District Court New South Wales Medium Neutral Citation: Zreika v R [2023] NSWDC 59 Hearing dates: 14 March 2023 Date of orders: 16 March 2023 Decision date: 16 March 2023 Jurisdiction: Criminal Before: Scotting DCJ Decision: (1) Appeal allowed. (2) I set aside the conviction and the penalty imposed by the magistrate. Catchwords: CRIME — Appeals — Appeal against conviction Legislation Cited: Crimes Act 1900 Crimes (Appeal and Review) Act 2001 Evidence Act 1995 Cases Cited: AG v Director of Public Prosecutions [2015] NSWCA 218 Director of Public Prosecutions (Cth) v Kinghorn (2020) 102 NSWLR 72 Director of Public Prosecutions (NSW) v Zreika [2020] NSWSC 381 Fox v Percy (2003) 214 CLR 118 Gianoutsas v Glykis [2006] NSWCCA 137 Lumney v Director of Public Prosecutions [2021] NSWCA 186 McNab v Director of Public Prosecutions [2021] NSWCA 298 Category: Principal judgment Parties: Mohammed Zreika (Appellant) Rex (Crown) Representation: Counsel: G Bashir SC with C O'Neill (Appellant) Solicitors: Ace Legal Practice (Appellant) Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions (Crown) File Number(s): 2018/301033 Publication restriction: None Decision under appeal Court or tribunal: Sutherland Local Court Jurisdiction: Local Court Date of Decision: 15 August 2022 Before: Magistrate Atkinson File Number(s): 2018/301033 Judgment Introduction 1. On 19 November 2021 Mohammed Zreika (the appellant) was found guilty of an offence of doing an act to pervert the course of justice contrary to s 319 Crimes Act 1900 by her Honour Magistrate Atkinson in the Local Court. The appellant brings an appeal as of right against the conviction. 2. The appellant is a solicitor. The prosecution case is that in a recorded telephone conversation on 28 June 2018, he advised his client to go to a doctor, to tell the doctor that he had gastroenteritis and to obtain a medical certificate to support the adjournment of a hearing listed for that day. 3. The appellant objected to the telephone intercept evidence being admitted into evidence, because it contained confidential communications between a solicitor and his client that attracted legal professional privilege. 4. The magistrate admitted the telephone intercept evidence pursuant to s 125 Evidence Act 1995, finding that there were reasonable grounds for finding that the communications were made in furtherance of the offence of perverting the course of justice. 5. The magistrate then relied on the same findings to find the appellant guilty of the offence. 6. The appellant relies on three grounds of appeal: 1. The magistrate misapplied s 125 Evidence Act 1995 and the telephone intercept evidence should have been excluded. 2. The magistrate erroneously applied her findings made on the balance of probabilities to admit the evidence, in finding the appellant guilty of the offence and failed to determine if the prosecution had proved its case beyond reasonable doubt. 3. The magistrate failed to consider if the prosecution had excluded reasonable alternate inferences that the appellant did not intend to pervert the course of justice. Facts 1. The evidence before the magistrate consisted largely of the recorded telephone intercepts and documents. Dr James Yu gave evidence about issuing the medical certificate relating to the client. The appellant did not give evidence. The facts were mostly not in dispute and can be summarised as follows. 2. The appellant is a solicitor who was admitted to practice in February 2018. In 2018, he was retained to represent Michael Izod (the client) in criminal proceedings that were listed for hearing on 28 June 2018 at the Manly Local Court. At all material times the client's mobile telephone calls and messages were being lawfully intercepted. 3. On 27 June 2018 the appellant and the client had a conference, to prepare for the hearing. 4. At 6.48am on 28 June 2018 the client sent a text message in the following terms: Morning mate, call me ASAP please. I've crashed out last night before I have gotten everything ready. Can I get it adjourned? Can I get a doctor's certificate or something and pay you guys to go to get it adjourned? 1. At 8.28am a call was intercepted between the appellant (V2) and the client (V1) in the following terms: V1 - Hello V2 - Hey V1 - Hey how you going mate? V2 - Good good you? V1 – Ahhh shithouse but anyway. Umm … did you get my message? V2 – Yeah yeah yeah. If you're gonna get a doctors certificate V1 – Yep V2 – You gotta get one ASAP V1 – Yeah I'm on my way to the doctors now V2 – Ok what you need is a few things. 1 that you're unfit V1 – Yep V2 – It's gotta say it's for court. Youre unfit for court V1 – Yep V2 – And I need to know V1 – Yep V2 – What the sickness is. Coz the magistrate is possibly going to ask me, what is he suffering, what sickness. V1 – Umm everytime they've given me one before they've always given me one for umm depression and anxiety, but like fucken mental illness V2 – Well you can get, I mean you can always have umm, have you heard of gastro .. something. Gastroenteritis or something. Diarrhoea V1 – Yep V2 – You know, you can't really attend if you got shit in your pants V1 – Yep yep V2 – Sooo … Umm … V1 - Umm yeah alright. The doctor will give me whatever I want, doctors certificate for what I want V2 – Okay. Alright well. How long do you need to get to the doctor? V1 – Umm .. depending on traffic fifteen to twenty minutes most I'll be there V2 – Okay well while you're there .. V1 – Yep V2 – Text me what he umm. Like what he … fuckin .. V1 – What he's sayin V2 – Yeah. So text me what he, what's the word, fuckin no analyses V1 – Umm … diagnoses V2 – That's it. Whatever he diagnoses you with text me V1 – Yep V2 – So I'll know what to fuckin say if I get asked. I might not get asked but just in case, they do sometimes ask V1 – Yep V2 – Umm. I'm going to try and say look we don't need a long adjournment it's coz his sick today V1 – Yeah yeah yep V2 – Umm, so you wanna go that way and have it adjourned? V1 – Yeah yeah yep yeah I need to V2 - Coz there is the risk of this. If the magistrate doesn't allow the adjournment V1 – Yep V2 - I'm going to have top withdraw. And they'll probably find you guilty in your absence V1 – Yep righto V2 – It's possible. I don't know what they'll do but if they won't adjourn it I can't really do anything if you're not there. I can't V1 – Yes fair enough V2 – There was the other option, in that, like the hearing can still be run, without those things but if it's gonna come down to whether the magistrate believes the evidence. That you didn't believe … blah blah blah V1 – Yeah. Yeah yeah yeah V2 – But it'd be stronger if you have the papers. Umm .. so we'll go on with the adjournment now? V1 – Yeah just get .. I'd rather … yeah V2 – Okay well while I'm there I'm going to see what they want do V1 – Yep V2 – I'll see if they might offer something V1 – Alright V2 – And then that way at least in the mean time while we're waiting for the next date V1 – Yep V2 – You got something to consider. You know what I mean V1 – Yeah righto V2 – Like you never know they might even withdraw it today. I don't know V1 – Righto V2 – But if they do that then fuckin beautify.. But. Just gonna have to play it by ear. So just text me as soon as you find out what diagnosis you have V1 – Yeah righto V2 – Umm and I'll need you to email the court, the doctors certificate V1 – Email not text it? V2 – Umm either or V1 – Alright no dramas V2 – Doesn't really matter. I don't know their fax but I've got their email V1 – Umm righto V2 – Are you going to get the doctor to fax it is that what you're gonna do? V1 – That's what I normally do. I normally get the doctor to fax it everytime I've done it to the Police Station I've just got them to fax it V2 – Alright well when I get in there I'll ask them for their fax number and I'll send it to you V1 – Ahh yeah thanks. Alright V2 – Alright V1 – Alright no dramas V2 – Ok so we'll do that. I'll let you know what happens man V1 – Alright no worries V2 – We are number 9 in the list sooo … V1 – I've got a bit of time V2 – They might be happy to adjourn it. You what what I mean V1 – Yeah righto V2 – They might not have enough time to here it anyway. So V1 – Alright I'll get this done and then I'll (inaudible) V2 – Okay. Alright well stay in touch with me let me know what's happening so V1 – Yeah nah 100% V2 – Okay cool. Easy. Alright mate speak to you soon 1. The client went to a medical practice in Chatswood and was examined by Dr Yu. The client gave a history of diarrhoea and vomiting since 4.00am on that day, but that he was feeling better. Dr Yu undertook a thorough examination of the client to exclude more serious conditions and malingering. Dr Yu observed increased bowel sounds, which is consistent with a diagnosis of gastroenteritis. Dr Yu accepted the history that he was given as truthful and made a clinical judgement that the client was "uncomfortable all over" or unwell. Dr Yu issued the client with a medical certificate certifying that the client was unfit to attend court for 28 and 29 June 2018 due to gastroenteritis. 2. During the course of the morning, there were other text messages exchanged between the appellant and the client about the client's attendance at the medical practice and where to send the medical certificate once it had been obtained. These communications were not relied on by the prosecution to demonstrate any relevant matter adverse to the appellant. 3. The medical certificate was faxed by the doctor's practice to the Manly Local Court. The appellant tendered the medical certificate to her Honour Magistrate Ryan in support of the adjournment application. During the course of the adjournment application, the following exchange occurred between her Honour and the appellant: HER HONOUR: Your client is obviously here. ZREIKA: Unfortunately he is not here, he has actually sent through a fax to the registry, a medical certificate, suffering from gastroenteritis. In those circumstances be seeking an adjournment. HER HONOUR: Can I have a look at the certificate, have you shown it to the sergeant, are you able to deal with this Sergeant Wolven or do you need Sergeant Nesbit in? Have you got the offer in charge here? PROSECUTOR: Yes the police officer is here. I have seen that. ZREIKA: It's the first time it's been listed for hearing, he has attended on every other occasions, this is the first occasion he doesn't appear and it's due to a sickness which is out of his hands. HER HONOUR: Okay well do you wish to be heard on that sergeant? PROSECUTOR: Your Honour only that – HER HONOUR: I mean the doctor actually surprisingly has name what the person is suffering from. PROSECUTOR: Yes, yes. HER HONOUR: Sometimes they just say they are not fit for work but gastroenteritis would indicate that he has got the runs and is also vomiting. PROSECUTOR: Yes, I your Honour it's more of a token opposition only nothing that there are two police, two civilians here and ready to proceed. HER HONOUR: Sure, Look under the circumstances given his lawyer is here and he wasn't actually that it was – were you aware sir that your client was coming until very recently? ZREIKA: That's correct your Honour, yes. HER HONOUR: And you received that fax by the looks of it just this morning. ZREIKA: This morning, yes your Honour, I was only notified this morning. HER HONOUR: Were you talking to him before that. ZREIKA: Yes your Honour. I was with him last night and he was – yesterday, sorry, not last night but he was fine and he was ready to come to court. HER HONOUR: Sure, okay. All right well that condition can om on very quickly sometimes so if we can get the diary and I will set it down for another date. DISCUSSION AS TO SUITABLE DATES HER HONOUR: So we will make it the 21st if that's suitable then. PROSECUTOR: Thank you your Honour. ZREIKA: Thank you your Honour. May I be excused? HER HONOUR: Yes thank you Mr Zreika. ADJOURNED TO TUESDAY 21 AUGUST 2018 1. At 10.25am a further call between the appellant and the client was intercepted, in which the appellant told the client that the matter had been adjourned, in the following terms: V1 - Are you there mate? V2 - Hey mate how you doing. So I managed to get it adjourned. V1 - Ah yeah yep V2 - 21st of August. The prosecution, they were opposing the adjournment. V1 - Oh did they V2 - They really didn't want to adjourn it V1 - Yep yep V2 - But umm, managed to get it adjourned, umm so all good. V1 - Ah beautiful V2 - The reason for the adjournment was, she said that, the only reason I'm adjourning it coz the solicitor is here and he's ready to proceed, and the client come sick last minute and it happens V1 - Yeahh yep V2 - We had a good judge man, fuck, would've been good to run it today. She was very very good. Also. Also there's another thing. ZREIKA and IZOD talk about brief items, the court matter and fees V2 - Her name is Magistrate Ryan, she's very good. Any other magistrate would've said the Police are here, everyone's here, your client's not here, he sent it last second, how do we know he's telling the truth. Blah blah blah. You know why she accepted it though, thank goddd, thank god your doctor put the actual illness. Coz she said she goes I'm surprised the certificate actually says the illness coz most of the time they don't. V1 - Yeah yeah yeah V2 - So she's like I Have no reason not to believe this now V1 - Yeah yeah I made sure he put it on there. I make sure he put court on there as well V2 - That's why I told you make sure it's for court make sure it says the illness coz if you don't they might not believe it V1 - Yeah yeah yep V2 - So she accepted it on that basis V1 - Normally I leave it off there for reporting V2 - Yeah yeah exactly they always say unfit for whatever they don't really say what it is. But because (inaudible) I'm going to accept it, so she accepted it. She could've rejected it. But I'm glad it was her, If it was someone else we would've had troubles. Like if it was some gronky magistrate, we would have had fucken issues then. 1. On the appeal, it was agreed between the parties that as a solicitor who had been admitted about 3 months before the intercepted telephone call took place, the appellant was a fit and proper person to be admitted as a solicitor and as such, he was a person who was unlikely to commit this type of offence. Relevant Law 1. The applicable principles to be applied in determination of the appeal are as follows. Nature of the appeal pursuant to s 18 Crimes (Appeal and Review) Act 2001 1. Section 18(1) Crimes (Appeal and Review) Act 2001 provides that the appeal is a rehearing on the certified transcripts of evidence, obviously as supplemented by reference to the exhibits tendered in the Local Court and is not an appeal de novo: Gianoutsas v Glykis [2006] NSWCCA 137 at [24]-[31]. 2. The Court is obliged to give the judgment which, in its opinion, ought to have been given in the first instance: Fox v Percy (2003) 214 CLR 118 at [23]. 3. An appeal to the District Court under s 18 requires the demonstration of factual, legal or discretionary error to succeed: McNab v Director of Public Prosecutions [2021] NSWCA 298 at [24] (Bell P) and [83]-[90] (Basten and McCallum JJA). 4. The term "error" has no precise meaning. It refers broadly to the satisfaction of the appellate judge that the trial judge was wrong and should be corrected. Put negatively, it means that the judgment of the trial judge will not be set aside unless the appellate judge is satisfied that the judgment is wrong. How that state of satisfaction is achieved will depend on a range of factors. A miscarriage of justice warranting intervention may occur in the absence of "error" in the ordinary meaning of that term: AG v Director of Public Prosecutions [2015] NSWCA 218 at [34] (Basten JA) and McNab at [88] (Basten and McCallum JJA). 5. The requirement that the appellant demonstrate error does not reverse the onus of proof in that the prosecution, at all material times, bears the onus of establishing guilt beyond reasonable doubt: McNab at [26] (Bell P) and [91] (Basten and McCallum JA). 6. An appeal under s 18 does not require the District Court to undertake a complete review of the whole of the evidence and form its own view as to the appellant's guilt regardless of the issues raised by the appellant. The extent of the review will depend on the circumstances of the case and the kind of error alleged: Lumney v Director of Public Prosecutions [2021] NSWCA 186 at [44] (McCallum JA). The offence 1. Section 319 Crimes Act 1900 provides: A person who does any act, or makes any omission, intending in any way to pervert the course of justice, is liable to imprisonment for 14 years. 1. Section 312 Crimes Act 1900 provides: A reference in this Part to perverting the course of justice is a reference to obstructing, preventing, perverting or defeating the course of justice or the administration of the law. Admissibility of the telephone intercept evidence 1. Section 118 Evidence Act 1995 provides: Evidence is not to be adduced if, on objection by a client, the court finds that adducing the evidence would result in disclosure of-- (a) a confidential communication made between the client and a lawyer, or (b) a confidential communication made between 2 or more lawyers acting for the client, or (c) the contents of a confidential document (whether delivered or not) prepared by the client, lawyer or another person, for the dominant purpose of the lawyer, or one or more of the lawyers, providing legal advice to the client. 1. Section 117 Evidence Act 1995 relevantly provides: "confidential communication" means a communication made in such circumstances that, when it was made-- (a) the person who made it, or (b) the person to whom it was made, was under an express or implied obligation not to disclose its contents, whether or not the obligation arises under law. 1. Section 125 Evidence Act 1995 provides: 125 LOSS OF CLIENT LEGAL PRIVILEGE: MISCONDUCT (1) This Division does not prevent the adducing of evidence of-- (a) a communication made or the contents of a document prepared by a client or lawyer (or both), or a party who is not represented in the proceeding by a lawyer, in furtherance of the commission of a fraud or an offence or the commission of an act that renders a person liable to a civil penalty, or (b) a communication or the contents of a document that the client or lawyer (or both), or the party, knew or ought reasonably to have known was made or prepared in furtherance of a deliberate abuse of a power. (2) For the purposes of this section, if the commission of the fraud, offence or act, or the abuse of power, is a fact in issue and there are reasonable grounds for finding that-- (a) the fraud, offence or act, or the abuse of power, was committed, and (b) a communication was made or document prepared in furtherance of the commission of the fraud, offence or act or the abuse of power, the court may find that the communication was so made or the document so prepared. (3) In this section-- "power" means a power conferred by or under an Australian law. 1. Section 142 Evidence Act 1995 provides: (1) Except as otherwise provided by this Act, in any proceeding the court is to find that the facts necessary for deciding-- (a) a question whether evidence should be admitted or not admitted, whether in the exercise of a discretion or not, or (b) any other question arising under this Act, have been proved if it is satisfied that they have been proved on the balance of probabilities. (2) In determining whether it is so satisfied, the matters that the court must take into account include-- (a) the importance of the evidence in the proceeding, and (b) the gravity of the matters alleged in relation to the question. 1. In Director of Public Prosecutions (NSW) v Zreika [2020] NSWSC 381, Simpson AJ said in a previous appeal relating to this case at [36]: What s 125(2) required (for the purposes of this case) was an evaluation of the evidence said to provide the basis for a conclusion that there were reasonable grounds for finding that the communications in question were made in furtherance of the s 319 offences. 1. Simpson AJ went on to say that was not to decide as a matter of fact, if the communications were made in the furtherance of the offences. Although not necessary to decide, Simpson AJ also found that the magistrate: 1. took into account irrelevant considerations, such as that Magistrate Ryan was entitled to adjourn the proceedings as she did; and 2. failed to take into account relevant considerations, including that: 1. the client gave a false history to Dr Yu; 2. Dr Yu's diagnosis was based on that false history; 3. evidence of an intercepted call between the client and a female demonstrated that the client did not have gastroenteritis; and 4. evidence in the intercepted calls demonstrated that the appellant knew that the client did not have gastroenteritis. 1. In Director of Public Prosecutions (Cth) v Kinghorn (2020) 102 NSWLR 72 at [117]-[118], the Court of Criminal Appeal stated: 117 It can be accepted that the reference to "reasonable grounds" in s 125(2) encompasses proof of the relevant facts to a standard less than the balance of probabilities so as to warrant the loss of privilege (see Kang v Kwan & 2 Ors [2001] NSWSC 698 at [37] points 6 and 7 per Santow J citing Propend at 587 per McHugh J; "Kang v Kwan"). However, the Court was not referred to any case where s 125(2) was satisfied where there was some doubt as a matter of law whether the facts alleged, if demonstrated to the relevant standard, amounted to fraud, commission of offence etc. Thus, for example in Zemanek v Commonwealth Bank of Australia (Federal Court of Australia, Hill J, 2 October 1997, unreported at 13), Hill J observed in relation to s 125(2) that "[s]uch conduct, if ultimately established, would amount to fraud" (at 13). In Kang v Kwan, Santow J referred to a "clear abuse of process" (at [44]). 118 Proof to a lesser standard of facts that amount to fraud is one thing; whether as a matter of law those asserted facts amount to a fraud is another. Section 125(2) is directed to whether the fraud, commission of offence etc is a "fact in issue". It is not concerned with whether the law is in issue. Nothing in any of the ALRC Reports or any of the relevant authorities supports the suggestion that it is sufficient that the relevant facts, if established, only arguably amount to fraud or the commission of an offence. Instead those facts, if established, must constitute fraud, an offence, an act rendering a person liable to a civil penalty or a deliberate abuse of power. To hold that advice or litigation privilege is lost in circumstances where the relevant facts are not in issue, but a party asserts but declines to fully argue that those facts establish a fraud, an offence, an act rendering a person liable to a civil penalty or a deliberate abuse of power, would represent far too low a threshold for the loss of privilege. Analysis of the Magistrate's Reasons 1. The magistrate commenced by reciting the procedural history of the matter and referring to the evidence, noting that the appellant did not give evidence in his own case. She stated that the admissibility of the telephone intercept evidence was still in issue, that the s 125 threshold issue required her to make a finding on the balance of probabilities, and that if the evidence was admissible she was required to consider the evidence to determine if the offence was proved, beyond reasonable doubt. 2. The magistrate set out that the case against the appellant was particularised at T2 (19/11/21) lines 13-15 as follows: That Mohammed Zreika on 28 June 2018 did provide Michael Izod with a medical condition to provide to a doctor, intending thereby to pervert the course of justice. 1. The magistrate directed herself that she needed to be satisfied of the elements of the offence beyond reasonable doubt and that the onus was on the prosecution to prove them to the requisite standard. She noted that the appellant did not give evidence and that she could not draw any adverse inference against him for not doing so. 2. The magistrate then set out the evidence chronologically. This included reference to other intercepted calls between the client and two third parties, a male and a female. The evidence contained in those calls was not tendered against the appellant. The relevant evidence against the appellant is set out in [10], [11], [14] and [15] above. 3. The magistrate then set out Simpson AJ's statements from the appeal judgment at [36] and [44]-[45]. 4. After referring to the evidence, the magistrate stated at T10 (19/11/21) lines 38-43: So it is the interrelationship, if you like, it is the conspiracy that the prosecution alleged. And what was put at first instance and has not been changed between the two of them, meeting of the minds come up with a false diagnosis to effectively lure the Court into a misleading (sic) and accordingly grant the adjournment. 1. I pause to note that those arguments were not put by the prosecution against the appellant in the Local Court. 2. In considering the case against the appellant, the magistrate found that at the beginning of the intercepted telephone conversation whilst the client told the appellant that he was feeling "shithouse", he did not say that he was feeling unwell. The client told the appellant that he had "crashed out last night" and had not prepared for court in the way he was asked to. The client told the appellant that he had been able to get medical certificates in the past on the basis of anxiety and depression but did not make any mention of symptoms that he was experiencing. The magistrate found that the client gave a false history to Dr Yu and obtained the medical certificate stating that he was suffering from gastroenteritis after gastroenteritis and diarrhoea were mentioned to him by the appellant in the course of the intercepted telephone conversation. The magistrate found that the client was not sick or suffering from gastroenteritis, but rather he was not ready for court and wanted the case adjourned. 3. The magistrate did not accept that all the appellant was doing was explaining to the client what was required in obtaining a medical certificate. Her reasoning for this finding is not apparent in the judgment. 4. Whilst the magistrate noted that she was required to consider the evidence tendered against the client and the appellant separately, the judgment was structured as a chronological recitation of the facts, with conclusions expressed against both accused as being based on the "whole of the evidence". It not apparent from the judgment that the magistrate actually considered only the evidence against the appellant in coming to the conclusion on either the s 125 issue, or his guilt. 5. The magistrate concluded at T12 (19/11/21) line 47 – T13 line 6: When all of this evidence is considered, I am satisfied that there are reasonable grounds to find that the communications in question was made in furtherance of the s 319 offence. In relation to Mr Zreika, the communication was made in furtherance of the commission of the fraud act (sic) or offence or the abuse of power. Mr Zreika provided Mr Izod with a medical condition to provide to the doctor, intending thereby to pervert the course of justice to get an adjournment; and then also in relation to Mr Izod, the equivalent findings. Given my findings, it follows that client legal privilege has been lost and the evidence can be adduced about the communication between Mr Zreika and Mr Izod. 1. I pause to note that the magistrate's reasoning on the critical issue amounted to no more than a restatement of the words of s 125(2) that the communication was made in furtherance of the offence. The magistrate did not state any reasons for deciding that the words spoken by the appellant were a provision of a medical condition to the client as to what to tell the doctor or how the words spoken demonstrated an intention to pervert the course of justice. 2. The magistrate continued at T13 line 6- T13 line 25: Based on what was submitted on the last occasion, I can now take that evidence from the voir dire and use it to consider whether or not the prosecution has proved its case beyond reasonable doubt. I will not repeat what I have discussed in relation to the application of s 125, but I adopt those reasons when considering whether the charges have been proven beyond reasonable doubt. Mr Zrieka clearly [did an act] when he communicated with Mr Izod before court and suggested an illness to Mr Izod that might have been used to obtain a medical certificate, noting that, "You can't really attend if you've got shit in your pants". The only inference available is that Mr Zreika did so with the intent to pervert the course of justice. He knew that Mr Izod was going to get a medical certificate and that he would then use it to argue before the magistrate that the case should be adjourned. This was obstructing the administration of the law, namely the administration of the criminal law by Magistrate Ryan at Manly Court on 28 June 2018. Accordingly, I find that the prosecution has proven its case beyond reasonable doubt against Mr Zreika. 1. This passage discloses two relevant errors. First, the magistrate's finding was that the suggestion of gastroenteritis by the appellant was an illness that might have been used by the client to obtain a medical certificate. It follows that the client might not have used that condition to obtain the medical certificate. This finding is inconsistent with the particularised prosecution case that at the time of the intercepted telephone call that the appellant suggested gastroenteritis to the client with the intention that it would be used by the client to obtain a false medical certificate. The finding that the client might use the medical condition raises a doubt in relation to the appellant's intention to pervert the course of justice at the time of the telephone call. Second, the magistrate stated that the only available inference was that the appellant had the requisite intention to pervert the course of justice and accordingly she did not consider if there was any other reasonable hypothesis consistent with innocence. If there was a reasonable hypothesis consistent with innocence the magistrate was required to exclude it beyond reasonable doubt before she could convict the appellant. Consideration Ground 1 1. In the Local Court, the prosecutor submitted that the effect of Simpson AJ's decision was that s 125(2) was enlivened and therefore that the privilege had been lost. As a result, the prosecutor did not formulate any argument to demonstrate how, on the balance of probabilities (and applying s 142 Evidence Act 1995), there were reasonable grounds for finding that the communications in the intercepted telephone call were made in furtherance of the offence. 2. Acting Justice Simpson's decision did not stand for the proposition put by the prosecutor in the Local Court. Rather, her Honour decided that what was required was an evaluation of the facts to determine if there were reasonable grounds for finding that the communications were made in furtherance of the s 319 offence. 3. I am not satisfied that the magistrate accepted this erroneous submission, because it did appear that she tried to engage in the evaluative judgment required. However, I am satisfied that the magistrate made a number of errors in her reasoning on the s 125 threshold issue. First, she referred to concepts of conspiracy and joint criminal enterprise that were not relied on by the prosecutor in the Local Court. Second, her reasons for deciding that the privilege was lost failed to differentiate between the evidence tendered against the client and the appellant, notwithstanding that she accepted the need to do so. Third, the magistrate did not provide reasons as to why she was satisfied that the communications were made in furtherance of the offence, other than to restate the assertion that they were. 4. On the appeal, the prosecution submitted the following in relation to the s 125 threshold issue: 1. the appellant was a party to getting an adjournment that he knew his client was not entitled to because it was sought on a false premise, ie that the client was unfit to attend court due to gastroenteritis. 2. The appellant knew that the client was not sick because: 1. the client was well when the appellant met with him on the day before; 2. the client told the appellant that he wanted an adjournment because he had "crashed out" the night before and not attended to the preparation required of him; 3. the client did not say in the text message or during the call that he was sick or suffering from symptoms. 1. The appellant suggested gastroenteritis because it was a condition that was more likely to satisfy the magistrate that the client was unfit to attend court. 2. The appellant suggested gastroenteritis because he believed that it was more likely to justify an adjournment than the conditions of anxiety and depression suggested by the client. 1. It was accepted on behalf of the appellant that the test provided for by s 125(2) was objective and that the prosecution case could be taken at its highest in determining if there were reasonable grounds. 2. Taking into account the evidence tendered against the appellant, I am satisfied that the telephone intercept material was admissible for the reasons that follow. 3. I am satisfied on the balance of probabilities that there are reasonable grounds for finding that there was a prima facie case that the offence had been committed and that the communication was made in furtherance of the offence. At 6.48am in the text message, the client told the appellant that he was not ready to proceed with the hearing on 28 June 2018. The client did not expressly tell the appellant that he was sick or suffering any symptoms that would make him unfit to attend court. An inference is available that the appellant knew that the client was not sick. The appellant suggested gastroenteritis and diarrhoea as conditions that would make a person unfit for court. Following the telephone call with the appellant, the client attended a doctor and obtained a medical certificate certifying him unfit to attend court because he was suffering from gastroenteritis. This was consistent with the client doing what he was told to do by the appellant. Conversely, the appellant was entitled to take into account that the client had been issued the medical certificate by a doctor certifying that he was suffering from gastroenteritis. The appellant was aware of the content of the medical certificate when he tendered it and relied on it to apply for an adjournment. The appellant knew what he had told the client in the intercepted telephone call and that the client had not mentioned suffering from gastroenteritis or any symptoms of that condition. The appellant knew that the magistrate relied on the condition of gastroenteritis specified in the medical certificate to find that the client was unfit to attend court and to adjourn the proceedings. 4. For these reasons, ground 1 fails and I am satisfied that the telephone intercept evidence should be admitted. Grounds 2 & 3 1. These grounds overlap and can be conveniently considered together. 2. The magistrate engaged in very scant reasoning for accepting that the telephone intercept evidence was sufficient to prove the elements of the offence beyond reasonable doubt. 3. As set out at [45] above, she "adopted" her reasons for finding that the s 125 threshold had been met, when considering if the elements of the offence were proven beyond reasonable doubt. This included two findings that were critical to a finding of guilt, that: 1. the magistrate did not accept that the appellant was explaining what was required in a medical certificate; and 2. the appellant provided the client with a medical condition, intending thereby to pervert the course of justice. 1. To that point, those matters had only been found to establish that there were reasonable grounds for finding that the offence had been committed. No further analysis was undertaken and no further reasons were given to establish those matters beyond reasonable doubt. 2. Further, the initial finding as to the s 125(2) threshold issue was partly based on evidence that was not tendered against the appellant and failed to consider the evidence of Dr Yu. 3. Finally, the magistrate decided that the only inference available was that the appellant said the words to the client with the intent to pervert the course of justice. Put simply, the magistrate did not consider any other inference that arose on the evidence. 4. Taking into account the evidence tendered against the appellant, I am not satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the appellant is guilty of the offence for the reasons that follow. 5. In the 6.48am text message, the client raised obtaining a medical certificate to be relied on for the purpose of getting an adjournment. In context and reading that message as a whole, it was reasonably possible that the client had "crashed out" and not attended to his assigned tasks because he was not feeling well. 6. It was also reasonably possible that the client's reference to going "shithouse" at the beginning of the telephone call was a reference to feeling unwell. The appellant was not privy to the other intercepted telephone calls where the client told others that he was not sick. 7. The intercepted call commenced with the appellant giving appropriate advice on the content of the required medical certificate; in particular; that it needed to be obtained as soon as possible, to state that the client was unfit to attend court and to state what the condition was that the client was suffering from. The prosecution submitted that there was sinister intent on the appellant's insistence to have the doctor include his diagnosis in the medical certificate. I do not accept that submission. Recent changes to privacy laws have resulted in a practice of doctors not disclosing medical conditions in medical certificates. In a forensic setting, this makes it very difficult to assess if a person is unfit to attend court. The appellant's advice to have the doctor include the diagnosis was sound and more likely to make the evidence persuasive on the adjournment application. 8. The client then stated that he had obtained medical certificates in the past for mental illness, which he described as "depression and anxiety". Contrary to the prosecution submission, this was some evidence that the client was suffering from a condition that may have made him unfit to attend court and may have been a proper basis to obtain a medical certificate. 9. It is reasonably possible that the suggestion of gastroenteritis and diarrhoea and practicality of attending court with diarrhoea was a ham-fisted attempt by the appellant to give an example by which the client could understand his legal advice, that the content of the certificate needed to convey why the client was unfit to attend court, rather than just state that as a conclusion without foundation. This is supported by the appellant repeating the importance in the call of the client telling him what the diagnosis was as soon as he saw the doctor and having it referred to in the certificate. From these statements in the call, it is reasonably open to infer that the basis on which the client was to obtain the medical certificate was a matter between him and the doctor and that the appellant did not intend to provide a condition to the client that would be used by him to obtain a medical certificate from the doctor. 10. I have also taken into account that the appellant is a person of good character and this made it less likely for him to have the requisite intention to commit the offence. Orders 1. The orders I make are as follows: 1. Appeal allowed. 2. I set aside the conviction and the penalty imposed by the magistrate. ********** Amendments 26 April 2023 - Publication restriction lifted. 01 May 2023 - Junior counsel included as representative of the appellant. DISCLAIMER - Every effort has been made to comply with suppression orders or statutory provisions prohibiting publication that may apply to this judgment or decision. The onus remains on any person using material in the judgment or decision to ensure that the intended use of that material does not breach any such order or provision. Further enquiries may be directed to the Registry of the Court or Tribunal in which it was generated. Decision last updated: 01 May 2023