Court of Criminal Appeal Supreme Court New South Wales Medium Neutral Citation: R v SS [2021] NSWCCA 56 Hearing dates: 15 February 2021 Decision date: 09 April 2021 Before: Hoeben CJ at CL at [1]; R A Hulme J at [2]; Adamson J at [115] Decision: 1. Crown appeal allowed. 2. Quash the sentence imposed in the District Court on 17 August 2020 and in lieu, sentence the respondent to imprisonment comprising a non-parole period of 3 years with a balance of the term of the sentence of 1 year and 6 months. That is a total sentence of 4 years and 6 months. The sentence is to date from 14 August 2020. The respondent will become eligible for release on parole upon the expiry of the non-parole period on 13 August 2023. 3. Noting the application of s 15A of the Children (Criminal Proceedings) Act 1987 (NSW) to the child victim in the proceedings, revoke the non-publication and suppression orders made in the District Court on 14 August 2020. Catchwords: CRIME – appeals – appeal against sentence by Crown – recklessly causing grievous bodily harm – baby shaken like a ragdoll – finding of objective seriousness not open – discount for assistance to authorities should not have been given – failure to consider Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999 (NSW) s 23 – misunderstanding of R v Ellis – onus on offender to establish discount for assistance to authorities – direct evidence from investigating police officers needed to prevent speculation – manifest inadequacy – resentence appropriate SENTENCING – relevant factors on sentence – objective seriousness – baby victim and permanent brain injury important considerations Legislation Cited: Children (Criminal Proceedings) Act 1987 (NSW), s 15A Crimes Act 1900 (NSW), s 35(2) Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999 (NSW), ss 22, 23 Cases Cited: Ahmad v R [2021] NSWCCA 30 Browning v R [2015] NSWCCA 147 Buckley v R [2021] NSWCCA 6 CMB v Attorney General for The State of New South Wales (2015) 256 CLR 346; [2015] HCA 9 Dinsdale v The Queen (2000) 202 CLR 321; [2000] HCA 54 Everett v The Queen (1994) 181 CLR 295; [1994] HCA 49 Forti v R [2016] NSWCCA 127 Green v The Queen; Quinn v The Queen (2011) 244 CLR 462; [2011] HCA 49 Griffiths v The Queen (1977) 137 CLR 293; [1977] HCA 44 Herbert v R [2015] NSWCCA 172 Hili v The Queen; Jones v The Queen (2010) 242 CLR 520; [2010] HCA 45 House v The King (1936) 55 CLR 499; [1936] HCA 40 Le v R [2019] NSWCCA 181 Lewins v R [2007] NSWCCA 189 Markarian v The Queen (2005) 228 CLR 357; [2005] HCA 25 Mulato v R [2006] NSWCCA 282 R v AA [2017] NSWCCA 84 R v Bell [2005] NSWCCA 81 R v CDH [2002] NSWCCA 103 R v Dodd (1991) 57 A Crim R 349 R v Ellis (1986) 6 NSWLR 603 R v GLB [2003] NSWCCA 210 R v Penalosa-Munoz [2004] NSWCCA 33 R v Tozer [2003] NSWCCA 72 R v Windle [2012] NSWCCA 222 Ryan v The Queen (2001) 206 CLR 267; [2001] HCA 21 Category: Principal judgment Parties: Regina SS Representation: Counsel: Ms M Millward (Crown) Ms J Paingakulam (Respondent) Solicitors: Solicitor for Public Prosecutions Legal Aid NSW File Number(s): 2018/349162 Decision under appeal Court or tribunal: District Court Date of Decision: 17 August 2020 Before: Colefax SC DCJ File Number(s): 2018/349162 Judgment 1. HOEBEN CJ at CL: I agree with R A Hulme J and the orders which he proposes. I also agree with his Honour's analysis of R v Ellis (1986) 6 NSWLR 603 and ss 22 and 23 of the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999 (NSW). 2. R A HULME J: A four-week old baby was shaken "like a ragdoll" by her father because she would not stop crying. She suffered severe and multiple intracranial injuries that have left her with permanent brain damage. 3. The father pleaded guilty to recklessly causing grievous bodily harm contrary to s 35(2) of the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW). The offence has a maximum penalty of imprisonment for 10 years and a standard non-parole period of 4 years. 4. Sentence was imposed in the District Court at Campbelltown on 17 August 2020 by his Honour Judge Colefax SC. He allowed a 25% discount for the father's early plea of guilty and a further 25% for his (belated) admissions to police. He imposed a sentence of 1 year and 9 months with a non-parole period of 12 months. 5. The Crown has appealed against the sentence on a number of grounds including that it is manifestly inadequate. The appeal should be upheld and a new sentence imposed. Non-publication of anything that might identify the victim 1. Neither the child nor her family members can be named as s 15A of the Children (Criminal Proceedings) Act 1987 (NSW) prohibits the publication or broadcast of anything that might identify or is likely to lead to the identification of a child. 2. The judge made non-publication orders and suppression orders. There was no purpose in these as s 15A, like similar statutory non-publication provisions, applies automatically. [1] Those orders should be revoked. Grounds of appeal 1. The Crown appeal is based upon the following grounds: 1. His Honour erred in his assessment of the objective seriousness of the offence. 2. His Honour erred by allowing an Ellis discount (referring to R v Ellis (1986) 6 NSWLR 603) based on the respondent's admissions to police. 3. His Honour erred by failing to apply s 23 of the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999 when allowing a discount for the respondent's assistance to police. 4. The sentence pronounced was manifestly inadequate. Agreed facts concerning the offence 1. The respondent and his wife were living in a granny flat at the rear of her parents' address. They had two children, one aged almost 2 and the victim who was just four-weeks old. The respondent's wife ordinarily cared for the children with help from her parents while the offender was at work. He was employed as a removalist. 2. On Wednesday 7 November 2018, the victim was cared for at home by her mother and grandmother. She had no visible injuries and her demeanour during the day was normal. The respondent arrived home from work at 3.30pm. At about 6.00pm, his wife had a shower for about 20 minutes, leaving the baby in the respondent's care. He was in the process of trying to feed her as his wife was getting into the shower. 3. The agreed facts contain only a brief description of what the respondent did: "The victim would not stop crying whilst the offender was caring for her, so out of frustration the offender shook the victim. In doing so, the offender caused the injuries detailed below." 1. When the respondent's wife came out of the shower the baby was "screaming, crying at a higher pitch than normal and was obviously in pain". It took more than an hour to settle her. 2. At about midnight, the victim woke and began screaming again. Her mother tried to settle her, but she continued screaming and would not feed. The mother was able to get her to fall asleep in her arms but every time she would put the baby in her bassinet, she would wake up screaming. At some point the respondent woke and also tried to settle her. 3. The baby was fed at about 3.00am but threw up a short time later. The respondent and his wife became concerned and they spoke of taking the baby to a doctor in the morning. Eventually they went back to sleep but sometime between 4.30am and 5.00am the baby woke again and began crying with the same high-pitched screaming as earlier. Her mother attempted to settle and feed her, but she was unable to take any food. 4. The respondent was getting ready for work. His wife asked him to stay and help with the baby. He said he had to go to work but she should call him if she needed anything. 5. Sometime between 5.00am and 6.00am the victim was fed and again threw up. However, she also began to shake and twitch. Her mother became very concerned and summoned a doctor. After a brief physical examination, the doctor told her to take the baby to the hospital. She called the respondent, told him what the doctor said and asked him to come home. They took the baby to Liverpool Hospital, arriving just after 7.00am. 6. After various examinations the baby was urgently transferred to The Children's Hospital at Westmead where she was admitted to the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit. A paediatric registrar noted the following injuries: Three superficial haematomas on the chest and one on the right flank. A bluish curvilinear bruise in the middle of the sternum. A faint bluish bruise over the left upper chest. An oval bluish bruise on the right side of the abdomen. 1. Intracranial injuries were noted by doctors (and explained in the agreed facts) as follows: Bleeding underneath the dura matter (the tough outermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord). Bleeding underneath the pia matter (the delicate innermost layer of the membranes enveloping the brain and spinal cord) with mechanical tears to the brain tissue. Oxygen deprivation and limited blood flow to the brain. Excess accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain. 1. A staff specialist paediatrician of the Child Protection Unit opined that the baby had severe and multiple intracranial injuries that left her with permanent brain damage. It is unnecessary to spell out the detail of the findings upon x-ray and scans; it suffices to say that the damage to the brain and related regions was severe. The judge noted that the baby has cerebral palsy. He also observed: [2] "[A]lthough we do not know the full extent of these injuries to this child over the course of her life, the Court does know that, even now, she has been very substantially damaged and the quality of her life has been ruined forever." 1. The baby remained in hospital until discharged into the care of her mother on 12 December 2018. Police investigation 1. The agreed facts concerning the police investigation bear importantly upon Grounds 2 and 3. These relate to the substantial reduction of sentence the judge allowed (25%) for the respondent's assistance to authorities for his voluntary disclosure of "otherwise unknown guilt". 2. The following facts were agreed: "On 8 November 2018 Police were contacted by Medical staff due to concerns that the victim had presented with non-accidental injuries. That evening at about 10:30pm at the hospital, Police interviewed [the mother]. [She] spoke to Police about the events of the day before and told Police she was not aware of any accidental or any non-accidental explanation which would account for the victim's injuries. Following [her] interview Police spoke to the offender at 1:30am at the hospital. The offender also denied any knowledge of the cause of the victim's injuries. On 13 November [the mother] and the offender were re-interviewed by Police. During the offender's interview with Police he was asked whether he had told Police any lies in his first interview. The offender replied: "So you're trying to get me to tell you that I hurt my kid"? Detective Bui replied: "No. I'm just asking you questions just to clarify, whether there was anything else you remember or recall". The offender told Police that the victim becoming unsettled at 8:00pm wasn't just because she was unsettled. He told Police that he was tired after working some overtime and may have lost his cool with the victim. He said to Police that she didn't stop crying and he lost it and shook her a bit. The offender demonstrated in his ERISP the force with which he shook the victim. The offender said he had been sitting down trying to settle the victim but when she wouldn't settle he stood up and shook her. He told Police that at the time he shook the victim [his wife] was in the shower and he was trying to feed the victim but she wouldn't eat. He said at the time he was feeling overwhelmed. He was asked to describe her body movements at the time he shook her and he replied: "like a ragdoll, I suppose". He said to Police after he shook her he tried giving her the bottle again but that she was screaming at the top of her lungs. He was asked by Police whether he noticed any signs on the victim later that night and he said there was a bit of jolting at the time which he now understood to be the victim suffering seizures. He said he noticed this late at night. The offender told Police that the first and only time he abused his daughter was on this occasion when he shook her. He told Police that he was aware that shaking a child could have serious effects. After the interview the offender was placed under arrest and charged by Police." The respondent's background and personal circumstances 1. The details of the respondent's background were not controversial. The judge referred to him having been born in Sri Lanka and coming to Australia at the age of 3. He had a good childhood. He completed high school. He worked as a graphic designer but decided he preferred manual work. He commenced work as a removalist and had been in that occupation for most of his adult life. He was aged 25 at the time of the offence. He had no prior convictions. 2. The judge noted the respondent's early plea of guilty and said it entitled him to a discount of 25%. He allowed an additional discount of 25% for the "Ellis factor". (This is the subject of Ground 2 of the appeal.) His Honour announced that the sentence otherwise would have been one of 3 years and 6 months. [3] 3. Reference was made to the respondent expressing remorse to the author of a psychological report and the author of a Sentencing Assessment Report. The judge noted the Crown's challenge to this in cross-examination of the respondent but was satisfied his remorse was genuine. He found that the respondent's prospects of rehabilitation were "more than good" and he was "unlikely to reoffend". In the light of those findings his Honour found that "specific deterrence … is not fully engaged in this case" (although he considered that general deterrence was). [4] Principles applicable to a Crown appeal against sentence 1. A primary purpose of Crown appeals against sentence is to "lay down principles for the governance and guidance of courts having the duty of sentencing convicted persons": Griffiths v The Queen (1977) 137 CLR 293; [1977] HCA 44 at 310. 2. To make good a claim that a sentence is manifestly inadequate, the Crown must establish that the sentence imposed was unreasonable or plainly unjust. This is in the context of there being no single correct sentence, and judges at first instance are allowed as much flexibility in sentencing as is commensurate with the application of proper principle and consistency of approach: Dinsdale v The Queen (2000) 202 CLR 321; [2000] HCA 54 at 325; Markarian v The Queen (2005) 228 CLR 357; [2005] HCA 25 at [25]; Hili v The Queen; Jones v The Queen (2010) 242 CLR 520; [2010] HCA 45 at [58]. 3. The Crown contended in written submission that this case represented an opportunity to provide guidance to sentencing judges in relation to the proper approach to a reduction in sentence under s 23 of the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999 (NSW) when an offender discloses his or her own wrongdoing. [5] 4. The Crown also contended that this appeal is of a type that would assist in maintaining confidence in the administration of justice by promoting uniformity of sentencing, citing Everett v The Queen (1994) 181 CLR 295; [1994] HCA 49 at 306 (McHugh J). [6] Ground 1 – error in assessment of objective seriousness of the offence 1. The judge found that the offending was aggravated "because the child was vulnerable, the offence occurred in her own home, and because she was dependent on you". Noting that grievous bodily harm is an element of the offence, he also considered "the degree of the harm sustained by this child is an additional aggravating factor". Overall, the objective seriousness of the offence was assessed as falling "somewhere below the middle of the range but it is certainly not at the bottom of the range". Submissions 1. The Crown submitted that the judge's assessment as to the relative seriousness of the offence was one that was not open on the evidence. Additionally, the judge failed to consider two material features: (1) the enormous physical disparity in size and strength between the respondent and the victim and (2) the breach of trust involved in the offence. The Crown also raised a question about the adequacy of the judge's reasons. [7] 2. The respondent defended the adequacy of the judge's reasons by reference to their quantity and the number of findings made, including express findings as to aggravating factors. It was submitted there was no error in failing to take into account the disparity of size between the respondent and the baby and the breach of trust because they were incorporated in the judge's findings as to the baby being vulnerable and dependent. It was also submitted that there will always be a disparity in size between an adult offender and a four-week old baby. [8] 3. The respondent submitted that the characterisation of the objective seriousness of the offence was one that was open to be made. The injuries sustained by the baby was a significant factor and the judge was plainly cognisant of them, referring to them in rejecting a submission that the offence was capable of being dealt with summarily. The seriousness with which the judge viewed the matter was also reflected in him rejecting a submission the sentence could be served by way of an intensive correction order. [9] Consideration 1. A starting point for this ground is to acknowledge, as both parties did, that the characterisation of the degree of objective seriousness of an offence is within the domain of sentencing judges. This Court is very slow to intervene and determine such matters for itself or to set aside a judgment made at first instance: Mulato v R [2006] NSWCCA 282 at [37] (Spigelman CJ), [46] (Simpson J, as her Honour then was). 2. The remarks on sentence are absent explicit discussion of the physical disparity and breach of trust aspects but it is not clear that the judge did not take such matters into account. Submissions criticising ex tempore sentencing remarks for their adequacy need to be considered in light of the practical realities facing the judge. In this case, his Honour was the senior presiding judge at Campbelltown with responsibility for managing the flow of cases through that busy venue. The sentence hearing occupied the larger part of a Friday and had to continue through the course of the following Monday, with sentencing immediately following that afternoon. 3. I am not convinced that the reasons of the sentencing judge were deficient or that he failed to consider any material factor. This ground of appeal should be upheld because the judge's assessment was not one that was open to him. 4. The victim was only four-weeks old. She was utterly defenceless and completely dependent upon her parents. The respondent was a mature adult. He was not lacking in intelligence and he told police he was aware that shaking a child could have serious effects. There is nothing that remotely explains his actions of shaking the baby so that, as he described to police, her body movements were "like a ragdoll, I suppose". 5. There is no dispute that the level of harm caused exceeded what is required to establish the grievous bodily harm element of the offence. The victim will spend her entire life with the effects of severe brain damage. She has cerebral palsy. Without doubting the love and care she will receive, she will represent a long-term emotional, physical and financial burden upon her mother. She is unlikely to have many of the experiences of life, love and fulfilment that most people take for granted. 6. In the vast majority of cases of grievous bodily harm offences the victims are adults. Where the victim is a child, that would usually elevate the relative seriousness of the offence. And where the victim is a baby and the harm is severe brain damage that will endure for life, it is difficult to imagine something that would reduce the objective seriousness of the offence to below the middle of the range. There is nothing in this case that can justify such a finding. 7. Some of the matters raised in the submissions of counsel in the court below, and relied upon again in this Court, pale into insignificance. [10] The fact that the offence involved "a one-off episode" was of no moment; the respondent was only being sentenced for one offence. The assertion that "there was no planning or pre-meditation" is also of no moment; the offence would be even more serious if there had been. 8. A contention raised at the hearing that the shaking was brief and there was no evidence of the force used has no merit. [11] It need not have taken long, or much force, to shake a four-week old baby "like a ragdoll" and cause serious harm. 9. This ground must be upheld. With respect to him, the offence was significantly more serious than the learned judge appreciated. Ground 2 – error in allowing an Ellis discount Ground 3 – error in failing to apply s 23 of the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act when allowing a discount for assistance to police 1. The parties made separate submissions in relation to these grounds, but they are so connected that they should be discussed together. What has been referred to as the Ellis principle has been accepted since at least CMB v Attorney General for The State of New South Wales (2015) 256 CLR 346; [2015] HCA 9 (CMB v Attorney General) as being a matter of assistance to authorities that may entitle an offender to a reduction of sentence under s 23 of the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999 (NSW). It is fruitless to separately discuss what may or may not have justified an offender receiving a sentence reduction pursuant to R v Ellis; the real issue is whether an offender may receive a reduction pursuant to s 23. 2. This is not to say that R v Ellis may be ignored. It, and cases which have considered its application, provide a guide to why an offender's disclosure to law enforcement authorities of otherwise unknown guilt may justify a sentencing discount for assisting authorities. The Ellis principle and s 23 1. R v Ellis (1986) 6 NSWLR 603 was concerned with a District Court judge having adjourned a sentencing hearing for a lengthy period. The appeal had nothing to do with discounts on sentence. Nevertheless, it was the occasion for Street CJ to make some obiter observations about a matter that may warrant the extension of leniency on sentence. The facts were that Mr Ellis committed seven armed robberies from 6 September 1984 to 14 November 1984. After consulting a minister of religion he was persuaded he should "see a solicitor and make a clean breast of them". He did so with the result that he was interviewed by police on 18 December 1984 and disclosed his guilt in respect of each robbery. He was duly charged and entered pleas of guilty. 2. Street CJ said at 604: "This court has said on a number of occasions that a plea of guilty will entitle a convicted person to an element of leniency in the sentence. The degree of leniency may vary according to the degree of inevitability of conviction as it may appear to the sentencing judge, but it is always a factor to which a greater or lesser degree of weight must be given. When the conviction follows upon a plea of guilty, that itself is the result of a voluntary disclosure of guilt by the person concerned, a further element of leniency enters into the sentencing decision. Where it was unlikely that guilt would be discovered and established were it not for the disclosure by the person coming forward for sentence, then a considerable element of leniency should properly be extended by the sentencing judge. It is part of the policy of the criminal law to encourage a guilty person to come forward and disclose both the fact of an offence having been committed and confession of guilt of that offence. The leniency that follows a confession of guilt in the form of a plea of guilty is a well-recognised part of the body of principles that cover sentencing. Although less well recognised, because less frequently encountered, the disclosure of an otherwise unknown guilt of an offence merits a significant added element of leniency, the degree of which will vary according to the degree of likelihood of that guilt being discovered by the law enforcement authorities, as well as guilt being established against the person concerned." (Emphasis added) 1. The elements of what the Chief Justice said include: ● A plea of guilty entitles an offender to an element of leniency. ● A further element of leniency is available when the plea of guilty follows a voluntary disclosure of guilt. ● There may be a "considerable element of leniency", or a "significant added element of leniency" where it is unlikely that guilt would otherwise have been discovered and established. ● The degree of leniency will vary according to the degree of likelihood of guilt being discovered by law enforcement authorities, as well as guilt being established against the person concerned. ● The underlying policy is to encourage guilty persons to come forward, disclose the commission of offence, and confess their guilt. 1. The extent to which leniency may be extended pursuant to R v Ellis was discussed in Ryan v The Queen (2001) 206 CLR 267; [2001] HCA 21. McHugh J said (at [11]): "The appellant argues that R v Ellis holds that a plea of guilty entitles a convicted person to an element of leniency in sentence, the degree of which may vary, but that the disclosure of previously unknown offences entitles the accused to a considerable degree of leniency." 1. McHugh J quoted from R v Ellis and continued (at [12]): "Thus, according to Ellis, the degree of leniency to be shown for the disclosure of unknown offences will vary according to (1) the likelihood that the offences would have been discovered by the authorities; and (2) the likelihood that the offences could have been proven beyond reasonable doubt." 1. His Honour further observed (at [15]): "The statement in Ellis that "the disclosure of an otherwise unknown guilt of an offence merits a significant added element of leniency" is a statement of a general principle or perhaps more accurately of a factor to be taken into account. It is not the statement of a rule to be quantitatively, rigidly or mechanically applied. It is an indication that, in determining the appropriate sentence, the disclosure of what was an unknown offence is a significant and not an insubstantial matter to be considered on the credit side of the sentencing process. How significant depends on the facts and circumstances of the case." 1. James J (Sheller JA and O'Keefe J agreeing) in R v GLB [2003] NSWCCA 210 reviewed the various individual judgments in Ryan v The Queen, namely those of McHugh J, Callinan J (Gummow J agreeing), Hayne J and Kirby J. He noted that Kirby J was in the minority. James J continued (at [33]): "On the basis of the judgments of the judges in Ryan who formed the majority on this aspect of the appeal, I consider that, although a sentencing judge should allow some discount for a voluntary disclosure of guilt, a sentencing judge is not required, in every case in which there has been a voluntary disclosure of guilt by the offender, to allow a considerable or significant discount because of the voluntary disclosure of guilt or to say in the judge's remarks on sentence that the judge has allowed a considerable or significant discount on this ground." 1. James J then referred (at [39]) to the applicant in that case being entitled to "a substantial" discount, which he explained meant one that was "not insignificant". 2. The facts in R v Ellis provide some context for what the Chief Justice said about "a significant added element of leniency". They have been referred to earlier; briefly, the offender voluntarily disclosed to police his guilt in respect of seven armed robberies. 3. In Lewins v R [2007] NSWCCA 189 at [15], Howie J described R v Ellis, by reference to its facts, as "a quite exceptional case". After also referring to R v Dodd (1991) 57 A Crim R 349 (where a person received no reduction from a sentence commensurate with the objective seriousness of a manslaughter offence, notwithstanding his voluntarily confessing 10 years after the event when there was no chance of his guilt being discovered), and Ryan v The Queen, Howie J continued (at [18]): "Although the leniency referred to in these decisions extends to those cases where the offender volunteers additional criminality otherwise unknown to the police, the extent of the leniency will obviously not be of the same significance as in those cases where the police are unaware of any criminal offences committed by the offender. It is a matter of degree. In some cases the known criminality might be so great that little leniency can be shown for the further offences revealed by the offender." 1. In the present case it was common ground [12] that the principle enunciated in R v Ellis applies in broader circumstances than described there by the Chief Justice. They were summarised by Basten JA in R v Windle [2012] NSWCCA 222 at [36]: "An important aspect of Ellis is the distinction between a plea of guilty to a charge which has been laid and disclosure to the police of the fact of the offence, or at least the offender's involvement therein. Significantly for present purposes, the voluntary disclosure might include: (a) revelation of an offence not known to the authorities; (b) revelation of the identity of the offender, or (c) revelation of an aspect of the offending not known to the authorities. In the present case, the victim had reported the offence and the identity of the offender. It was only the element of intention which, without the offender's confession, might not have been capable of proof beyond reasonable doubt. The extent of the appropriate element of leniency must depend on the extent of the voluntary revelation." 1. R v Windle itself fell with the first and third of types of voluntary disclosure described by Basten JA. It concerned an offence of attempt to strangle with intent to murder. The victim had reported the offence and had identified the offender. As indicated in the above extract, the only unknown factor was the element of intention. Absent the admission, the offender would have faced some form of assault charge, rather than an offence carrying a maximum penalty of imprisonment for 25 years. 2. The circumstances were similar in R v Bell [2005] NSWCCA 81. There the offender was sentenced for an offence of attempt to strangle with intent to murder and the intention to kill element was established by admissions made by the offender upon his arrest. The sentencing judge said that the offender's forthrightness in disclosing his homicidal intention enabled the Crown to charge a more serious offence than would otherwise have been proved by the objective circumstances. He said in that context that the plea of guilty should benefit the offender with "considerable leniency". Grove J (Spigelman CJ and Bell J agreeing) was satisfied that the offender was entitled to a measure of leniency by reason of his disclosure and rejected a contention that the judge had failed to take into account all relevant aspects relating to it. 3. Herbert v R [2015] NSWCCA 172 is an example of the second of the three types of voluntary disclosure described by Basten JA. It involved the brutal sexual assault of a woman who was grabbed as she walked along a beach and dragged into nearby bushes. The offender walked into a police station two days later saying he had seen media articles and reports on Facebook about the assault and was concerned he may have been involved. He was subject to "black-outs" from alcohol and prescription drug abuse. He provided a sample for DNA testing and it was determined he was the offender. The appeal against sentence was upheld on the basis that the sentencing judge erred in confining consideration of the voluntary disclosure of responsibility for the known crime to issues of remorse and prospects of rehabilitation. Further leniency above those two matters should have been afforded. 4. In CMB v Attorney General, French CJ and Gageler J described (at [41]) ss 22 and 23 of the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act as containing the statutory expression for the policy to which Street CJ had referred in R v Ellis in relation to leniency for pleas of guilty and for disclosure of otherwise unknown guilt. Kiefel, Bell and Keane JJ (at [72]) referred to the principles stated in R v Ellis as involving assistance to law enforcement authorities in the detection and investigation of the offence, thus that with which s 23 is concerned. This Court observed recently in Ahmad v R [2021] NSWCCA 30 at [24], with reference to CMB v Attorney General, that "the principles in Ellis are now embodied in s 23 of the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act". 5. Section 23 (relevantly) is in the following terms: "23 Power to reduce penalties for assistance provided to law enforcement authorities (1) A court may impose a lesser penalty than it would otherwise impose on an offender, having regard to the degree to which the offender has assisted, or undertaken to assist, law enforcement authorities in the prevention, detection or investigation of, or in proceedings relating to, the offence concerned or any other offence. (2) In deciding whether to impose a lesser penalty for an offence and the nature and extent of the penalty it imposes, the court must consider the following matters— (a) (Repealed) (b) the significance and usefulness of the offender's assistance to the authority or authorities concerned, taking into consideration any evaluation by the authority or authorities of the assistance rendered or undertaken to be rendered, (c) the truthfulness, completeness and reliability of any information or evidence provided by the offender, (d) the nature and extent of the offender's assistance or promised assistance, (e) the timeliness of the assistance or undertaking to assist, (f) any benefits that the offender has gained or may gain by reason of the assistance or undertaking to assist, (g) whether the offender will suffer harsher custodial conditions as a consequence of the assistance or undertaking to assist, (h) any injury suffered by the offender or the offender's family, or any danger or risk of injury to the offender or the offender's family, resulting from the assistance or undertaking to assist, (i) whether the assistance or promised assistance concerns the offence for which the offender is being sentenced or an unrelated offence, (j) (Repealed) (3) A lesser penalty that is imposed under this section in relation to an offence must not be unreasonably disproportionate to the nature and circumstances of the offence. (4) A court that imposes a lesser penalty under this section on an offender because the offender has assisted, or undertaken to assist, law enforcement authorities must — (a) indicate to the offender, and make a record of the fact, that the lesser penalty is being imposed for either or both of those reasons, and (b) state the penalty that it would otherwise have imposed, and (c) where the lesser penalty is being imposed for both reasons—state the amount by which the penalty has been reduced for each reason. …" (Emphasis added) 1. It is apparent from the emphasised words that there are certain mandatory considerations when a court contemplates imposing a lesser penalty and if so, to what extent. Their effect was conveniently summarised by Beech-Jones J in R v AA [2017] NSWCCA 84 at [45]: "The end result is that, if sentencing judges are considering imposing a lesser sentence on account of the conduct of an offender in disclosing previously unknown offences, then they must consider the factors in s 23(2) in determining whether to proffer the discount (Williamson v R [2015] NSWCCA 250 at [68]) and, if so, its level. They also must ensure that the penalty imposed is not disproportionate (s 23(3)) and they must specify the level of discount in accordance with s 23(4)." 1. This Court in Ahmad v R recently re-stated the proposition discussed by Basten JA in Windle v R that the leniency referred to in R v Ellis is not confined to disclosure of the fact of an offence, or an offender's involvement in it. [13] The Court in Ahmad v R said (at [33]): "Voluntary disclosure of information not available to the Crown may constitute assistance for the purposes of s 23, even if the Crown is already aware of the offence and even if the offender has been charged. It is clear from the terms of s 23(2)(i) itself that the assistance to which s 23 refers extends to assistance concerning the very offence for which the offender is being sentenced." 1. Importantly, Ahmad v R makes clear that confessing and co-operating with law enforcement authorities does not entitle an offender to a discount more than that which may be provided for a plea of guilty. The Court explained (at [35]-[36]): "In a sense every guilty plea provides assistance to the Crown. If a guilty plea is accepted, the Crown will secure a guilty verdict, without the risks attendant upon a criminal trial. But that is not sufficient to engage s 23. As was said in R v Burke [2002] NSWCCA 353 at [32], 'A full confession and co-operation with the investigating authorities from the start does not entitle an offender to a discount over and above the discount for a plea of guilty.' If an offender seeks to obtain a discount for assistance over and above the utilitarian discount for a guilty plea, then s 23 will apply and it will be incumbent to establish precisely what information or assistance the offender has provided and its value, truthfulness, completeness, reliability, timeliness and the various other matters to which the Court must have regard in s 23(2)." 1. Le v R [2019] NSWCCA 181 provides an example of an offender seeking a benefit for assistance over and above that attracted by his plea of guilty. He was found in a house in which there was a sophisticated hydroponic system for cultivating cannabis plants. He had endeavoured to prevent police entering the house. Within the house police found his fingerprint on a lampshade as well as items of his personal property. He participated in a "walk-through" and made admissions to living in the premises for the past six months, claiming he had been hired to look after the plants. The sentencing judge noted the offender's participation in the interview and his "full admissions". He accepted there was evidence of remorse, although it was of less weight because the offender did not give evidence. It was contended on appeal that the judge erred in failing to take the admissions into account as either evidence of assistance to authorities (per s 23) or as further evidence of remorse. 2. N Adams J (Bathurst CJ and Price J agreeing) (at [53]-[54]) rejected the contention that the offender had disclosed otherwise unknown guilt and held he had not established the admissions amounted to assistance within the meaning of s 23(1). She cited the judgment of Garling J in Browning v R [2015] NSWCCA 147 at [123] for the proposition that the mere fact that an offender participates in a police interview about the subject-matter of the offence in question is not a matter which is entitled to any weight, of itself, in mitigation of sentence. Her Honour also said (at [55]) that even if the assistance was capable of falling within s 23(1), it did not necessarily warrant a lesser sentence. Applying the criteria in s 23(2) she noted: "[T]he applicant did not nominate any other person involved in the enterprise nor undertake to give any evidence, even against his co-offender, at any stage. The admissions were made after the applicant had initially refused police entry to the premises. This was not a case where the applicant had come forward to disclose criminality that would not otherwise have been detected. After participating in the walk-through, the applicant subsequently declined to be further interviewed by police back at the police station." Relevant evidence in the present case 1. The agreed facts constituted the primary evidence upon which the sentencing judge made findings that led to the 25% Ellis discount. Relevant aspects have been set out in full above at [22]. 2. The respondent also relied upon an affidavit by his solicitor. It included that the police interviewed the respondent's wife and then the respondent on the night of 8-9 November 2018; each of the respondent's parents-in-law on 9 November 2018; and the respondent and his wife again on 13 November 2018. In each case the interviewee was told they were not under arrest and were free to leave at any time. [14] 3. Towards the end of the interview of the respondent's wife on 13 November 2018 she was asked open questions as to whether she knew how the baby sustained the injuries and whether she caused them. The respondent relied upon this in submitting to the primary judge that the police were making inquiries and did not have a particular suspect up until the point at which the respondent made admissions in his interview on 13 November 2018. [15] Finding and reasons 1. The judge gave reasons for allowing a 25% discount in addition to the 25% discount for the plea of guilty: [16] "You did not own up to what you did to that child, either on the night that it happened or the next day. You did not tell your wife what you had done and you did not tell anybody at the hospital what you had done. … The nature and extent of the injuries to the child excited the suspicion of the doctors at the hospital and indeed, the next day, 8 November 2018, the doctors contacted the police. There then followed some investigations. Initially, when you were spoken to, you denied any knowledge of how these injuries were caused. No one saw what you had done. You had made no admissions. There was no direct evidence linking you to this offending. And, so far as the police were concerned, there were a number of potential offenders: you were one; your wife was one; and her parents were also suspects. The four of you were all interviewed by police. (There was also a possible fifth suspect which was mentioned during the course of your counsel's submissions, that is, the two-year-old child, the elder sister. I mention that just for completion. It does seem to me to be a remote, very remote possibility that a two-year-old could have done what was done to this baby.) On 13 November 2018, almost a week after the incident, you were re-interviewed by police and then you did the honourable thing. You admitted what you had done. You told the police that you had been tired, and you may have lost your cool with the child and that you 'lost it and shook her a bit'. The officers asked you to describe the child at the time you shook her and you said 'like a rag doll', so you knew at the time that you had caused damage; and in the course of your evidence on Friday in the witness box you admitted that you knew that you had probably caused damage to this child. There is no evidence … that you had ever abused that child before or that you had ever abused your elder daughter. There is no suggestion that you ever involved yourself in any domestic violence with your wife. You have no criminal record of any kind. Your early plea entitles you to a discount of 25%. In addition to that, because of your frank admission to police, you are entitled to an additional discount for what lawyers call the Ellis factor because I am satisfied, on the balance of probabilities, that, except for your admission, it is highly unlikely, to say the least, that the Crown would have been in a position to bring a case against any of the four adults who were under suspicion. You will therefore get another 25% discount for that admission." (Emphasis added) Crown submissions 1. The Crown submitted that the present case does not fall within any of the categories described by Basten JA in R v Windle. It also contended that the judge failed to consider the likelihood of the respondent's guilt being discovered, or established, they being the two components giving rise to leniency discussed in R v Ellis. [17] 2. There was criticism of the respondent's submissions at first instance and on appeal for their focus upon what the police knew at the time the respondent made the admissions. The Crown accepted that this was relevant but submitted there was more to be considered when determining the likelihood of guilt being discovered and established: "the clock doesn't stop when the applicant makes admissions". [18] 3. The Crown submitted that this case did not fall within the Ellis principle because: [19] 1. The offence was known to police, it being part of the agreed facts that the hospital reported the matter to police because of the non-accidental injuries. 2. There was a very limited pool of potential suspects which was a contrast to some of the cases such as where the offences were robberies with a very large number of potential suspects. 3. Absent the admissions there was a viable circumstantial case with the agreed facts being to the effect that the child was fine on the day in question and only presented with symptoms of pain and distress after having been alone with the respondent. 1. It was submitted that it was not open for the sentencing judge to find that without the respondent's admissions "it is highly unlikely that the Crown would have been able to bring a case against any of the four adults that were under suspicion". The police interview material referred to and attached to the solicitor's affidavit did not justify the finding. [20] 2. An issue of some significance was briefly touched upon in the oral submissions for the Crown, namely that "the respondent bore the onus of proof" in relation to whether an Ellis discount should be provided. [21] 3. The Crown maintained that Ground 3 should be upheld no matter how Ground 2 was decided. A 25% reduction of sentence for the applicant's admissions to police could only be provided pursuant to s 23 whether the admissions came within the purview of R v Ellis or not. The judge did not refer to s 23 at all. He said nothing about the factors in s 23(2), the requirement of s 23(3) that a sentence not be unreasonably disproportionate, or why he chose 25% as the discount. As to the latter, the Crown was critical of the judge trying to determine the quantum of a discount by reference to discounts applied in other cases, on different facts. [22] Respondent submissions 1. The respondent supported the correctness of the factual findings of the primary judge referred to above. He maintained the submission made in the court below, to the effect that "police simply did not know who was responsible for the injuries" and "the police had absolutely no idea, of the limited number of people who were there, who it was that had inflicted the injuries". He also maintained that the baby's mother was still a suspect as indicated by the nature of the questioning of her on 13 November 2018. [23] 2. While accepting the judge did not expressly refer to s 23 in his sentencing remarks, the respondent noted that both parties had addressed it in their submissions. For example, there was an exchange in which the judge asked the Crown for assistance in relation to the quantum of discount that should be applied, and the Crown responded by providing two cases containing discussion about the application of s 23. It was submitted that in these circumstances it was inconceivable that the judge did not consider the requirements of the section. [24] 3. An indication of the judge having applied s 23 was said to be his reference to the Crown being unable to prosecute any of the four adults who were under suspicion. This was said to be an allusion to the requirement in s 23(2)(b): the significance and usefulness of the offender's assistance to authorities. It was submitted that it could be inferred the judge had regard to some of the other matters listed in s 23(2); he just did not announce a finding in relation to each. [25] 4. As to the extent of the discount allowed, the respondent submitted that it was a discretionary decision that could only be challenged under the criteria in House v The King (1936) 55 CLR 499; [1936] HCA 40. The respondent referred to cases in this Court in which there have been observations about levels of discounts at or even exceeding 50% for a plea of guilty in conjunction with assistance to authorities. [26] 5. The respondent supported the 25% discount allowed by the sentencing judge as being consistent with the language used by the Chief Justice in R v Ellis. Reference was made to an observation made by the sentencing judge during the course of submissions that "Ellis doesn't talk about minor discounts, does it? … I don't understand Ellis to be used in terms of minor adjustments". [27] Consideration 1. Absent evidence from a police officer, it is speculative to say that police regarded all of the known adults as suspects. The manner in which police asked questions in interviews gave rise to competing inferences that could only be resolved by evidence which was absent. It was not open to the judge to say that without the respondent's admissions, "as far as the police were concerned, there were a number of potential offenders". 2. Without the respondent's admissions there was evidence that the victim was perfectly healthy until she spent 20 minutes alone with the respondent while her mother was in the shower. She immediately exhibited extreme distress which must obviously have related to her having, at that time, sustained the injuries that were detected when she received medical attention the next morning. 3. The respondent did not voluntarily disclose "otherwise unknown guilt" because his guilt was discoverable and could be established by the available circumstantial evidence independently from his admissions. Similarly, his admissions did not disclose additional criminality of which the police would not otherwise have been aware. Therefore, they did not come within any of the three situations given by way of example by Basten JA in Windle v R. 4. The Crown submission that this case did not fall within the R v Ellis principle should be accepted. The learned sentencing judge was in error in taking into account, in the absence of evidence, that police had no case against the respondent without his admissions. 5. Even if the matter was within R v Ellis, it was mandatory for the judge to consider the criteria in s 23(2) before allowing any reduction of sentence. His Honour made no reference to s 23 or any of its mandatory requirements. 6. In considering the factors in s 23(2) the following conclusions were available. The respondent's admissions were significant and useful to the extent that he acknowledged his guilt. His plea of guilty did the same. This supported a finding of genuine remorse, which the judge made. 7. The admissions were truthful in that the independent circumstantial evidence supported that the respondent did what he described. Beyond that, however, whether his admissions were complete and reliable is impossible to say. The nature and extent of the admissions were of a simple kind: answering questions when confronted by police in an interview. This may be contrasted with assistance by offenders who are willing to give evidence against others, or who engage in covert investigatory activities and the like. The timeliness issue involved the respondent having denied his guilt when first confronted by police and maintaining that denial for days until confronted once again. There was no suggestion of harsher custodial conditions, injury, or danger to the respondent or his family. In short, the s 23(2) factors did not provide any significant support for a reduction of sentence. 8. The sentencing judge was in error in allowing a discount on sentence pursuant to R v Ellis. In coming to the view that such a discount was able to be granted, he was in error in failing to comply with the requirements of s 23. Both Grounds 2 and 3 should be upheld. Ground 4 – manifest inadequacy 1. The Crown relied upon the specific errors it contended for under the preceding grounds as a partial explanation for the manifest inadequacy of the sentence imposed. In relation to the objective seriousness of the offence discussed under Ground 1, the Crown contended this Court would find that it was within the mid-range. [28] 2. The Crown accepted that the admissions of the respondent were relevant to the question of his remorse and prospects of rehabilitation. The positive findings of the primary judge in relation to those issues, and the allowance of 25% for the early plea of guilty, were not challenged. [29] 3. However, the ultimate submission of the Crown was that a sentence of 1 year and 9 months with a non-parole period of 12 months, was unreasonable or plainly unjust. 4. The respondent submitted that the starting point for the sentence (3 years and 6 months) is not inadequate having regard to the judge's assessment of the relative level of objective seriousness of the offence. The reduction of the non-parole period upon finding special circumstances was not excessive. [30] 5. Counsel emphasised the offence having lifelong devastating consequences not only for the victim but for the respondent as well. She referred to aspects of this that were described in his affidavit of 6 August 2020. [31] 6. The respondent also relied upon the judgment of Kiefel, Bell and Keane JJ in CMB v Attorney General (at [78]) where two points were made. [32] First, s 23 contemplates that a sentence may be disproportionate; the prohibition is upon imposing a sentence that is unreasonably disproportionate. Second, the question for this Court is not whether it considers the sentence reduced in accordance with s 23 to be unreasonably disproportionate to the nature and circumstances of the offence. The question is whether in the exercise of the discretion that the law reposed in the primary judge it was open to him to determine that the sentence was not unreasonably disproportionate. Consideration 1. The sentence imposed upon the respondent is manifestly inadequate and this is regardless of the Ellis and s 23 issues. The starting point of 3 years and 6 months before any discounting occurred for the respondent's early plea of guilty or his voluntary disclosure of his responsibility for causing the grievous bodily harm to his four-week old baby is unreasonable and unjust. It completely fails to reflect the magnitude of the harm caused which transcends by a large margin the threshold for the definition of grievous bodily harm. 2. The comments made previously about the objective seriousness of the offence in upholding Ground 1 need not be repeated. It is well to point out, however, that while an offence such as this can occur quickly and with little in the way of violence (as that concept is generally understood), the victim was at the extreme end of the range of defenceless human beings and the level of harm caused is catastrophic. It is accepted the respondent did not intend to cause such harm but that is irrelevant; if there had been such an intention the charge would have been a far more serious one. 3. The discounting of the sentence for the early plea of guilty is not something that the Crown challenges. But the further discounting by 25% for the respondent's assistance to authorities was not open to the sentencing judge and exacerbated the inadequacy of the sentence. 4. Given the conclusion I have reached in relation to Grounds 2 and 3 there is no purpose to be served by discussing the extent of the discounting at any length. In short, the authorities do not support the proposition canvassed at the hearing before the primary judge that R v Ellis requires the discounting of sentences by any particular margin. So much appears in the consideration of the majority judges in Ryan v The Queen as discussed by James J in R v GLB which I have set out earlier. It might be observed as well that the primary judge was not assisted by a bold submission made by counsel then appearing for the respondent that she had read cases, which she did not identify, which supported the proposition that the combined discount tends to be around 50% to 60%. Residual discretion 1. Having found error, including that the sentence is manifestly inadequate, it is a matter for the Crown to establish that the Court should resentence as opposed to dismissing the appeal: CMB v Attorney General at [32]-[33] (French CJ and Gageler J), at [54] (Kiefel, Bell and Keane J). 2. French CJ, Crennan and Kiefel JJ said in Green v The Queen; Quinn v The Queen (2011) 244 CLR 462; [2011] HCA 49 at [36]: "A primary consideration relevant to the exercise of the residual discretion is the purpose of Crown appeals under s 5D which, as observed earlier in these reasons, is "to lay down principles for the governance and guidance of courts having the duty of sentencing convicted persons." That is a limiting purpose. It does not extend to the general correction of errors made by sentencing judges. It provides a framework within which to assess the significance of factors relevant to the exercise of the discretion." 1. The Crown submitted that there was no circumstance which would require the appeal to be dismissed. There has been no relevant delay in instituting or resolving the appeal and there was nothing done by the Crown that caused or contributed to any specific error made by the sentencing judge. The respondent's currently expected release to parole is not "imminent"; the non-parole period expiring on 13 August 2021. [33] 2. The Crown's ultimate submission was that the sentence is so far below the range of sentences that could justly be imposed that it should be viewed as undermining public confidence in the proper administration of criminal justice. [34] 3. The respondent submitted that simply upholding any of Grounds 1 to 3 would serve a purpose of Crown appeals in declaring important matters of principle. Delay was a significant factor in that the respondent will have served half of his non-parole period. [35] 4. The respondent also submitted that it would not be contrary to the public interest to dismiss the appeal in the exercise of the residual discretion if doing so allowed a relatively young man whose offending was out of character, and whose risk of reoffending was low, to rebuild a useful life for himself and once again become a productive member of the community. [36] 5. A final factor in favour of exercising the discretion against intervention was that the Crown had effectively acquiesced in the allowance of a 25% discount pursuant to R v Ellis by failing to submit that such a discount was unavailable. The Crown had, in effect, failed in its duty to assist the court to avoid appellable error: CMB v Attorney General at [64] (Kiefel, Bell and Keane JJ). [37] 6. The last matter must be rejected. The passage in CMB v Attorney General referred to is relevant "[w]here the sentencing judge indicates the form of proposed sentencing order and the prosecutor considers that such a penalty would be manifestly inadequate". That is not what occurred in this case; the judge gave no indication of what sentence he was contemplating imposing. I am satisfied that the prosecutor endeavoured to provide assistance to the judge with the cases he referred to (R v GLB and R v AA) including pinpoint paragraph references, but the substance of which (unfortunately) were not reflected in the sentencing remarks. 7. The Court should intervene and resentence. To refrain from doing so and to leave in place a grossly inadequate sentence for such a serious offence would put at risk the preservation of public confidence in the administration of criminal justice. Re-sentence 1. An affidavit by the respondent was read at the hearing. It includes that he has employment available upon release and hopes to resume the relationship with his wife. [38] The affidavit otherwise attests to matters that are not unexpected in terms of the respondent finding gaol life difficult but being a productive and well-behaved inmate. He has retained the support of his family with whom he maintains contact, albeit with the restrictions imposed as a result of the pandemic. 2. Two matters in the affidavit were contested by the Crown. First, the claim, "I was seeing a psychologist before going to gaol" is contradicted by other evidence. Second, a claim that when he committed the offence he was "working too much and under a lot of stress" had been raised before the sentencing judge and specifically rejected. [39] 3. The Crown observed that, having found special circumstances, the primary judge had very substantially reduced the non-parole period from 75% of the total term to 57%. Consistent with submissions made at first instance, the Crown conceded there could be a finding of special circumstances, but it would only entail "a modest reduction" of the non-parole period. [40] In my view, the reasons given by the primary judge only support a modest reduction. 4. For the reasons given for upholding Ground 1 of the appeal, I am of the view that the objective seriousness of the offence is at the top of the mid-range. 5. The 25% discount for the respondent's early plea of guilty as well as other favourable findings of a subjective nature should be retained. They include that the respondent was genuinely remorseful, he has good prospects of rehabilitation and is unlikely to reoffend. Specific deterrence is not significant but general deterrence is quite significant. 6. The starting point for the sentence (before the discount for the plea of guilty) should be 6 years. Orders 1. I propose the following orders: 1. Crown appeal allowed. 2. Quash the sentence imposed in the District Court on 17 August 2020 and in lieu, sentence the respondent to imprisonment comprising a non-parole period of 3 years with a balance of the term of the sentence of 1 year and 6 months. That is a total sentence of 4 years and 6 months. The sentence is to date from 14 August 2020. The respondent will become eligible for release on parole upon the expiry of the non-parole period on 13 August 2023. 3. Noting the application of s 15A of the Children (Criminal Proceedings) Act 1987 (NSW) to the child victim in the proceedings, revoke the non-publication and suppression orders made in the District Court on 14 August 2020. 1. ADAMSON J: I agree with R A Hulme J. ********** Endnotes 1. A useful collection of statutory provisions of this type is to be found in Bench Books published by the Judicial Commission of The State of New South Wales. See [62-040] of the Local Court Bench Book, cross-referenced at [1-356] of the Criminal Trial Courts Bench Book. 2. Remarks on sentence (ROS) 4-5. 3. ROS 7.3; 10.2. 4. ROS 8-9. 5. Crown written submissions (CWS) [43]. 6. CWS [44]. 7. CWS [50]-[51]. 8. Respondent written submissions (RWS) [23]-[24], [26]; Tcpt (Appeal Hearing) 15 February 2021, p 14(18). 9. RWS [31]-[33]. 10. RWS [29]. 11. Tcpt, 15 February 2021, p 16. 12. The respondent characterised the Crown as having advocated in the Court below a more constrained and thereby erroneous approach. Whether this be correct or not is irrelevant given the respondent did not suggest any erroneous approach taken by the Crown led the sentencing judge into error in this respect. 13. Ahmad v R was handed down after the hearing of the appeal in the present case and so the parties have not had an opportunity to make submissions about it. However, what is drawn from it are propositions that are consistent with what was common ground between the parties. 14. Affidavit, Andrew Sant, 16 August 2020. 15. Affidavit, Andrew Sant, 16 August 2020 at [2]; Tcpt, 17 August 2020, p 5(20). 16. ROS 5-7. 17. Tcpt, 15 February 2021, p 6(5)–(23). 18. Tcpt, 15 February 2021, p 6(25)–(35); CWS [75]. 19. Tcpt, 15 February 2021, pp 6(38)–7(18); CWS [74]. 20. CWS [68], [72]. 21. Tcpt, 15 February 2021, p 7(35). 22. CWS [84], [87]-[89]; Tcpt, 15 February 2021, p 9(5)-(34); 10(16). 23. RWS [41]; Tcpt, 15 February 2021, p 18(37). 24. RWS [51], [53]. 25. ROS 7; Tcpt, 15 February 2021, p 22. 26. RWS [54]-[56]. 27. Tcpt, 17 August 2020, pp 19-20. 28. CWS [91]. 29. CWS [95], [97]. 30. Tcpt, 15 February 2021, pp 23-4. 31. Affidavit, The Respondent, 6 August 2020 at paras [24], [27], [32]. 32. RWS [58]. 33. CWS [102]-[104]. 34. CWS [105]. 35. RWS [71]-[72]. 36. RWS [73]. 37. RWS [74]-[75]. 38. Tcpt, 15 February 2021, pp 25-6. 39. Tcpt, 14 August 2020, p 24, 46; ROS 5(9). 40. Crown written submissions on sentence, [13]; Tcpt, 15 February 2021, pp 12-3. Amendments 09 April 2021 - Typographical error in orders DISCLAIMER - Every effort has been made to comply with suppression orders or statutory provisions prohibiting publication that may apply to this judgment or decision. The onus remains on any person using material in the judgment or decision to ensure that the intended use of that material does not breach any such order or provision. Further enquiries may be directed to the Registry of the Court or Tribunal in which it was generated. Decision last updated: 09 April 2021