New South Wales Supreme Court CITATION : Pioneer Park Pty Limited (in liquidation) v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited; Clifford John Carpenter v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited [2005] NSWSC 498 HEARING DATE(S) : 06/05/05 JUDGMENT DATE : 27 May 2005 Equity Division JURISDICTION : Commercial List JUDGMENT OF : Einstein J DECISION : Security for costs ordered. CATCHWORDS : Practice and procedure - Costs - Security for costs - General principles - Impecunious plaintiff - Bodies corporate - Requirement that appropriate financial disclosure be made concerning position of those likely to benefit in the circumstances that proceedings are successful - Purpose of a security for costs order is a protective jurisdiction to ensure that the primary purposes for having costs orders themselves can be achieved - A defendant is protected against the risk that a cost order obtained at the end of the proceedings may turn out to be of no value by reason of the impecuniosity of the plaintiff - Jurisdiction assists both the compensation purpose as well as the public interest objective - Plaintiff Company in liquidation - Defendant Bank - Claim by Company that Bank wrongfully terminated certain finance facilities and without justification proceeded to call up indebtedness, to appoint administrators and to sell property under power of sale under mortgage - Complex of litigation between Bank, Company and Mr Carpenter, former chief executive officer and director of Company, in several jurisdictions - Leave granted to Mr Carpenter to bring proceedings on behalf of Company - Leave conditional on Mr Carpenter paying, bearing and indemnifying Company against all costs charges and expenses of and incidental to the bringing and continuation of the proceedings brought by him on behalf of the Company - Proceedings commenced in the name of Company against Bank - Bank seeks security for costs - Overriding Purpose Rule - Proper approach to multiplicity of litigation raising same issues Bankruptcy Act (Cth) Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) Fair Trading Act 1987 (NSW) LEGISLATION CITED : Life Insurance Act 1995 (Cth) Supreme Court Act 1970 (NSW) Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) Australian Quarry Holdings Pty Ltd (in liq) v Dougherty (1992) 8 ACSR 569 Beach Petroleum NL & Anor v Johnson & Ors; Jingellic Minerals NL & Anor v King & Ors (1992) 10 ACLC 525 Bell Wholesale Co Pty Ltd v Gates Export Corp & Ors (No 2) (1984) 2 FCR 1; (1984) 8 ACLR 588 Bryan E Fencott & Associates Pty Ltd v Eretta Pty Limited (1987) 16 FCR 497 Cameron's Unit Services Pty Ltd v Kevin R Whelpton & Associates Pty Ltd (1986) 13 FCR 46 Carpenter v Pioneer Park Pty Ltd [2004] NSWSC 1007 Clyde Industries Ltd v Ryad Engineering Pty Ltd (1993) 11 ACLC 325 Cowell v Taylor (1885) 31 Ch D 34 Equity Access Ltd v Westpac Banking Corporation (1989) ATPR 40-972 GAI Holdings (No 3) Pty Ltd v GAI Holdings (No 4) Pty Ltd (1986) 4 ACLC 90 Harpur v Ariadne Australia Ltd (No 2) [1984] 2 Qd R 523 Hession v Century 21 South Pacific Ltd (in liq) (1992) 28 NSWLR 120 Idoport Pty Ltd v National Australia Bank Ltd [2001] NSWSC 744 CASES CITED : Interwest Ltd v Tricontinental Corporation Ltd (1991) 5 ACSR 621 John Arnold's Surf Shop Pty Ltd (in liq) v Heller Factors Pty Ltd & Anor (1979) 4 ACLR 26 KP Cable Investments Pty Limited v Meltglow Pty Limited (1995) 56 FCR 189 Mantaray Pty Ltd v Brookfield Breeding Co Pty Ltd (1990) 8 ACLC 304 MA Productions Pty Ltd v Austarama Television Pty Ltd (1982) 7 ACLR 97 Memetu Pty Ltd v Lissenden (1983) 8 ACLR 364 Oshlack v Richmond River Council (1998) 193 CLR 72 Pearson v Naydler [1977] 1 WLR 899 Rugby Union Players Association Inc v Australian Rugby Union Ltd & Ors [unreported, Supreme Court of New South Wales, 30 July 997, Giles J, BC9703332] Sent & Petres & Collier v Jet Corporation of Australia Pty Ltd (1984) 2 FCR 201 Spiel v Commodity Brokers Australia Pty Ltd (in liq) (1983) 8 ACLR 410 Tricorp Pty Ltd (in liq) v Deputy Commissioner of Taxation (WA) (1992) 10 ACLC 474 Tulloch Ltd v Walker (unreported, Supreme Court of New South Wales, 8 December 1976, Yeldham J) Yandil Holdings Pty Ltd v Insurance Co of North America (1985) 3 ACLC 542 Pioneer Park Pty Limited ACN 002 706 881 (in liquidation) (Plaintiff) PARTIES : Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited (ACN 005 357 522 (Defendant ) Clifford John Carpenter (Plaintiff) FILE NUMBER(S) : SC 50156/04; 50163/04 Mr John Garnsey QC, Mr BAB Connell (Plaintiff) COUNSEL : Mr JT Gleeson SC, Mr JE Thomson (Defendant) PMF Legal (Plaintiff) SOLICITORS : Minter Ellison (Defendant) LOWER COURT JURISDICTION : IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NEW SOUTH WALES EQUITY DIVISION COMMERCIAL LIST Einstein J Friday 27 May 2005 50156/04 Pioneer Park Pty Limited (in liquidation) v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited 50163/04 Clifford John Carpenter v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited JUDGMENT The notices of motion 1 There are for hearing a number of notices of motion. The procedural history against which these notices of motion are brought is of some complexity. The central parties to the several suits commenced in different courts are conveniently described as follows: Pioneer Park Pty Ltd (in liquidation) "Pioneer" [previously Domino Mining Equipment Pty Ltd] Mr Clifford John Carpenter "Mr Carpenter" Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd "ANZ" ANZ's alleged wrongful termination of finance facilities 2 The genesis of the litigation in so far as the interests of Pioneer are concerned involves a claim that ANZ wrongfully terminated certain finance facilities extended to the Company and, without justification, proceeded to call up indebtedness, to appoint administrators under Part 5.3A of the Corporations Act and to sell property in purported exercise of a power of sale under a mortgage. Pioneer subsequently passed into the form of creditors voluntary winding up that follows on from Part 5.3A. The guarantee 3 Mr Carpenter was a guarantor of indebtedness of Pioneer to ANZ. The litigious war 4 From this general background a number of suits were commenced. Essential detail is provided in terms of the whole gamut of litigation in the affidavit of Mr Beaton made on 27 January 2005 (at [10-35]) which in general terms in the wider sense may be summarised as follows: · April 2001, Mr Thomas - then liquidator of Pioneer obtained an order from the Supreme Court to conduct examinations, relating to the affairs of Pioneer, pursuant to sections 596A and 596B of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) (Act). The examinations were commenced on 5 July 2001. The persons examined were Mr Carpenter and Ms Julie Stewart, the financial controller of Pioneer; · Mr Carpenter filed an interlocutory process seeking orders that Mr Thomas be replaced as liquidator of Pioneer by Mr Christopher Palmer and that Mr Palmer be given power to appoint himself as the voluntary administrator of Pioneer pursuant to section 436B(2) of the Act. Mr Carpenter's application was heard by the Honourable Justice Austin in June 2003. The application was dismissed. · District Court Proceedings No. 1842 of 2003 against Mr Carpenter and Domino Hire Pty Limited; · District Court Proceedings No. 1843 of 2003 against Mr Carpenter and Merlo Wholesale Pty Limited; · District Court Proceedings No. 858 of 2003 against Mr Carpenter and Retreat Pty Limited; · February 2004 - Mr Carpenter was authorised by the Australian Securities & Investments Commission (ASIC) to be an eligible applicant under section 9 of the Act for the purpose of carrying out examinations relating to the 'examinable affairs' of Pioneer; · April 2004, on the application of Mr Carpenter, this Court issued examination summonses and orders for production on the persons named in ASIC's authority, namely, current and former employees and officers of the Bank, including Mr John McFarlane, the Chief Executive Officer of the Bank, and Mr Charles Goode, the Chairman of the Bank. The examination summonses and the orders for production were issued in the Examination Proceedings; · 15 April 2004 - 6 of the 7 persons named in ASIC's authority ["the Applicants"] filed an interlocutory process seeking, among other things, the discharge of the examination summonses or the vacation of the examination dates; · 22 April 2004 - the Applicants and the Bank commenced the Federal Court Proceedings for judicial review of the decision by ASIC to authorise Mr Carpenter to bring the examinations as an 'eligible applicant'. The Federal Court Proceedings were heard by the Honourable Justice Hely on 28 June 2004. His Honour delivered judgment on 5 July 2004 and dismissed the application; · the seventh examinee, Mr Geoffrey Neilson, consented to his examination. However, it was opposed by the Bank. The Bank's application to adjourn Mr Neilson's examination was heard by the Honourable Justice White on 25 and 26 May 2004. On 26 May 2004 his Honour delivered an ex tempore judgment dismissing the Bank's application. The material litigation of particular present relevance 5 I now turn to an encapsulated summary of the litigation required to be understood for present purposes. The District Court Proceedings 6 The first suit of relevance for present purposes was District Court Proceedings number 1486 of 2000 ["the District Court Proceedings"] brought by ANZ against Mr Carpenter by way of proceedings on the above-described guarantee. The first Commercial List proceedings 7 The second suit of relevance comprises proceedings 50156/2004 before the Supreme Court Commercial List ["the first Commercial List proceedings"] brought by Pioneer Park (in liquidation) against ANZ by Summons filed on 12 November 2004. The section 237 proceedings 8 The antecedent to commencement of the first Commercial List proceedings was an application by Mr Carpenter by application filed on 22 September 2004 in the Equity Division Corporations List for leave under section 237 of the Corporations Act to bring those proceedings on behalf of Pioneer ["the Leave proceedings"]. The application was successful: see the judgment of Barrett J sub nom Carpenter v Pioneer Park Pty Ltd [2004] NSWSC 1007. 9 On 17 November 2004, the Bank filed an application for leave to appeal against the decisions of the Honourable Justice Barrett: (a) refusing the Bank leave to intervene in the Leave to Sue Proceedings; and (b) granting Mr Carpenter leave to sue the Bank. 10 Leave to appeal was refused by the Court of Appeal on 20 May 2005. 11 The material order ["the Indemnity order"] for present purposes is described in the judgment of Barrett J in the following terms: "Order that Mr Carpenter be granted leave to bring proceedings on behalf of the Company as described in that order. The order will be made both under Part 2F.1A and in exercise of the court's inherent power and will be made upon terms to the following effect: (a) that Mr Carpenter pay and bear (and indemnify the Company against) all costs, charges and expenses of and incidental to the bringing and continuation of the proceedings brought by him on behalf of the Company except to such extent, if any, as the court may in future otherwise direct or allow; and (b) that, insofar as it may not apply of its own force, s.240 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) shall apply to and be observed in relation to the proceedings brought by Mr Carpenter on behalf of the Company." Content of the first Commercial List proceedings 12 The content of the first Commercial List proceedings were described by Barrett J on the occasion of the delivery of the above described judgement in the following terms: "The proposed claim is pleaded in a draft summons in the Commercial List form included in the exhibits to Mr Carpenter's first affidavit. It runs to 26 pages. The relief sought is, first, a declaration that ANZ was not entitled to enforce its charge or appoint administrators of the Company and that the purported appointment of administrators was ineffective and void; second, a declaration that the Company did not enter into voluntary winding up; third, a declaration that ANZ was not entitled to exercise any power of sale as mortgagee in respect of property of the Company at Tuggerah; fourth, damages for breach of contract; fifth, damages for contravention of s.52 of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) and s.42 of the Fair Trading Act 1987 ; sixth, interest under the Supreme Court Act ; seventh, orders under s.87 of the Trade Practices Act and s.72 of the Fair Trading Act to compensate for loss and damage including orders declaring void or varying the agreement between ANZ and the Company and the related guarantee." In the section of the draft summons describing the nature of the dispute, there appears the following: "The plaintiff ('Pioneer') claims it was wrongfully placed in liquidation by the actions of the defendant ('ANZ'), its banker, which were in breach of the terms and conditions of the agreement between Pioneer and ANZ, that ANZ was not entitled to enforce and charge and appoint administrators under section 436C of the Corporations Law , that the administrators were not validly appointed liquidators by section 446A of the Corporations Law , and that the defendant [sic], and that Pioneer has suffered damage from the misleading and deceptive conduct of the defendant in contravention of section 52 of the Trade Practices Act , 1974 and section 42 of the Fair Trading Act , 1987." The contentions advanced on behalf of the putative plaintiff in the draft summons are detailed but may be summarised. It is contended that ANZ offered to make finance facilities available to the Company in 1996 and represented the facilities as having a five year term, that the Company accepted the offer in reliance on the representations and provided security to ANZ over its assets, as well as a guarantee and security of Mr Carpenter and his wife, that it was a term of the agreement that the facilities would be available for five years and that ANZ would act in good faith in exercising its powers, do all things reasonably necessary to enable performance of the agreement and not frustrate or prevent performance by the Company or the guarantors, that there were several subsequent variations of the agreement which imported the same terms as the five year duration and performance, that in 1998 ANZ unilaterally required the Company and certain other companies associated with Mr Carpenter to refinance their facilities with another bank or financier failing which ANZ would terminate the facilities, that ANZ later terminated the facilities and in doing so was in breach of contract, that ANZ was not entitled to call up all indebtedness or to appoint administrators or exercise a power of sale (as it subsequently did) and that ANZ committed breaches of contract and made statements that were misleading or deceptive whereby the Company suffered loss and damage." 13 Notwithstanding the differences between that description and the now updated content of the amended summons [filed on 3 December 2004] in the first Commercial List proceedings, the above description seems to me to be adequate for a general understanding of the type of issues sought to be litigated. It is unnecessary in this judgment to repeat the record in the first Commercial List proceedings [this judgment being grounded upon the litigation of the issues now described in the amended summons]. The second Commercial List proceedings 14 On 29 November 2004 Mr Carpenter commenced proceedings 50163 of 2004 against ANZ in the Commercial List ["the second Commercial List proceedings]. Those proceedings appear to seek a determination of the alleged legal rights of Pioneer in much the same terms as the first Commercial List proceedings. The Notices of Motion 15 The notice of motion filed by ANZ in the first Commercial List proceedings on 17 December 2004 is presently pursued only insofar as it seeks orders pursuant to Part 53 rule 2 of the Supreme Court Rules and section 1335 (1) of the Corporations Act that the plaintiff furnish security for the costs of the defendant of and incidental to the proceedings and staying the proceedings until such security is furnished. The balance of the motion stands adjourned. Paragraph 3 of the motion is rendered otiose in light of the Court of Appeal's dismissal of the application for leave to appeal from Barrett J's decision. 16 The notice of motion filed by Mr Carpenter on 6 May 2000 in the first Commercial List proceedings seeks an order for the transfer of the District Court Proceedings to this Court. 17 The notice of motion filed by ANZ on 14 March 2005 in the second Commercial List proceedings is presently pursued only insofar as it seeks orders staying those proceedings pending determination of the first Commercial List proceedings 18 The notices of motion have been heard together. The security for costs motion 19 This motion in the events which happened has been the fulcrum motion litigated. A very large volume of evidence has been mobilised on both sides of the Bar table. The principles 20 The principles which inform the proper exercise of the Court's discretion in relation to applications for security for costs were very extensively dealt with in Idoport Pty Ltd v National Australia Bank Limited [2001] NSWSC 744 (at [44] et seq). I approach these proceedings upon the basis that those are the principles which require to be applied. Unusual parameters of this litigation 21 Although not novel it is quite plain that both ANZ and Mr Carpenter, effectively regarding himself as a holder of the alleged rights of Pioneer, have seen fit to engage in nothing short of a litigious war. As Barrett J observed in the judgment already referred to, it was said from the Bar table that Mr Carpenter had spent approximately $1 million in pursuing the claims he considered Pioneer to have against ANZ (at [40]). In the affidavit of Mr Fordyce solicitor for Pioneer made on the 26 April 2005 on the hearing of the motions before me, evidence is given that as a result of the above described litigation and the various investigations and examinations and interlocutory applications related thereto the costs expended to date or in the order of $1.3 million [130]. 22 There is however no evidence about the source of those funds. On 3 May 2005 the defendant's solicitors wrote to Mr Carpenter's solicitors and asked that the source of the funds be identified [affidavit of James Charles Beaton sworn 6 May 2005, Annexure 'A')]. Despite that written request, no evidence about this has been led by the plaintiff. 23 The assertions from the Bar table (unsupported by the evidence) have been contradictory: · at one point, Mr Garnsey put to the Court (Transcript, page 80, lines 14 - 19): Mr Garnsey: "As a matter of fact, your Honour, the ANZ's conduct has caused Mr Carpenter, and in that sense, Pioneer, because he's the one who has to pay the costs, to spend to date $1.3 million or so in proceedings that would have cost much, much less had it not been for the ANZ's conduct." · later, in response to a question from the Court about who had incurred the substantial costs (Transcript, page 88, lines 41 - 43) there was an exchange which resulted in Mr Garnsey stating (Transcript, page 89, lines 26 - 27): Mr Garnsey: "I'm sorry your Honour, I must correct it. Your Honour, all the money came from Retreat." Considerations and circumstances in relation to the exercise of the discretion 24 Both parties to the security for costs application have taken the court carefully to the parameters in the materials before the court suggested as of special relevance upon the exercise of the discretion whether to award or not to award security for costs. The financial position of the relative entities Pioneer 25 It is clear that Pioneer is in liquidation, has no assets and will be unable to meet any costs order against it. [This is conceded by Pioneer/Mr Carpenter (Mr Garnsey's submissions dated 10 May 2005, paragraph 3(b)]. Mr Carpenter 26 Pioneer contends that Mr Carpenter will need whatever assets he has to satisfy the Indemnity Order of Barrett J: vide the order that Mr Carpenter pay and bear (and indemnify Pioneer against) all costs, charges and expenses of and incidental to the bringing and continuation of the First Commercial List proceedings brought by him on behalf of Pioneer except to such extent, if any, as the court may in future otherwise direct or allow. The material exchange during the course of argument before me was as follows: His Honour: "But we don't have an offer to pay anything in security terms." Mr Garnsey: "Your Honour, the reason being is that whatever he's got left, and I'll take your Honour to that, is needed to satisfy Justice Barrett's order. That's the way I'm putting the case. He can't reasonably be expected to make an offer." (Transcript of 6 May 2005, page 93, lines 28 -35) 27 I accept that each of the following submissions put to the Court by ANZ is a direct reflection of the evidence and/or of the appropriate inferences to be drawn from the evidence: · on the current evidence, the indemnity required of Mr Carpenter by Barrett J, to support Mr Carpenter's section 237 leave, has no value; · Mr Carpenter deposes to ownership of life policies in accordance with Annexure D to his affidavit dated 5 May 2005, having a total surrender value net of $365,999 as at 30 June 2004. However, he does not proffer to transfer them or charge them in any manner permissible under section 200 or section 201 of the Life Insurance Act 1995 so that they might become available to meet any adverse costs order against Pioneer Park; · the life policies are not otherwise available to meet any adverse costs order against Pioneer Park because of the provisions of sections 204 – 206 of the Life Insurance Act 1995 and section 116(2)(d) of the Bankruptcy Act. Under: · "section 204(1) of the Life Insurance Act, Mr Carpenter's rights and interests under the policies "are not liable to be applied or made available by any judgment, order or process of a court in discharge of a debt owed by the person"; and · "section 116(2)(d) of the Bankruptcy Act, policies of life insurance or endowment assurance in respect of the life of the bankrupt or the spouse of the bankrupt, and the proceeds of any such policies received on or after the date of the bankruptcy, are excluded from being "property divisible amongst the creditors of the bankrupt". · the value of the life policies must be disregarded both in considering whether an order for security for costs should be made, and for the purpose of quantifying the amount of security for costs which should be lodged. If and when Mr Carpenter indicates that he wishes to use the life policies towards satisfying any security for costs order, the question of how that might be done and the security value to be attributed, can be considered further at that stage under Pt 53 r.3 [It may be appropriate for such matters to be remitted to the Registrar]; · Mr Carpenter has not provided any evidence (sworn or otherwise) of his liabilities. Carpenter Group Structure 28 The following chart was provided to the Court as prepared by Mr Carpenter's accountancy in order to described the Carpenter Group Structure: 29 I now turn to summarise the material facts by reference to the chart and the evidence and the submissions in relation to both. 30 As well be seen Pioneer Park Pty Ltd is a wholly owned subsidiary of Retreat Pty Ltd ["Retreat"]. 31 Retreat also owns other companies. It owns Merlo Australia, which in turn owns Merlo Wholesale. It also owns Domino Parts & Service Pty Ltd and Domino Mining Equipment Pty Ltd (this company, however, being a mere shelf company). For convenience, I shall refer to the group of companies owned by Retreat as the Retreat Group. Ownership and Control of Retreat 32 As Pioneer Park is a wholly owned subsidiary of Retreat, it is appropriate to examine who owns and controls Retreat in order to understand who owns and controls Pioneer Park. 33 Mr Carpenter is not a shareholder in Retreat, but does have effective control over its operations. The only shareholders of Retreat are Mr Carpenter's ex-wife and his four daughters. Each daughter holds ten (10) redeemable preference shares. The ex-wife holds 120 redeemable preference shares and ten (10) ordinary shares. The Articles of Association of Retreat state that the redeemable preference shares held by the ex-wife and daughters entitle them to voting rights in respect of company meetings. Mr Carpenter had given evidence that the shares held by his ex wife in Retreat were the subject of a recent family law settlement which he entered into with his ex-wife. His evidence [affidavit 5 May 2005 (at 19)] is that his ex wife has signed transfers in blank for those shares which have been delivered to him but that he has not yet decided who will be the transferees. He adds "I can confirm that I will not be that transferee". I return to the matter below where there is an advance in terms of a now proposed undertaking to be given to the Court. Financial Situation of the Retreat Group 34 The evidence before the Court regarding the financial situation of the Retreat Group, Mr Carpenter and its shareholders is sparse. Prior to Liquidation 35 Prior to the placement of Pioneer Part into liquidation in June 1999, the material in evidence discloses that it was far from being in a comfortable financial situation. The records in evidence are lacking in much detail and the most recent records, prior to the placement into liquidation, are the summaries as at 30 June 1997 and 30 June 1998. 36 Most of the figures which follow are based on an ANZ Diary Note dated 20 November 1998. 37 In regard to the Retreat Group, the ANZ Diary Note shows that it was in a negative net asset position at 30 June 1997 and 30 June 1998. The amount of the deficit was $237,000 and $350,000 in the respective years. Total assets at the end of these years were $12,268,000 and $8,303,000 respectively. 38 In respect of the individual companies within the group, no information is available regarding Domino Parts & Services Pty Ltd. 39 In regard to Merlo Australia and Merlo Wholesale, the net asset position was $380,000 and $390,000 for the years ended 30 June 1997 and 30 June 1998 respectively. Total assets at the end of these years were $829,000 and $1,163,000 respectively. 40 It is not explicit on the ANZ Diary Note what the asset position of Pioneer Park was in relation to the years ended 30 June 1997 and 30 June 1998. What is shown is that for the year ended 30 June 1998, profits (before interest expense) were not sufficient to cover the interest payable on its loans. It can be inferred that Pioneer Park must have been in a parlous state when I consider that the net assets of the Retreat Group was in the red whilst Merlo Australia and Merlo Wholesale (being companies in the Retreat Group) were in the black. Current Financial Status 41 The most recent Presentation of Accounts and Statement by Liquidator shows that Pioneer Park has assets of $14.20 with proof of debts claimed of $1,106,835.31. Clearly it would be unable to pay any costs order made against it. 42 Parlous little information has been provided regarding the financial position of those standing behind Pioneer Park. The written submissions of Pioneer of 6 May 2005 had initially read: "Those standing to benefit from the litigation, its creditors and contributories do not have any assets: they did not commence, and are not funding the proceedings." 43 During address Mr Garnsey sought to amend the submission by inserting the word "sufficient" before the word "assets" [transcript 90.50]. However it is quite plain to me that Pioneer Park has eschewed the obligation to disclose the financial position of this those standing behind Pioneer Park for whose benefit the first Commercial Proceedings are brought. 44 No information has been provided regarding the current financial position of Mr Carpenter's ex-wife or his daughters. As already indicated Mr Carpenter himself discloses that he has only life policies, an interest in a superannuation fund and publicly listed shares to the value of about $14,000. It has not been made clear what Mr Carpenter's relationship is to two companies, Wishaway Pty Ltd and Primville Pty Ltd. Each are trustees for the Derriwong Investment Trust and the Carpenter Family Trust respectively. 45 The Carpenter Family Trust has assets of $386,913 and liabilities of $384,781 for the year ended 30 June 2004. It should be noted that the accompanying notes to these summary figures have not been provided. This is of concern as both the assets and liabilities of the trust are loans to, and from, related parties. No details are provided regarding the true terms of these loan arrangements. 46 The Derriwong Investment Trust's only asset is a set of shares in Domino Hire Pty Ltd. No information has been provided regarding the value of these shares. It liabilities include a loan from the Carpenter Family Trust. It is not clear whether it has any other liabilities. 47 As at 30 June 2004, Merlo Australia had assets of $117,912 and liabilities of $579,103. It should be noted that these amounts have been taken from a balance sheet provided to the Court by Mr Carpenter and that accompanying notes to the balance sheet have not been provided. I only raise this as there appears to be an asset of $100,000 being 'Shares in Related Companies at Cost' (the concern being that this may not reflect market value/issues regarding the liquidity of this asset) and there is a liability of $577,216 being 'Loans from Related Companies' (the concern being that no details regarding the terms of this loan are disclosed). It does not appear that this balance sheet consolidates information for Merlo Wholesale. 48 In the result I accept as of substance the submission by ANZ in the following terms: "On the evidence, Retreat's financial capacity is confused but it is at least clear that it has no capacity to meet a costs order and there is no evidence that it has paid the $1.3 million that Mr Carpenter says he has incurred to date. There are two versions of Retreat's accounts behind Tab 2 of Exhibit PMF-1 (Affidavit of Paul Mervyn Fordyce sworn 26 April 2005). One version of the profit and loss statement for the financial year ended 30 June 2004 records accumulated losses of $2,961,794 while the other version records $1,977,130. The discrepancy has not been explained despite a written request from the defendant (Affidavit of James Charles Beaton sworn 6 May 2005, Annexure 'A', facsimile dated 3 May 2005). But in any event the plaintiff's counsel concedes that Retreat is worthless and 'has no assets to enable it to fund the proceedings.' [paragraph 3(d) of the written submissions date 10 May 2005] Resultant holding - the funders of the action remain in the shadows 49 In the result the only conclusion is that Mr Carpenter obtained the funding for the various proceedings, but most particularly the first Commercial List proceedings against the ANZ, from some unidentified source. That for Pioneer to leave the evidence in the current state is unsatisfactory in terms of the principles which require to be engaged where an application for security for costs is made can now be highlighted by reference to some of those principles. Returning to the principles 50 Arguably the most significant material principle starts with the considerations engaged where a claim is that an applicant's impecuniosity was caused by the respondent's conduct the very subject of the claim: see M A Productions Pty Ltd v Austarama Television Pty Ltd at 100. 51 The proper approach has been put in the following terms: "4. Whether the respondent's application for security is oppressive, in the sense that it is being used merely to deny an impecunious applicant a right to litigate: see M A Productions v Austarama Television at 100; Yandil Holdings Pty Ltd v Insurance Co of North America (1985) 3 ACLC 542 per Clarke J at 545; Bryan E. Fencott at 513. In Yandil Holdings at 545 Clarke J stated the principle in these terms: '(t)he fact that the ordering of security will frustrate the plaintiff's rights to litigate its claim because of its financial condition does not automatically lead to the refusal of an order . Nonetheless it will usually operate as a powerful factor in favour of exercising the court's discretion in the plaintiff's favour.' This factor is related to the next, namely: 5. Whether there are any persons standing behind the company who are likely to benefit from the litigation and who are willing to provide the necessary security: see Memetu v Lissenden (1983) 8 ACLR 364; Sent v Jet Corporation (1984) 2 FCR 201; Bell Wholesale Co Pty Ltd v Gates Export Corporation (1984) 2 FCR 1; Hession v Century 21 South Pacific Ltd (1992) 28 NSWLR 120 at 123; Bryan E. Fencott at 513; Yandil Holdings at 545. The combined effect of these two principles was summarised by Meagher JA in Hession at 123 as follows: '...a company in liquidation against whom an order for security for costs is sought cannot successfully resist such an order merely by proving that it cannot fund the litigation from its own resources if an order for security is made; it must prove that it cannot do so even if it relies on the other resources available to it (the company's shareholders or creditors) ...Finally, whilst it is both true and important that poverty must be no bar to litigation, what that means is that the courts must be astute to see that no person pursuing a claim which is not frivolous is precluded from doing so by the erection of obstacles which poverty is unable to surmount; it does not mean that proof of insolvency automatically confers an immunity from statutory provisions which deal with insolvent plaintiffs .' 6. An issue related to the last guideline is whether persons standing behind the company have offered any personal undertaking to be liable for the costs and if so, the form of any such undertaking : see Cameron's Unit Services Pty Ltd v Kevin R Whelpton and Associates (Aust) Pty Ltd (1986) 13 FCR 46 at 53; Mantaray Pty Ltd v Brookfield Breeding Co Pty Ltd (1990) 8 ACLC 304; Clyde Industries Ltd v Ryad Engineering Pty Ltd (1993) 11 ACLC 325. " [Per Beazley J in KP Cable Investments Pty Limited v Meltglow Pty Limited (1995) 56 FCR 189] [emphasis added] 52 In Idoport [supra] the following was said at [50]-[59]: "Clearly as Beazley J recognised, the possibility of stultification is a "powerful" factor to be taken into account by the Court in exercising its discretion as to whether an order is appropriate: Yandil Holdings Pty Ltd v Insurance Co of North America (1985) 3 ACLC 542. However, Clarke J in Yandil observed that the fact that a plaintiff is financially unable to provide security does not lead to the inevitable conclusion that the making of the order will stultify the plaintiff's claim nor does it lead to the automatic refusal of an order . He went on to cite a line of authorities (see Tulloch v Walker , Yeldham J, 8 December 1976, unreported; Bell Wholesale Co Pty Ltd v Gates Export Corp & Ors (No 2) (1984) 8 ACLR 588) in support of the view that it is generally inappropriate to refuse an order for security where: "the personnel behind the corporate plaintiff, or other parties who will benefit if the plaintiff succeeds, are financially able to provide adequate security." (at 545) In other words, without fettering the Court's discretion, it was said to be unlikely that a plaintiff could successfully resist a security order on the grounds of their own impecuniosity in the absence of evidence of the financial status of those who stand behind it (see Yandil at 545). McHugh J in Oshlack also made plain at 97 that: "[T]he jurisdiction to award security for costs should thus be seen as protecting the efficacy of the exercise of the jurisdiction to award costs. The discretion should be exercised with the same rationales in mind, namely that, to the extent it can be avoided, the court should not permit a situation to arise where a party's success is pyrrhic." The purpose of a security for costs order is therefore a protective jurisdiction to ensure that the primary purposes for having costs orders themselves, can be achieved. A defendant is protected against the risk that a costs order obtained at the end of the day may turn out to be of no value by reason of the impecuniosity of the plaintiff. The jurisdiction therefore assists both the compensation purpose as well as the public interest objective. In relation to natural person plaintiffs, the mere fact that the plaintiff is impecunious does not provide a gateway into security for costs. However with respect to a corporation it has long been established in terms of the Corporations Act and its predecessors, and the rules of court as well as the inherent jurisdiction, that if there is good reason to believe that the corporation may be unable to pay costs at the end of the day, this provides a gateway by which an application for security for costs may be made. Giles CJ in Rugby Union Players Association [30/7/1997, SCNSW, 50225/96, unreported] described the rationale behind the exceptions to the general rule that the impecuniosity of a plaintiff should not be a ground for making an order for security for costs (this principle having been well established by the authorities in relation to plaintiffs who are natural persons: Cowell v Taylor (1885) 31 Ch D 34), in the following terms: "In both cases the rationale is that those who will benefit from success in the proceedings, as shareholders in or creditors of a corporation or as third parties for whose benefit the plaintiff (whether a natural person or a corporation) sues, should not be able to litigate and expose the defendant to the risk of irrecoverable costs while themselves shielded, by reason of the interposition of the impecunious plaintiff, from the burden of an adverse order for costs ." (at 11) The Court in Harpur v Ariadne [1984] 2 Qd.R 523 at 532 described the rationale behind this principle in the following terms: "The mischief at which the provision is aimed is obvious. An individual who conducts his business affairs by medium of a corporation without assets would otherwise be in a position to expose his opponent to a massive bill of costs without hazarding his own assets . The purpose of an order for security is to require him, if not to come out from behind the skirts of the company, at least to bring his own assets into play." The inability of a plaintiff company to pay the costs of the defendant not only opens the jurisdiction for the giving of security, but also provides a substantial factor in the decision whether to exercise it: Pearson v Naydler [1977] 1 WLR 899 at 906; cited with approval in Sent v Jet Corporation of Australia Pty Ltd (1984) 2 FCR 201 at 215. Where a winding-up order has been made in relation to the plaintiff company on account of its insolvency, the company will not prima facie be in a position to pay any costs ordered against it. The Court will generally treat this circumstance as a special factor justifying the making of an order for security for costs: Tricorp Pty Ltd (in liq) v Deputy Commissioner of Taxation (WA) (1992) 10 ACLC 474 at 475. In considering an application under s1335, the Court is required to form an opinion about what the financial position of the plaintiff will be at the time of judgment and immediately after. An important consideration will be the financial position of the plaintiff at the time of the application, however this is not the sole consideration. Other factors may include the outcome of the trial, the costs associated with the trial and the success or otherwise of its business and investments in the meantime. When the Court is required to make a judgment involving the anticipation of future events, it must consider the degree of probability that a particular event might occur: Beach Petroleum NL & Anor v Johnson & Ors; Jingellic Minerals NL & Anor v King & Ors (1992) 10 ACLC 525 at 526-527. With specific regard to security for costs against corporations, the Court in Pearson v Naydler recognised that the basic notion of security for costs empowers the Court to order the plaintiff to do something that it will likely find difficult to do, ie. to provide security for the costs which ex hypothesi it is likely to be unable to pay. Despite this, the Court noted that this discretionary power should not be used as an instrument of oppression "by shutting out a small company from making a genuine claim against a large company" (see also Equity Access Limited v Westpac Banking Corporation (1989) 11 ATPR 40-972 at 50,635). The Court must thereby strike a balance between this consideration and the notion that: "…the court must not show such a reluctance to order security for costs that this becomes a weapon whereby the impecunious company can use its inability to pay costs as a means of putting unfair pressure on a more prosperous company. Litigation in which the defendant will be seriously out-of-pocket even if the action fails is not to be encouraged. While I accept that there is no burden of proof one way or the other, I think that the court ought not to be unduly reluctant to exercise its power to order security for costs in cases that fall squarely within the section." Pearson v Naydler at 906-907. " Applying these principles to the present circumstances 53 These principles are directly relevant to the instant application for security for costs. It is quite clear that the failure of Mr Carpenter/Pioneer to prove that they cannot fund the litigation even if relying on other resources available to either or both of them or which may be so available, is a matter of the highest moment where the principled exercise of the discretion to grant or withhold an order for security for costs is under consideration. As ANZ has contended: "In the real world, there are three possibilities, only two of which are likely: (a) the extensive funds for Mr Carpenter's legal costs are being furnished by some independent person or persons or entity or entities known to him but not disclosed to the court; (b) the funds are being provided by an entity which is not independent, even though it does not leave any assets in Mr Carpenter's name (for example an asset rich mirror image of Retreat Pty Limited would meet those criteria); (c) Mr Carpenter is being showered with gifts from some undisclosed benefactor. 54 I accept as of substance the submission that since possibility (c) is unlikely and has not been suggested, Mr Carpenter's reticence to make any disclosure on the subject should lead to inference that giving the evidence would not assist his case. The short position is that if there are individuals standing behind the company by providing finance for the litigation, they have failed to come out and provide the appropriate indemnity to the liquidator and put on some evidence about their assets and liabilities. The beneficiaries of the action remain in the shadows 55 It is also the case that the likely or prospective beneficiaries of the claim by the company against the Bank have not been identified by Mr Carpenter. 56 In Pioneer's final supplementary outline of submissions the following appears: " To further assure the Court that Mr Carpenter is the relevant shareholder and controller of shares in Retreat Pty Limited, and is the person to be considered in that respect, Mr Carpenter has, after hearing the argument in Court on 6 May 2005, reconsidered the position stated in the last sentences of paragraph 9 of his affidavit of 5 May 2005 and offers the following undertaking to the Court: "That he will not deal with any of the shares in Retreat except as follows: (a) as to the ordinary shares which are registered in the name of his ex-wife and in respect of which he holds a signed transfer in blank, he will, if the Plaintiff is unsuccessful in these proceedings and a costs order is made against it, upon completion of the trial on all issues and upon the expiration of any right of appeal, complete the transfer to himself and procure the registration of the shares in his name and he will not otherwise transfer the shares before that time; (b) if the Plaintiff is unsuccessful in this litigation upon completion of the trial on all issues and upon the expiration of any right of appeal, the plaintiff will redeem all of the redeemable preferable shares not then redeemed; and (c) at any earlier time he will only transfer the ordinary shares to himself and/ or redeem the redeemable preference shares." 57 It does not seem to me that such an undertaking satisfies the requirements described in the above authorities that appropriate financial disclosure be made concerning the position of those likely to benefit in the circumstances that the proceedings are successful. To make Mr Carpenter the owner of the ordinary shares in Retreat does not assist or improve the position of Retreat and does not improve the liquidator's prospects of obtaining financial satisfaction from Mr Carpenter under his indemnity to meet any adverse costs order in the proceedings. An assurance that a person or entity without assets such as Mr Carpenter will take the shares in the event that the proceedings fail is simply insufficient in terms of the making of the appropriate disclosure. 58 The above analysis has been posited upon the proposition that it is appropriate to infer that an order for security will stultify the proceedings or that security for costs cannot be found. It important to note that Mr Carpenter does not depose to these matters in his evidence. The real gravamen of the submissions of Mr Garnsey QC appearing for Pioneer is that because Mr Carpenter is subjected to the Indemnity Orders of Barrett J, this Court should accept that the whole of any assets available to Mr Carpenter will be needed to honour that indemnity. The submission however completely fails to address the need for proper security for costs orders to be made when appropriate, to prevent those who will benefit from success in the proceedings from being able: · to litigate and expose a defendant to the risk of irrecoverable costs; · to so litigate whilst themselves shielded, by reason of the interposition of the impecunious plaintiff, from the burden of an adverse order for costs. Relevance of the litigious war 59 It is difficult to perceive what if any relevance the above-described litigious war has in terms of the motion for security for costs presently before the Court. Mr Garnsey did emphasise the matter on a number of occasions through his submissions. The submission is that "[t]he Bank is an advocate of groundhog day" [transcript 59. 21]. According to the Oxford English Dictionary: "Ground-hog Day - for on that day the ground-hog comes annually out of his hole, after a long winter nap, to look for his shadow. If he perceives it, he retires again to his burrow, which he does not leave for six weeks weeks necessarily of stormy weather. But if he does not see his shadow, for lack of sunshine, he stays out of his hole till he can, and the weather is sure to become mild and pleasant". 60 Accordingly I take Mr Garnsey to be submitting that ANZ intends to refrain from being forced into a hearing date of the first Commercial List proceedings for the foreseeable future: that is to say intends to avoid a hearing on the merits if possible. The contention is that ANZ has improperly been about no more and no less than a barefaced attempt to stop the proceedings in their tracks. 61 Had there been any question of an abuse of process allegation that of course would need very careful attention. There is no such allegation of which I am aware. In the result it does not appear to me that the litigious war can play any material part in the decision on the proper exercise of the discretion to award or to withhold a security for costs order. 62 Having said that it is appropriate to at least note the submissions which came forward from ANZ denying its characterisation as "the true aggressor". Those submissions were as follows: "Pioneer Park has put the submission that the Bank is the true aggressor and has attempted to prevent the hearing of the claim on its merits. There is a clear difference between the District Court proceedings and the Supreme Court proceedings. It clear from the evidence and nature of the proceedings that it is the company, on Mr Carpenter's instructions, that is the true aggressor in the Supreme Court proceedings. By contrast, the District Court proceedings were commenced by the Bank to pursue money owed by Mr Carpenter as guarantor for Pioneer Park to the Bank. As to who is the "aggressor", the following further points should be noted: Mr Carpenter has commenced a number of unsuccessful applications himself, being his action to remove Mr Thomas (heard by Austin J) and the unsuccessful attempt to examine Mr John McFarlane (the Chief Executive Officer of the Bank). Mr Carpenter will have incurred considerable costs in pursuing his examinations of the Bank's current and former officers. The examinations were commenced and conducted by him at his own instigation (quite apart from any applications in which the Bank or its solicitors were involved). They involved numerous examinations over several days [Yet we are now told by Mr Carpenter's legal representatives, that "the issues raised on liability are based principally on documents, with only a relatively small issues [sic] of disputed fact, not relating to damages." (Quoted from the first paragraph numbered 6 in Pioneer's written submissions dated 10 May 2005.) Mr Carpenter seems to want it both ways]. On any view Mr Carpenter was the aggressor so far as the examinations were concerned. The position does not change because the Bank sought to oppose them. In the District Court proceedings, it is difficult to see that the Bank is a true aggressor as was submitted by Mr Carpenter, even if it might formerly have been so characterised. The Bank agreed with Mr Carpenter to stay those proceedings pending the outcome of the Supreme Court proceedings, which course of conduct was entirely appropriate and reasonable. That approach remains entirely appropriate and reasonable." Delay 63 In my view the claim that there was delay in asking for a stay and in the commencement of an appeal in respect of the decision of Barrett J is not substantiated on the evidence. As ANZ has contended: (a) the Bank was not a party to the proceedings before Barrett J, and was denied a right to be heard. In Barrett J's view, the question was purely one of internal management by Pioneer, and any application to Barrett J would have been futile; (b) Barrett J delivered his first judgment (denying the Bank leave to be heard) on 20 October 2004 and his second judgment (granting the section 237 leave) on 29 October 2004. The Bank then filed its notice of appeal on 17 November 2004 as soon as it had evaluated the judgments and its position. There is no evidence that the Bank delayed its appeal. The timing and the detail of the documents filed indicates the contrary; (c) The first commercial list proceedings (by Pioneer) were commenced on 12 November 2004 and the first directions hearing was held on 3 December 2004 at which time directions were made for the filing of the Bank's motion for security. The motion was filed on 17 December 2004. Strength of Pioneer's case 64 I proceed upon the assumption that the claim of Pioneer is genuine and arguable with a reasonable prospect of success. To so proceed is no more than is suggested by the authorities: cf Beazley JA, KP Cable Investments supra; Interwest Ltd v Tricontinental Corporation Ltd (1991) 5 ACSR 621 at 624; Equity Access Ltd v Westpac Banking Corporation (1989) ATPR 40-972 at 50-636 per Hill J. This approach takes into account the evidence of advice obtained and placed before Barrett J in a fashion which is consistent with Australian Quarry Holdings Pty Ltd (in liq) v Dougherty (1992) 8 ACSR 569 where Ormiston J, also dealing with a security for costs motion, put the matter as follows: In my opinion, where a liquidator has obtained advice that serious claims should be pursued and that they have reasonable prospects of success (as in the present case) then a court is entitled to have some regard to that opinion upon an application for security for costs, if the object of the liquidator in bringing the action is to provide funds to pay creditors. Cf John Arnold's Surf Shop Pty Ltd (in liq) v Heller Factors Pty Ltd (1979) 4 ACLR 26 at 30; ACLC 32,094 at 32,098; Spiel v Commodity Brokers Australia Pty Ltd (in liq) (1983) 8 ACLR 410 at 416 (Full Court SA); and GAI Holdings (No 3) Pty Ltd v GAI Holdings (No 4) Pty Ltd (1986) 4 ACLC 90 at 93. 65 There is nothing in the submissions of Pioneer entitled "Submissions in rejoinder" dated 27 May 2005 which displaces the principled exercise of the Court's discretion being for the reasons already given, to require security for costs to be paid in the sum of $600,000. Decision 66 In the result I am entirely satisfied that on a principled approach to the exercise of the Court's discretion ANZ is entitled to an order for security for costs. Treating with the second Commercial List proceedings and the application to move the District Court proceedings into this Court 67 It is now necessary to briefly examine the consent orders and the agreement made between the parties to the District Court Proceedings. The terms of the consent orders were that subject to paragraph 2 of the agreement noted, the District Court Proceedings be stayed until further order. The proceedings were ordered to be placed in the Not Ready List to be reviewed in 18 months. 68 The agreement noted was in the following terms: 1 The parties to these proceedings agree that any determination of [the first Commercial List proceedings] will be binding on them and determinative of any equivalent issues or matters arising in these proceedings (whether or not pleaded in these proceedings) as though the parties to these proceedings were both parties to [the first Commercial List proceedings]. 2 Either party is and remains entitled to seek to have these proceedings transferred to the Supreme Court of New South Wales" [Exhibit JCB 5 Tab 4] 69 In the face of this agreement Mr Carpenter commenced the second Commercial List proceedings. Those proceedings raise issues most of which mirror Pioneer's claims in the first Commercial List proceedings, although they do extend to a few areas outside of those issues. 70 Mr Garnsey sought to explain that there had not been any cross-claim pleaded in the District Court Proceedings and that Mr Carpenter should be regarded as effectively having commenced the second Commercial List proceedings as proceedings intended, as a matter of substance, to stand in the place of a cross-claim which he would have been entitled, but for the above described agreement, to plead and pursue in the District Court. However it seems that Mr Carpenter sees it as appropriate to seek to litigate all of the matters in the second Commercial List proceedings which are pleaded in the summons in those proceedings. 71 The untidiness which obtains following these steps is obvious to say the least. For one thing there seems to me to be an issue which has arisen as to precisely what, properly construed, the agreement reached between ANZ and Mr Carpenter in terms of note 2, provides. One possibility is that the parties to the District Court Proceedings should be taken to have intended that in the event that ANZ succeeds in the first Commercial List proceedings, it becomes entitled to judgment in the District Court Proceedings. There may be other possibilities in terms of the proper construction of the agreement. It is certainly arguable that notwithstanding that Mr Carpenter is not personally a party to the first Commercial List proceedings, he was content by the agreement to bind himself to the result in the first Commercial List proceedings [which could however be the subject of an application for transfer to the Supreme Court]. It is arguable that even if such a transfer were successful the proper approach of the Supreme Court might be to then stay the proceedings pending the determination of the first Commercial List proceedings leaving it open to the parties in the future to litigate the proper construction of the above described agreement and to do so only after the determination of the first Commercial List proceedings. 72 My own view is that whether or not the District Court Proceedings should be transferred to the Supreme Court, the only basis upon which such a transfer should be ordered is dependent upon a contingency: Either the parties agree that the proceedings so transferred should be: · stayed to abide the result of the first Commercial List proceedings [and further agree as to precisely what the words "to abide…&c. will be taken to mean] or · the parties agree to waive and discharge their respective rights and obligations under the above-described agreement, such as they may have been and in their place agree (i) that the proceedings so transferred should be heard at the same time as the first Commercial List proceedings; and (ii) further agree to a regime whereunder the pleadings of the proceedings so transferred are efficiently interwoven into the template of the first Commercial List proceedings-as by cross-claims and the joinder of Mr Carpenter into the altered template of the proceedings]; and (iii) further agree to the second Commercial List proceedings being likewise heard at the same time as the first Commercial List proceedings by a mode similar to that suggested in (ii). 73 I do not propose to further deal with the motion pursued by Mr Carpenter nor with the motion for a stay of the second Commercial List proceedings until the parties have had an opportunity to consider what I have said and arguably to endeavour to reach some form of agreement in relation to the matter. I should have thought that the first Commercial List proceedings will be expensive enough for both parties to closely examine the regrettable circumstance that in the absence of some sensible consensus qua the fate of the earlier agreement, the parties may face the spectre following the determination of those proceedings, of yet other proceedings but between Mr Carpenter and ANZ raising in the main the very same issues. 74 It is appropriate to add that in the absence of agreement between the parties, the heavy hand of the Court will have to be applied in order to follow the dictates of the Overriding Purpose Rule and the dictate of section 63 of the Supreme Court Act 1970. The first Commercial List proceedings cannot go forward to hearing 'alone and palely loitering' as a fully fledged suit whilst: · the second Commercial List proceedings remain in the List in the present circumstance in which in the main identical issues to those raised in the first Commercial List proceedings are suggested as appropriate to be litigated in both sets of proceedings; · the parties remain locked in dispute as to the proper construction of the above-described agreement reached in the District Court. 75 There may be other ways of dealing with the present unseemly state of affairs [cf transcript at 85.44 – 54] and these will be investigated with the parties at the Bar table following their having had an opportunity to read these reasons. Disparate matters remaining 76 It is appropriate to note that by consent the words "and of the agreement between the defendant and of the Guarantee and Indemnity agreement as varied from time to time" appearing at the end of paragraph 7 of the claims to relief made in the Amended Summons in the first Commercial List proceedings are struck out [transcript 87.53-88.6]. Quantum of security 77 It is next necessary to deal with the quantum of security for costs in relation to the first Commercial List proceedings. 78 ANZ seeks $1,037.280, the break-up of which is set out in annexure "B" to the affidavit of Mr Beaton of 27 January 2005. The detail is put in the following terms: "41. I estimate that the Bank's costs and disbursements of conducting its defence in these proceedings will be approximately $1,037,280 on a party and party basis. Annexed to this affidavit and marked 'B' is a schedule setting out a breakdown of the estimated fees and disbursements (Schedule). 42. In reaching that estimate in the Schedule I have had regard to the following matters: (a) the 'Defendant's summary of issues' , prepared by me and which is annexed to this affidavit and marked ' C '. In the summary schedule I have endeavoured to identify each of the major legal and factual issues which are in dispute between the parties and my assessment of the evidentiary consequences. As regards the plaintiff's case, I have made my 'best guess' of the witnesses I think the plaintiff will lead evidence from based on the nature of the plaintiff's pleading, but without yet having seen the plaintiff's evidence in chief. As regards the defendant's case, I have identified potential witnesses based on the pleadings but this list will necessarily be dependent upon a range of issues including the plaintiff's evidence and advice from the defendant's counsel as the matter progresses. I believe it can be concluded from the summary schedule that: (i) the case will require the determination of approximately 20 - 25 legal or factual issues (depending on how they are categorised); (ii) there may potentially be 22 lay and expert witnesses, comprising: (A) For the plaintiff : Mr Carpenter, Mr Neilson (a former manager employed by the Bank, who had the initial conduct of Mr Carpenter's accounts), Mr Staples (Mr Carpenter's accountant), an expert to opine on the issue of solvency, an expert to opine on the valuation of the Tuggerah property, an expert to opine on the valuation of the plaintiff's stock and equipment, an expert to opine on the valuation of the alleged loss of the plaintiff's business; (B) For the defendant : Mr Harrison, Mr Marcolin, Mr Bastajian, Mr Inverso, Mr Harvey, Mr Brennan, Mr Pidcock, Mr Soper, Ms Casanova, Mr Wilson, Ms Agsten, Mr Hall, an expert to opine on the issue of solvency, an expert to opine on the valuation of the Tuggerah property, an expert to opine on the valuation of the plaintiff's stock and equipment, an expert to opine on the valuation of the alleged loss of the plaintiff's business. The relevance of each of the potential lay witnesses is as follows: (1) John Harrison - Any evidence from Mr Harrison will relate to the conduct of Pioneer's account whilst Mr Harrison was the Regional Executive supervising Mr Neilson (11) Roger Marcolin - Any evidence from Mr Marcolin will relate to his role as the responsible Regional Credit Executive in 1998 and the decisions he made regarding the management of Pioneer's account at that time. (111)Ara Bastajian - Any evidence from Mr Bastajian will relate to the period in which he was responsible for Pioneer's account as the 'relieving' manager for Mr Neilson. (1V) Frank Inverso - Any evidence from Mr Inverso will relate to his conclusions in September 1998, as Manager Credit Risk Review, about the financial performance of Pioneer and the conduct of its accounts. (V) Rick Harvey - Any evidence from Mr Harvey will relate to the period for which he was responsible for Pioneer's account as a manager in the Bank's High Risk area. (V1) Ray Brennan - Any evidence from Mr Brennan will relate to his role as the Chief Manager of the Bank's High Risk area and the decision to transfer Pioneer's account from the High Risk area to Group Credit Management. (V11)Greg Pidcock - Any evidence from Mr Pidcock will relate to his role and decisions as the relevant Regional Credit Executive when Pioneer's account was in the Bank's High Risk area. (V111)Brian Soper - Any evidence from Mr Soper will relate to the transfer of Pioneer's file to Group Credit Management, the conduct of the annual review, the issue of demands and the appointment of the voluntary administrators. (1X)Theresa Casanova - Any evidence from Ms Casanova will relate to her role as the assistant manager to Mr Soper from approximately November 1998 to April 1999 and the conduct of the annual review. (X) Peter Wilson - Any evidence from Mr Wilson will focus on his opinion, as Acting State Manager, of Pioneer's account in or about December 1998. (X1) Nici Agsten - Any evidence by Ms Agsten will relate to her involvement with Pioneer's account from December 1998 to approximately June 1999 as the Bank's in-house corporate counsel. (X11)Greg Hall - Mr Hall was the investigating accountant appointed by the Bank on 24 May 1999. Mr Hall then became the voluntary administrator and liquidator of Pioneer. Any evidence by Mr Hall will concern the financial position of Pioneer. (iii) given the number of witnesses and the issues, the case will require at least 15 days (three weeks) of hearing time; and (iv) the seriousness of the allegations by the plaintiff (for example, bad faith and the potential quantum of the claim) will mean that the defendant will retain senior and junior counsel to advocate its case. Based on Mr Carpenter's conduct of the examinations, the associated proceedings and his application for leave, I expect that the plaintiff will also retain senior and junior counsel; (b) the documentary evidence in the proceeding will be extensive, although I do not anticipate it will be able to be described as 'voluminous'. The categories of documentation which will likely be required for discovery include: (i) the Bank's file, which comprises approximately 20 arch-lever folders of relevant, irrelevant and privileged material; (ii) the Bank's policy manuals, which comprise approximately 10 arch-lever folders of documentation; and (iii) Pioneer's complete books and records so far as they relate to its dealings with the Bank, its financial position in 1997, 1998 and 1999 and certain transactions with related entities. The extent of documentation this may involve is presently unknown. I propose to utilise the skills of Minter Ellison's project services group to manage the documentation in the case. This involves the documentation being scanned and then indexed as part of an on-line database. Although there is some set-up cost involved, it is a cost saving measure in the long run because discovery can be prepared electronically and counsel and witnesses provided with electronic databases of documents - saving on multiple photocopying. (c) the defendant's anticipated costs on a party and party basis. Minter Ellison charges fees to the defendant on an hourly basis, at rates based on the experience of the lawyers involved. I have not used those 'solicitor and client' rates for the purpose of this calculation. Instead, I have had regard to the rates which I believe would be allowed on an assessment of the defendant's costs on a party and party basis. On 24 January 2005 I had a telephone conversation with Ms Deborah Vine-Hall, a senior and experienced cost consultant with the firm DSA Legal Cost Consultants. I informed Ms Vine-Hall about the nature of this proceeding and asked her to indicate what she thought would be the maximum hourly rates the defendant would likely recover on a party and party assessment of its costs. Ms Vine-Hall informed me and I verily believe that the defendant is unlikely to recover its costs of the proceeding at more than the following hourly rates: (i) Partner: $400 per hour (ii) Lawyer (Four years post-admission): $310 per hour (iii) Junior lawyer (One - two years post admission): $240 per hour I have assumed counsel's fees to be as follows: (i) Senior counsel - $600 per hour and $6,000 per day; and (ii) Junior counsel - $330 per hour and $3,000 per day. (iii) I have anticipated that there will be an interlocutory dispute between the parties at least in relation to discovery. I say this because in the Examinations Proceedings, Mr Carpenter made numerous complaints about the Bank's production of documents (pursuant to orders for production). I anticipate that similar issues will arise and be pressed in these proceedings." 79 These estimates are supported by the affidavit of Ms Vine Hall, an experienced Legal Cost Consultant, of 14 April 2005. 80 The real issue raised by Pioneer as outlined in the affidavit of Mr Fordyce of 26 April 2005 concerns the contention that in all probability Pioneer would seek a separate hearing on liability and that a significant part of the claim for costs by ANZ relates to the costs of dealing with the claim for damages. There are also a number of areas where Mr Fordyce in annexure "A" to his affidavit takes issue with certain of the estimates put forward by ANZ. 81 The discretion as to the appropriate amount in which to award security is a wide one. In my view it is appropriate for the Court to order security for costs in the sum of $600,000 to be paid in 2 tranches, $300,000 within four weeks from today and a further $300,000 within 8 weeks from today. The discretion is exercised taking into account all of the considerations referred to in the judgment and bearing in mind the acceptance in the authorities for an appropriate reduction for uncertainties such as the proceedings concluding earlier than presently estimated, or for changes in approach. Short minutes of order 82 The parties are to bring in short minutes of order on which occasion costs may be argued and the other matters left for consideration of the parties may be dealt with. I certify that paragraphs 1 - 82 are a true copy of the reasons for judgment herein of the Hon. Justice Einstein given on 27 May 2005 ___________________ Susan Piggott Associate 27 May 2005 DISCLAIMER - Every effort has been made to comply with suppression orders or statutory provisions prohibiting publication that may apply to this judgment or decision. The onus remains on any person using material in the judgment or decision to ensure that the intended use of that material does not breach any such order or provision. Further enquiries may be directed to the Registry of the Court or Tribunal in which it was generated.