auditor's Report............................14-15 Application and Other Explanatory Material Definition of an Auditor's Expert.............................................A1-A3 Determining the Need for an Auditor's Expert....................................A4-A9 Nature, Timing and Extent of Audit Procedures.................................A10-A13 The Competence, Capabilities and Objectivity of the Auditor's Expert.................A14-A20 Obtaining an Understanding of the Field of Expertise of the Auditor's Expert............A21-A22 Agreement with the Auditor's Expert.........................................A23-A31 Evaluating the Adequacy of the Auditor's Expert's Work..........................A32-A40 Reference to the Auditor's Expert in the Auditor's Report..........................A41-A42 Appendix 1: Considerations for Agreement between the Auditor and an Auditor's External Expert COMPILATION DETAILS Auditing Standard ASA 620 Using the Work of an Auditor's Expert (as Amended) This compilation takes into account amendments made up to and including 5 November 2021 and was prepared on 31 March 2022 by the Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (AUASB). This compilation is not a separate Auditing Standard made by the AUASB. Instead, it is a representation of ASA 620 (October 2009) as amended by other Auditing Standards which are listed in the Table below. Table of Standards Standard Date made Operative Date ASA 620 [A] 27 October 2009 Financial reporting periods commencing on or after 1 January 2010 ASA 2020-2 [B] 30 June 2020 Financial reporting periods ending on or after 15 July 2020 ASA 2020-1 [C] 3 March 2020 Financial reporting periods commencing on or after 15 December 2021[*] ASA 2021-5 [D] 5 November 2021 Financial reporting periods commencing on or after 15 December 2021 ASA 2021-1 [E] 10 March 2021 Financial reporting periods commencing on or after 15 December 2022 [A] Federal Register of Legislation – registration number F2009L04099, 17 November 2009 [B] Federal Register of Legislation – registration number F2020L00885, 7 July 2020 [C] Federal Register of Legislation – registration number F2020L00252, 13 March 2020 [D] Federal Register of Legislation – registration number F2021L01525, 8 November 2021 [E] Federal Register of Legislation – registration number F2021L00403, 1 April 2021 Table of Amendments Paragraph affected How affected By … [paragraph] A18 Amended ASA 2020‑2 [48] A19 Amended ASA 2020‑2 [49] A4 Amended ASA 2020‑1 [205] A4 Amended ASA 2021‑5 [31] 2 Amended ASA 2021-1 [95] & [96] Footnote 1 8 Amended ASA 2021-1 [97] A6 Amended ASA 2021-1 [98] A6 Amended ASA 2021-1 [99] Footnote 5 A7 Amended ASA 2021-1 [100] Footnote 7 A10 Amended ASA 2021-1 [101] A11 and sub-heading Amended ASA 2021-1 [102] A11 Amended ASA 2021-1 [103] Footnotes 9 and 10 A12 Amended ASA 2021-1 [104] Renumbering of footnotes Amended ASA 2021-1 [105] A13 Amended ASA 2021-1 [106] A15 Amended ASA 2021-1 [107] A26 Amended ASA 2021-1 [108] AUTHORITY STATEMENT Auditing Standard ASA 620 Using the Work of an Auditor's Expert (as amended to 5 November 2021) is set out in paragraphs Aus 0.1 to A42 and Appendix 1. This Auditing Standard is to be read in conjunction with ASA 101 Preamble to AUASB Standards, which sets out how AUASB Standards are to be understood, interpreted and applied. This Auditing Standard is to be read also in conjunction with ASA 200 Overall Objectives of the Independent Auditor and the Conduct of an Audit in Accordance with Australian Auditing Standards. Conformity with International Standards on Auditing This Auditing Standard conforms with International Standard on Auditing ISA 620 Using the Work of an Auditor's Expert, issued by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB), an independent standard-setting board of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). Paragraphs that have been added to this Auditing Standard (and do not appear in the text of the equivalent ISA) are identified with the prefix "Aus". Compliance with this Auditing Standard enables compliance with ISA 620. Auditing Standard ASA 620 The Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (AUASB) made Auditing Standard ASA 620 Using the Work of an Auditor's Expert pursuant to section 227B of the Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001 and section 336 of the Corporations Act 2001, on 27 October 2009. This compiled version of ASA 620 incorporates subsequent amendments contained in other Auditing Standards made by the AUASB up to and including 5 November 2021 (see Compilation Details). Auditing Standard ASA 620 Using the Work of an Auditor's Expert Application Aus 0.1 This Auditing Standard applies to: (a) an audit of a financial report for a financial year, or an audit of a financial report for a half-year, in accordance with the Corporations Act 2001; and (b) an audit of a financial report, or a complete set of financial statements, for any other purpose. Aus 0.2 This Auditing Standard also applies, as appropriate, to an audit of other historical financial information. Operative Date Aus 0.3 This Auditing Standard is operative for financial reporting periods commencing on or after 1 January 2010. [Note: For operative dates of paragraphs changed or added by an Amending Standard, see Compilation Details.] Introduction Scope of this Auditing Standard 1. This Auditing Standard deals with the auditor's responsibilities relating to the work of an individual or organisation in a field of expertise other than accounting or auditing, when that work is used to assist the auditor in obtaining sufficient appropriate audit evidence. 2. This Auditing Standard does not deal with: (a) Situations where the engagement team includes a member, or consults an individual or organisation, with expertise in a specialised area of accounting or auditing, which are dealt with in ASA 220;[1] or (b) The auditor's use of the work of an individual or organisation possessing expertise in a field other than accounting or auditing, whose work in that field is used by the entity to assist the entity in preparing the financial report (a management's expert), which is dealt with in ASA 500.[2] The Auditor's Responsibility for the Audit Opinion 3. The auditor has sole responsibility for the audit opinion expressed, and that responsibility is not reduced by the auditor's use of the work of an auditor's expert. Nonetheless, if the auditor using the work of an auditor's expert, having followed this Auditing Standard, concludes that the work of that expert is adequate for the auditor's purposes, the auditor may accept that expert's findings or conclusions in the expert's field as appropriate audit evidence. Effective Date 4. [Deleted by the AUASB. Refer Aus 0.3] Objectives 5. The objectives of the auditor are: (a) To determine whether to use the work of an auditor's expert; and (b) If using the work of an auditor's expert, to determine whether that work is adequate for the auditor's purposes. Definitions 6. For purposes of the Australian Auditing Standards, the following terms have the meanings attributed below: (a) Auditor's expert means an individual or organisation possessing expertise in a field other than accounting or auditing, whose work in that field is used by the auditor to assist the auditor in obtaining sufficient appropriate audit evidence. An auditor's expert may be either an auditor's internal expert (who is a partner[3] or staff, including temporary staff, of the auditor's firm or a network firm), or an auditor's external expert. (Ref: Para. A1-A3) Aus 6.1 "Partner" and "firm" should be read as referring to their public sector equivalents where relevant. (b) Expertise means skills, knowledge and experience in a particular field. (c) Management's expert means an individual or organisation possessing expertise in a field other than accounting or auditing, whose work in that field is used by the entity to assist the entity in preparing the financial report. Requirements Determining the Need for an Auditor's Expert 7. If expertise in a field other than accounting or auditing is necessary to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall determine whether to use the work of an auditor's expert. (Ref: Para. A4-A9) Nature, Timing and Extent of Audit Procedures 8. The nature, timing and extent of the auditor's procedures with respect to the requirements in paragraphs 9-13 of this Auditing Standard will vary depending on the circumstances. In determining the nature, timing and extent of those procedures, the auditor shall consider matters including: (Ref: Para. A10) (a) The nature of the matter to which that expert's work relates; (b) The risks of material misstatement in the matter to which that expert's work relates; (c) The significance of that expert's work in the context of the audit; (d) The auditor's knowledge of and experience with previous work performed by that expert; and (e) Whether that expert is subject to the auditor's firm's system of quality management. (Ref: Para. A11-A13) The Competence, Capabilities and Objectivity of the Auditor's Expert 9. The auditor shall evaluate whether the auditor's expert has the necessary competence, capabilities and objectivity for the auditor's purposes. In the case of an auditor's external expert, the evaluation of objectivity shall include enquiry regarding interests and relationships that may create a threat to that expert's objectivity. (Ref: Para. A14-A20) Obtaining an Understanding of the Field of Expertise of the Auditor's Expert 10. The auditor shall obtain a sufficient understanding of the field of expertise of the auditor's expert to enable the auditor to: (Ref: Para. A21-A22) (a) Determine the nature, scope and objectives of that expert's work for the auditor's purposes; and (b) Evaluate the adequacy of that work for the auditor's purposes. Agreement with the Auditor's Expert 11. The auditor shall agree, in writing when appropriate, on the following matters with the auditor's expert: (Ref: Para. A23-A26) (a) The nature, scope and objectives of that expert's work; (Ref: Para. A27) (b) The respective roles and responsibilities of the auditor and that expert; (Ref: Para. A28-A29) (c) The nature, timing and extent of communication between the auditor and that expert, including the form of any report to be provided by that expert; and (Ref: Para. A30) (d) The need for the auditor's expert to observe confidentiality requirements. (Ref: Para. A31) Evaluating the Adequacy of the Auditor's Expert's Work 12. The auditor shall evaluate the adequacy of the auditor's expert's work for the auditor's purposes, including: (Ref: Para. A32) (a) The relevance and reasonableness of that expert's findings or conclusions, and their consistency with other audit evidence; (Ref: Para. A33-A34) (b) If that expert's work involves use of significant assumptions and methods, the relevance and reasonableness of those assumptions and methods in the circumstances; and (Ref: Para. A35-A37) (c) If that expert's work involves the use of source data that is significant to that expert's work, the relevance, completeness, and accuracy of that source data. (Ref: Para. A38-A39) 13. If the auditor determines that the work of the auditor's expert is not adequate for the auditor's purposes, the auditor shall: (Ref: Para. A40) (a) Agree with that expert on the nature and extent of further work to be performed by that expert; or (b) Perform additional audit procedures appropriate to the circumstances. Reference to the Auditor's Expert in the Auditor's Report 14. The auditor shall not refer to the work of an auditor's expert in an auditor's report containing an unmodified opinion unless required by law or regulation to do so. If such reference is required by law or regulation, the auditor shall indicate in the auditor's report that the reference does not reduce the auditor's responsibility for the auditor's opinion. (Ref: Para. A41) 15. If the auditor makes reference to the work of an auditor's expert in the auditor's report because such reference is relevant to an understanding of a modification to the auditor's opinion, the auditor shall indicate in the auditor's report that such reference does not reduce the auditor's responsibility for that opinion. (Ref: Para. A42) * * * Application and Other Explanatory Material Definition of an Auditor's Expert (Ref: Para. 6(a)) A1. Expertise in a field other than accounting or auditing may include expertise in relation to such matters as: * The valuation of complex financial instruments, land and buildings, plant and machinery, jewellery, works of art, antiques, intangible assets, assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations and assets that may have been impaired. * The actuarial calculation of liabilities associated with insurance contracts or employee benefit plans. * The estimation of oil and gas reserves. * The valuation of environmental liabilities, and site clean-up costs. * The interpretation of contracts, laws and regulations. * The analysis of complex or unusual tax compliance issues. A2. In many cases, distinguishing between expertise in accounting or auditing, and expertise in another field, will be straightforward, even where this involves a specialised area of accounting or auditing. For example, an individual with expertise in applying methods of accounting for deferred income tax can often be easily distinguished from an expert in taxation law. The former is not an expert for the purposes of this Auditing Standard as this constitutes accounting expertise; the latter is an expert for the purposes of this Auditing Standard as this constitutes legal expertise. Similar distinctions may also be able to be made in other areas, for example, between expertise in methods of accounting for financial instruments, and expertise in complex modelling for the purpose of valuing financial instruments. In some cases, however, particularly those involving an emerging area of accounting or auditing expertise, distinguishing between specialised areas of accounting or auditing, and expertise in another field, will be a matter of professional judgement. Applicable professional rules and standards regarding education and competency requirements for accountants and auditors may assist the auditor in exercising that judgement.[4] A3. It is necessary to apply judgement when considering how the requirements of this Auditing Standard are affected by the fact that an auditor's expert may be either an individual or an organisation. For example, when evaluating the competence, capabilities and objectivity of an auditor's expert, it may be that the expert is an organisation the auditor has previously used, but the auditor has no prior experience of the individual expert assigned by the organisation for the particular engagement; or it may be the reverse, that is, the auditor may be familiar with the work of an individual expert but not with the organisation that expert has joined. In either case, both the personal attributes of the individual and the managerial attributes of the organisation (such as systems of quality control the organisation implements) may be relevant to the auditor's evaluation. Determining the Need for an Auditor's Expert (Ref: Para. 7) A4. An auditor's expert may be needed to assist the auditor in one or more of the following: * Obtaining an understanding of the entity and its environment, the applicable financial reporting framework and the entity's system of internal control. * Identifying and assessing the risks of material misstatement. * Determining and implementing overall responses to assessed risks at the financial statement level. * Designing and performing further audit procedures to respond to assessed risks at the assertion level, comprising tests of controls or substantive procedures. * Evaluating the sufficiency and appropriateness of audit evidence obtained in forming an opinion on the financial report. A5. The risks of material misstatement may increase when expertise in a field other than accounting is needed for management to prepare the financial report, for example, because this may indicate some complexity, or because management may not possess knowledge of the field of expertise. If in preparing the financial report management does not possess the necessary expertise, a management's expert may be used in addressing those risks. Relevant controls, including controls that relate to the work of a management's expert, if any, may also reduce the risks of material misstatement. A6. If the preparation of the financial report involves the use of expertise in a field other than accounting, the auditor, who is skilled in accounting and auditing, may not possess the necessary expertise to audit that financial report. The engagement partner is required to determine that the engagement team, and any auditor's experts who are not part of the engagement team, collectively have the appropriate competence and capabilities, including sufficient time, to perform the audit engagement.[5] Further, the auditor is required to ascertain the nature, timing and extent of resources necessary to perform the engagement.[6] The auditor's determination of whether to use the work of an auditor's expert, and if so when and to what extent, assists the auditor in meeting these requirements. As the audit progresses, or as circumstances change, the auditor may need to revise earlier decisions about using the work of an auditor's expert. A7. An auditor who is not an expert in a relevant field other than accounting or auditing may nevertheless be able to obtain a sufficient understanding of that field to perform the audit without an auditor's expert. This understanding may be obtained through, for example: * Experience in auditing entities that require such expertise in the preparation of their financial report. * Education or professional development in the particular field. This may include formal courses or discussion with individuals possessing expertise in the relevant field for the purpose of enhancing the auditor's own capacity to deal with matters in that field. Such discussion differs from consultation with an auditor's expert regarding a specific set of circumstances encountered on the engagement where that expert is given all the relevant facts that will enable the expert to provide informed advice about the particular matter.[7] * Discussion with auditors who have performed similar engagements. A8. In other cases, however, the auditor may determine that it is necessary, or may choose, to use an auditor's expert to assist in obtaining sufficient appropriate audit evidence. Considerations when deciding whether to use an auditor's expert may include: * Whether management has used a management's expert in preparing the financial report (see paragraph A9). * The nature and significance of the matter, including its complexity. * The risks of material misstatement in the matter. * The expected nature of procedures to respond to identified risks, including the auditor's knowledge of and experience with the work of experts in relation to such matters; and the availability of alternative sources of audit evidence. A9. When management has used a management's expert in preparing the financial report, the auditor's decision on whether to use an auditor's expert may also be influenced by such factors as: * The nature, scope and objectives of the management's expert's work. * Whether the management's expert is employed by the entity, or is a party engaged by it to provide relevant services. * The extent to which management can exercise control or influence over the work of the management's expert. * The management's expert's competence and capabilities. * Whether the management's expert is subject to technical performance standards or other professional or industry requirements. * Any controls within the entity over the management's expert's work. ASA 500[8] includes requirements and guidance regarding the effect of the competence, capabilities and objectivity of management's experts on the reliability of audit evidence. Nature, Timing and Extent of Audit Procedures (Ref: Para. 8) A10. The nature, timing and extent of audit procedures with respect to the requirements in paragraphs 9-13 of this Auditing Standard will vary depending on the circumstances. For example, the following factors may suggest the need for different or more extensive procedures than would otherwise be the case: * The work of the auditor's expert relates to a significant matter that involves subjective and complex judgements. * The auditor has not previously used the work of the auditor's expert, and has no prior knowledge of that expert's competence, capabilities and objectivity. * The auditor's expert is performing procedures that are integral to the audit, rather than being consulted to provide advice on an individual matter. * The expert is an auditor's external expert and is not, therefore, subject to the firm's system of quality management. The Auditor's Firm's System of Quality Management (Ref: Para. 8(e)) A11. An auditor's internal expert may be a partner or staff (i.e., personnel), including temporary staff, of the auditor's firm, and therefore subject to the system of quality management of that firm in accordance with ASQM 1.[9],[10] An auditor's internal expert may also be a partner or staff, including temporary staff, of a network firm, and is subject to the firm's policies or procedures for network requirements and network services in accordance with ASQM 1. In some instances, the auditor's internal expert of a network firm may be subject to common quality management policies or procedures as the auditor's firm, given that they are part of the same network. A12. ASQM 1 requires the firm to address the use of resources from a service provider, which includes the use of an external expert.[11] An auditor's external expert is not a member of the engagement team and may not be subject to the firm's policies or procedures under its system of quality management.[12] Furthermore, the firm's policies or procedures for relevant ethical requirements may include policies or procedures that apply to the auditor's external expert.[13] In some cases, relevant ethical requirements or law or regulation may require that an auditor's external expert be: * Treated as a member of the engagement team (i.e., the external expert, may be subject to relevant ethical requirements, including those related to independence); or * Subject to other professional requirements. A13. As described in ASA 220, quality management at the engagement level is supported by the firm's system of quality management and informed by the specific nature and circumstances of the audit engagement.[14] For example, the auditor may be able to depend on the firm's related policies or procedures in respect of: * Competence and capabilities, through recruitment and training programs. * Objectivity. Auditor's internal experts are subject to relevant ethical requirements, including those relating to independence. * The auditor's evaluation of the adequacy of the auditor's expert's work. For example, the firm's training programs may provide auditor's internal experts with an appropriate understanding of the interrelationship of their expertise with the audit process. Reliance on such training may affect the nature, timing and extent of the auditor's procedures to evaluate the adequacy of the auditor's expert's work. * Adherence to regulatory and legal requirements, through monitoring processes. * Agreement with the auditor's expert. Matters that the auditor may take into account when determining whether to depend on the firm's policies or procedures are described in ASA 220.[15] Depending on the firm's policies or procedures does not reduce the auditor's responsibility to meet the requirements of this Auditing Standard. The Competence, Capabilities and Objectivity of the Auditor's Expert (Ref: Para. 9) A14. The competence, capabilities and objectivity of an auditor's expert are factors that significantly affect whether the work of the auditor's expert will be adequate for the auditor's purposes. Competence relates to the nature and level of expertise of the auditor's expert. Capability relates to the ability of the auditor's expert to exercise that competence in the circumstances of the engagement. Factors that influence capability may include, for example, geographic location, and the availability of time and resources. Objectivity relates to the possible effects that bias, conflict of interest, or the influence of others may have on the professional or business judgement of the auditor's expert. A15. Information regarding the competence, capabilities and objectivity of an auditor's expert may come from a variety of sources, such as: * Personal experience with previous work of that expert. * Discussions with that expert. * Discussions with other auditors or others who are familiar with that expert's work. * Knowledge of that expert's qualifications, membership of a professional body or industry association, licence to practice, or other forms of external recognition. * Published papers or books written by that expert. * The auditor's firm's system of quality management (see paragraphs A11-A13). A16. Matters relevant to evaluating the competence, capabilities and objectivity of the auditor's expert include whether that expert's work is subject to technical performance standards or other professional or industry requirements, for example, ethical standards and other membership requirements of a professional body or industry association, accreditation standards of a licensing body, or requirements imposed by law or regulation. A17. Other matters that may be relevant include: * The relevance of the auditor's expert's competence to the matter for which that expert's work will be used, including any areas of specialty within that expert's field. For example, a particular actuary may specialise in property and casualty insurance, but have limited expertise regarding pension calculations. * The auditor's expert's competence with respect to relevant accounting and auditing requirements, for example, knowledge of assumptions and methods, including models where applicable, that are consistent with the applicable financial reporting framework. * Whether unexpected events, changes in conditions, or the audit evidence obtained from the results of audit procedures indicate that it may be necessary to reconsider the initial evaluation of the competence, capabilities and objectivity of the auditor's expert as the audit progresses. A18. A broad range of circumstances may threaten objectivity, for example, self-interest threats, advocacy threats, familiarity threats, self-review threats, and intimidation threats. Such threats may be addressed by eliminating the circumstances that create the threats, or applying safeguards to reduce threats to an acceptable level. There may also be safeguards specific to the audit engagement. A19. The evaluation of whether the threats to objectivity are at an acceptable level may depend upon the role of the auditor's expert and the significance of the expert's work in the context of the audit. In some cases, it may not be possible to eliminate circumstances that create threats or apply safeguards to reduce threats to an acceptable level, for example, if a proposed auditor's expert is an individual who has played a significant role in preparing the information that is being audited, that is, if the auditor's expert is a management's expert. A20. When evaluating the objectivity of an auditor's external expert, it may be relevant to: (a) Enquire of the entity about any known interests or relationships that the entity has with the auditor's external expert that may affect that expert's objectivity. (b) Discuss with that expert any applicable safeguards, including any professional requirements that apply to that expert; and evaluate whether the safeguards are adequate to reduce threats to an acceptable level. Interests and relationships that may be relevant to discuss with the auditor's expert include: * Financial interests. * Business and personal relationships. * Provision of other services by the expert, including by the organisation in the case of an external expert that is an organisation. In some cases, it may also be appropriate for the auditor to obtain a written representation from the auditor's external expert about any interests or relationships with the entity of which that expert is aware. Obtaining an Understanding of the Field of Expertise of the Auditor's Expert (Ref: Para. 10) A21. The auditor may obtain an understanding of the auditor's expert's field of expertise through the means described in paragraph A7, or through discussion with that expert. A22. Aspects of the auditor's expert's field relevant to the auditor's understanding may include: * Whether that expert's field has areas of specialty within it that are relevant to the audit (see paragraph A17). * Whether any professional or other standards and regulatory or legal requirements apply. * What assumptions and methods, including models where applicable, are used by the auditor's expert, and whether they are generally accepted within that expert's field and appropriate for financial reporting purposes. * The nature of internal and external data or information the auditor's expert uses. Agreement with the Auditor's Expert (Ref: Para. 11) A23. The nature, scope and objectives of the auditor's expert's work may vary considerably with the circumstances, as may the respective roles and responsibilities of the auditor and the auditor's expert, and the nature, timing and extent of communication between the auditor and the auditor's expert. It is therefore required that these matters are agreed between the auditor and the auditor's expert regardless of whether the expert is an auditor's external expert or an auditor's internal expert. A24. The matters noted in paragraph 8 may affect the level of detail and formality of the agreement between the auditor and the auditor's expert, including whether it is appropriate that the agreement be in writing. For example, the following factors may suggest the need for more a detailed agreement than would otherwise be the case, or for the agreement to be set out in writing: * The auditor's expert will have access to sensitive or confidential entity information. * The respective roles or responsibilities of the auditor and the auditor's expert are different from those normally expected. * Multi-jurisdictional legal or regulatory requirements apply. * The matter to which the auditor's expert's work relates is highly complex. * The auditor has not previously used work performed by that expert. * The greater the extent of the auditor's expert's work, and its significance in the context of the audit. A25. The agreement between the auditor and an auditor's external expert is often in the form of an engagement letter. Appendix 1 lists matters that the auditor may consider for inclusion in such an engagement letter, or in any other form of agreement with an auditor's external expert. A26. When there is no written agreement between the auditor and the auditor's expert, evidence of the agreement may be included in, for example: * Planning memoranda, or related working papers such as the audit program. * The policies or procedures of the auditor's firm's system of quality management. In the case of an auditor's internal expert, the firm's system of quality management may include policies or procedures relating to the expert's work. The extent of documentation in the auditor's working papers depends on the nature of such policies or procedures. For example, no documentation may be required in the auditor's working papers if the auditor's firm has detailed protocols covering the circumstances in which the work of such an expert is used. Nature, Scope and Objectives of Work (Ref: Para. 11(a)) A27. It may often be relevant when agreeing on the nature, scope and objectives of the auditor's expert's work to include discussion of any relevant technical performance standards or other professional or industry requirements that the expert will follow. Respective Roles and Responsibilities (Ref: Para. 11(b)) A28. Agreement on the respective roles and responsibilities of the auditor and the auditor's expert may include: * Whether the auditor or the auditor's expert will perform detailed testing of source data. * Consent for the auditor to discuss the auditor's expert's findings or conclusions with the entity and others, and to include details of that expert's findings or conclusions in the basis for a modified opinion in the auditor's report, if necessary (see paragraph A42). * Any agreement to inform the auditor's expert of the auditor's conclusions concerning that expert's work. Working Papers A29. Agreement on the respective roles and responsibilities of the auditor and the auditor's expert may also include agreement about access to, and retention of, each other's working papers. When the auditor's expert is a member of the engagement team, that expert's working papers form part of the audit documentation. Subject to any agreement to the contrary, auditor's external experts' working papers are their own and do not form part of the audit documentation. Communication (Ref: Para. 11(c)) A30. Effective two-way communication facilitates the proper integration of the nature, timing and extent of the auditor's expert's procedures with other work on the audit, and appropriate modification of the auditor's expert's objectives during the course of the audit. For example, when the work of the auditor's expert relates to the auditor's conclusions regarding a significant risk, both a formal written report at the conclusion of that expert's work, and oral reports as the work progresses, may be appropriate. Identification of specific partners or staff who will liaise with the auditor's expert, and procedures for communication between that expert and the entity, assists timely and effective communication, particularly on larger engagements. Confidentiality (Ref: Para. 11(d)) A31. It is necessary for the confidentiality provisions of relevant ethical requirements that apply to the auditor also to apply to the auditor's expert. Additional requirements may be imposed by law or regulation. The entity may also have requested that specific confidentiality provisions be agreed with auditor's external experts. Evaluating the Adequacy of the Auditor's Expert's Work (Ref: Para. 12) A32. The auditor's evaluation of the auditor's expert's competence, capabilities and objectivity, the auditor's familiarity with the auditor's expert's field of expertise, and the nature of the work performed by the auditor's expert affect the nature, timing and extent of audit procedures to evaluate the adequacy of that expert's work for the auditor's purposes. The Findings and Conclusions of the Auditor's Expert (Ref: Para. 12(a)) A33. Specific procedures to evaluate the adequacy of the auditor's expert's work for the auditor's purposes may include: * Enquiries of the auditor's expert. * Reviewing the auditor's expert's working papers and reports. * Corroborative procedures, such as: * Observing the auditor's expert's work; * Examining published data, such as statistical reports from reputable, authoritative sources; * Confirming relevant matters with third parties; * Performing detailed analytical procedures; and * Re-performing calculations. * Discussion with another expert with relevant expertise when, for example, the findings or conclusions of the auditor's expert are not consistent with other audit evidence. * Discussing the auditor's expert's report with management. A34. Relevant factors when evaluating the relevance and reasonableness of the findings or conclusions of the auditor's expert, whether in a report or other form, may include whether they are: * Presented in a manner that is consistent with any standards of the auditor's expert's profession or industry; * Clearly expressed, including reference to the objectives agreed with the auditor, the scope of the work performed and standards applied; * Based on an appropriate period and take into account subsequent events, where relevant; * Subject to any reservation, limitation or restriction on use, and if so, whether this has implications for the auditor; and * Based on appropriate consideration of errors or deviations encountered by the auditor's expert. Assumptions, Methods and Source Data Assumptions and Methods (Ref: Para. 12(b)) A35. When the auditor's expert's work is to evaluate underlying assumptions and methods, including models where applicable, used by management in developing an accounting estimate, the auditor's procedures are likely to be primarily directed to evaluating whether the auditor's expert has adequately reviewed those assumptions and methods. When the auditor's expert's work is to develop an auditor's point estimate or an auditor's range for comparison with management's point estimate, the auditor's procedures may be primarily directed to evaluating the assumptions and methods, including models where appropriate, used by the auditor's expert. A36. ASA 540[16] discusses the assumptions and methods used by management in making accounting estimates, including the use in some cases of highly specialised, entity-developed models. Although that discussion is written in the context of the auditor obtaining sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding management's assumptions and methods, it may also assist the auditor when evaluating an auditor's expert's assumptions and methods. A37. When an auditor's expert's work involves the use of significant assumptions and methods, factors relevant to the auditor's evaluation of those assumptions and methods include whether they are: * Generally accepted within the auditor's expert's field; * Consistent with the requirements of the applicable financial reporting framework; * Dependent on the use of specialised models; and * Consistent with those of management, and if not, the reason for, and effects of, the differences. Source Data Used by the Auditor's Expert (Ref: Para. 12(c)) A38. When an auditor's expert's work involves the use of source data that is significant to that expert's work, procedures such as the following may be used to test that data: * Verifying the origin of the data, including obtaining an understanding of, and where applicable testing, the internal controls over the data and, where relevant, its transmission to the expert. * Reviewing the data for completeness and internal consistency. A39. In many cases, the auditor may test source data. However, in other cases, when the nature of the source data used by an auditor's expert is highly technical in relation to the expert's field, that expert may test the source data. If the auditor's expert has tested the source data, enquiry of that expert by the auditor, or supervision or review of that expert's tests may be an appropriate way for the auditor to evaluate that data's relevance, completeness, and accuracy. Inadequate Work (Ref: Para. 13) A40. If the auditor concludes that the work of the auditor's expert is not adequate for the auditor's purposes and the auditor cannot resolve the matter through the additional audit procedures required by paragraph 13, which may involve further work being performed by both the expert and the auditor, or include employing or engaging another expert, it may be necessary to express a modified opinion in the auditor's report in accordance with ASA 705 because the auditor has not obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence.[17] Reference to the Auditor's Expert in the Auditor's Report (Ref: Para. 14-15) A41. In some cases, law or regulation may require a reference to the work of an auditor's expert, for example, for the purposes of transparency in the public sector. A42. It may be appropriate in some circumstances to refer to the auditor's expert in an auditor's report containing a modified opinion, to explain the nature of the modification. In such circumstances, the auditor may need the permission of the auditor's expert before making such a reference. Appendix 1 (Ref: Para. A25) Considerations for Agreement between the Auditor and an Auditor's External Expert This Appendix lists matters that the auditor may consider for inclusion in any agreement with an auditor's external expert. The following list is illustrative and is not exhaustive; it is intended only to be a guide that may be used in conjunction with the considerations outlined in this Auditing Standard. Whether to include particular matters in the agreement depends on the circumstances of the engagement. The list may also be of assistance in considering the matters to be included in an agreement with an auditor's internal expert. Nature, Scope and Objectives of the Auditor's External Expert's Work * The nature and scope of the procedures to be performed by the auditor's external expert. * The objectives of the auditor's external expert's work in the context of materiality and risk considerations concerning the matter to which the auditor's external expert's work relates, and, when relevant, the applicable financial reporting framework. * Any relevant technical performance standards or other professional or industry requirements the auditor's external expert will follow. * The assumptions and methods, including models where applicable, the auditor's external expert will use, and their authority. * The effective date of, or when applicable the testing period for, the subject matter of the auditor's external expert's work, and requirements regarding subsequent events. The Respective Roles and Responsibilities of the Auditor and the Auditor's External Expert * Relevant auditing and accounting standards, and relevant regulatory or legal requirements. * The auditor's external expert's consent to the auditor's intended use of that expert's report, including any reference to it, or disclosure of it, to others, for example reference to it in the basis for a modified opinion in the auditor's report, if necessary, or disclosure of it to management or an audit committee. * The nature and extent of the auditor's review of the auditor's external expert's work. * Whether the auditor or the auditor's external expert will test source data. * The auditor's external expert's access to the entity's records, files, personnel and to experts engaged by the entity. * Procedures for communication between the auditor's external expert and the entity. * The auditor's and the auditor's external expert's access to each other's working papers. * Ownership and control of working papers during and after the engagement, including any file retention requirements. * The auditor's external expert's responsibility to perform work with due skill and care. * The auditor's external expert's competence and capability to perform the work. * The expectation that the auditor's external expert will use all knowledge that expert has that is relevant to the audit or, if not, will inform the auditor. * Any restriction on the auditor's external expert's association with the auditor's report. * Any agreement to inform the auditor's external expert of the auditor's conclusions concerning that expert's work. Communications and Reporting * Methods and frequency of communications, including: * How the auditor's external expert's findings or conclusions will be reported (for example, written report, oral report, ongoing input to the engagement team). * Identification of specific persons within the engagement team who will liaise with the auditor's external expert. * When the auditor's external expert will complete the work and report findings or conclusions to the auditor. * The auditor's external expert's responsibility to communicate promptly any potential delay in completing the work, and any potential reservation or limitation on that expert's findings or conclusions. * The auditor's external expert's responsibility to communicate promptly instances in which the entity restricts that expert's access to records, files, personnel or experts engaged by the entity. * The auditor's external expert's responsibility to communicate to the auditor all information that expert believes may be relevant to the audit, including any changes in circumstances previously communicated. * The auditor's external expert's responsibility to communicate circumstances that may create threats to that expert's objectivity, and any relevant safeguards that may eliminate or reduce such threats to an acceptable level. Confidentiality * The need for the auditor's expert to observe confidentiality requirements, including: * The confidentiality provisions of relevant ethical requirements that apply to the auditor. * Additional requirements that may be imposed by law or regulation, if any. * Specific confidentiality provisions requested by the entity, if any. [*] Early adoption, in conjunction with ASA 315 Identifying and Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatement, permitted. [1] See ASA 220 Quality Management for an Audit of a Financial Report and Other Historical Financial Information, paragraph A19. [2] See ASA 500 Audit Evidence, paragraphs A34-A48. [3] [Footnote deleted by the AUASB. Refer Aus 6.1] [4] [Footnote deleted by the AUASB, as not applicable in Australia] [5] See ASA 220, paragraphs 25-28. [6] See ASA 300 Planning an Audit of a Financial Report, paragraph 8(e). [7] See ASA 220, paragraphs A99-A102. [8] See ASA 500, paragraph 8. [9] See ASQM 1 Quality Management for Firms that Perform Audits or Reviews of Financial Reports and Other Financial Information, or Other Assurance or Related Services Engagements, paragraph 16(w). [10] See ASA 220, paragraph 3. [11] See ASQM 1, paragraph 32. [12] See ASQM 1, paragraph 16(f). [13] See ASQM 1, paragraph 29(b). [14] See ASA 220, paragraph A4. [15] See ASA 220, paragraphs 4(b) and A10. [16] See ASA 540 Auditing Accounting Estimates, Including Fair Value Accounting Estimates, and Related Disclosures, paragraphs 8, 13 and 15. [17] See ASA 705 Modifications to the Opinion in the Independent Auditor's Report, paragraph 6(b).