FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA Minister for Immigration & Multicultural Affairs v Zheng [2000] FCA 50 ADMINISTRATIVE LAW – refugee – whether Tribunal erred in finding applicant had well-founded fear of persecution – whether failure to make finding of material facts. Migration Act 1958, s 476 and s 430 Minister for Immigration & Ethnic Affairs v Guo (1997) 191 CLR 559 cited Minister for Immigration & Multicultural Affairs v Yusuf [1999] FCA 1681 (unreported, Heerey, Merkel and Goldberg JJ) discussed Xu v Minister for Immigration & Multicultural Affairs [1999] FCA 1741 discussed State of Western Australia v Wardley Australia Ltd (1991) 102 ALR 213 cited Transurban City Link Ltd v Allan [1999] FCA 1723 cited Minister for Immigration & Ethnic Affairs v Wu Shan Liang (1996) 185 CLR 259 cited MINISTER FOR IMMIGRATION AND MULTICULTURAL AFFAIRS v MING XIONG ZHENG N 607 OF 1999 HILL, WHITLAM AND CARR JJ 10 FEBRUARY 2000 SYDNEY IN THE FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA NEW SOUTH WALES DISTRICT REGISTRY N 607 OF 1999 ON APPEAL FROM A JUDGE OF THE FEDERAL COURT BETWEEN: MINISTER FOR IMMIGRATION AND MULTICULTURAL AFFAIRS APPELLANT AND: MING XIONG ZHENG RESPONDENT JUDGE: HILL, WHITLAM AND CARR JJ DATE OF ORDER: 10 FEBRUARY 2000 WHERE MADE: SYDNEY THE COURT ORDERS THAT: 1. The appeal be allowed. 2. The decision of the primary judge be set aside and in lieu thereof the decision of the Refugee Review Tribunal be affirmed. 3. The respondent pay the appellant's costs of the appeal and at first instance. Note: Settlement and entry of orders is dealt with in Order 36 of the Federal Court Rules. IN THE FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA NEW SOUTH WALES DISTRICT REGISTRY N 607 OF 1999 ON APPEAL FROM A JUDGE OF THE FEDERAL COURT BETWEEN: MINISTER FOR IMMIGRATION AND MULTICULTURAL AFFAIRS APPELLANT AND: MING XIONG ZHENG RESPONDENT JUDGE: HILL, WHITLAM AND CARR JJ DATE: 10 FEBRUARY 2000 PLACE: SYDNEY REASONS FOR JUDGMENT HILL J: 1 The appellant, the Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs ("the Minister"), appeals against the judgment of a judge of this Court which set aside, pursuant to an application for review, a decision of the Refugee Review Tribunal affirming a decision of a delegate of the Minister refusing to grant the respondent, Ming Xiong Zheng, a protection visa. The decision of the Tribunal 2 The case for Mr Zheng in the Tribunal was essentially that he had a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of religion or perhaps membership of a social group. 3 Mr Zheng is a citizen of the Peoples Republic of China. He is a Roman Catholic and a member of the underground Catholic Church in China, devoted to his religion and its proselytisation. 4 Mr Zheng provided two statements which set out his claim to be entitled to be considered a refugee. That expression is defined in the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees as amended by the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (herein called "the Convention"). Article 1A(2) of the Convention defines a refugee as a person who: "owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it." 5 According to the statements and evidence given by Mr Zheng his grandfather had been a Catholic; had been imprisoned for his faith and was killed in jail. His father was also an active Catholic and during the Cultural Revolution Mr Zheng was deprived of an education and made to undertake hard labour. 6 From around 1980 Mr Zheng's father began an underground bible study group. The group grew until in 1984 the father attempted to hold a bible class. This led to Mr Zheng and his father being arrested. Mr Zheng's arrest lasted only 15 days; his father remained in prison for one year. 7 In the next two years the family kept its religious practices within the home. In 1986 Mr Zheng reorganised the church group; began to spread the gospel through the exchange of religious publications and came to the attention of the Government. In January 1987 he encouraged Catholics to resist efforts made by the Government to register them in one of the recognised churches and was sent to a labour reform camp for most of the year. 8 After his release and at the time of the pro-democracy movement in 1989 Mr Zheng continued to spread the gospel. He spoke at a university meeting, was arrested shortly thereafter, tortured and sent to a labour farm for three years. 9 On his release he set up the church group again in August 1994. It grew for some time and was discovered by the authorities. Mr Zheng escaped to stay with a friend in Hubei province but was again arrested. His efforts to leave the country then commenced. 10 In March 1996 he learnt that the authorities were again after him and fled, again to Hubei. Mr Zheng said he obtained a passport through connections there and left the country. He said that his family had told him that the authorities in Fujian had come looking for him and someone had come to his home the day after he left and questions were asked why he had not returned. 11 Mr Zheng's second statement concluded with the comment that, if forced to return to China, he feared he would be arrested again and receive more severe punishment than before and that he would continue to be prevented from practising his religion in accordance with his faith. 12 In further support of his application Mr Zheng lodged with the Tribunal a letter in Mandarin and Latin from the Bishop of Fuzhou. That letter confirmed Mr Zheng's religious beliefs and referred to baptism of Mr Zheng and his family according to the translation which was prepared apparently on instructions from Mr Zheng's representative (a translation of the Mandarin text, on its face inconsistent with the Latin but as there is no evidence before us as to the Latin translation, we must discount it). It said: "Ming Xiong Zheng is now residing in Australia and will certainly meet with difficulties. The father of your Church is kindly requested to assist to request the Australian government to permit him to stay in Australia and work and not to deport him back to his country of origin." 13 The Tribunal discussed certain country information dealing both with the position of the underground Catholic church and its relationship to the official Catholic church in China and information concerning the procedure for departure from China. 14 The Tribunal's factual findings are brief. It accepted Mr Zheng was a Catholic and a member of the underground Catholic church in China; that he continued to be a practising Catholic and would not change his belief. The Tribunal accepted also that he feared persecution, namely arrest and severe punishment on account of his religion. 15 The Tribunal noted that Mr Zheng's account of his experience was generally consistent with evidence available to the Tribunal. The Tribunal found it notable that the letter from the Bishop to which reference has been made no mention of Mr Zheng having suffered the various punishments referred to in Mr Zheng's statements. 16 While accepting Mr Zheng was active in the underground church, the Tribunal found it not to be plausible that his role was as prominent and indispensable as Mr Zheng claimed. Dealing specifically with the events of arrest and punishment, the Tribunal said in a passage complained of: "The applicant claimed to have been arrested, detained and variously punished three times, around March 1984, during most of 1987 and from June 1998 to September 1992. The Tribunal has only the applicant's own assertions that these punishments occurred but the applicant was consistent and credible in his accounts of them and they stand uncontroverted by any direct evidence. Nevertheless the Tribunal regards it as significant that the bishop did not mention any past difficulties that the applicant had with the authorities: he merely remarked, in the context of the applicant's being in Australia, that he 'will certainly meet with difficulties'. This statement is in the future tense and the bishop does not spell out the grounds for his concern: one can only speculate whether his concern stems from prior difficulties in China or whether it relates only to some consequences of the applicant's absence from China and, possibly, his seeking protection in Australia. The Tribunal therefore has some doubt whether the applicant did in fact have a history of problems with the authorities. The Tribunal gives the benefit of the doubt to the applicant and accepts that the applicant suffered sanctions at the hands of the authorities." 17 Immediately afterwards the Tribunal indicated that it was not satisfied that there were plausible grounds for Mr Zheng's fear of being specifically targeted by the authorities in March 1996 or that his flight from the authorities was justified. It further found the evidence concerning his departure of the country to be neither plausible nor persuasive. The Tribunal thought it improbable that a dissident on wanted lists would be able to exit on a passport issued in his or her own name, basing itself upon the country information to which reference was made. 18 The Tribunal then turned to a second matter which was the subject of argument before it. It had been submitted that Mr Zheng was prevented by the Chinese Government from practising his religion in accordance with his beliefs and that this in itself amounted to persecution within the meaning of the Convention. The Tribunal dealt with this matter as follows: "The Tribunal accepts independent evidence showing that particular problems are encountered by clergy, preachers and leaders of unregistered or underground churches in China. Nevertheless there is also evidence establishing that the faithful can worship and perform their religious rites, including through the open patriotic churches; believers are not precluded from practising their religious faith. That religious congregations are required to register does not of itself necessarily amount to persecution of members of those congregations. The essential differences between the underground and patriotic churches relate not to religious belief or practices but to the governance of the church. On the evidence before it the Tribunal does not accept that a person is at real risk of persecution or is a refugee simply because she or he is a member of an underground church in China. The Tribunal does not accept that governmental restrictions and interference in the governance of churches, or insistence that unofficial congregations should register, of themselves amount to persecution of church members (although persecution of individual members in particular circumstances can occur)." 19 The Tribunal concluded, having regard to what it said was the whole evidence, that it was satisfied that there was not a real chance that Mr Zheng would be persecuted in China for reason of his religion or for any other Convention reason should he return. Accordingly it found that Mr Zheng's subjective fear of persecution in China for a Convention reason was not well-founded. The judgment appealed from 20 Mr Zheng applied to this Court for judicial review pursuant to s 476 of the Migration Act 1958 ("the Act"). Before the learned primary judge, Mr Zheng advanced three submissions. These were: 1. The Tribunal had failed in its obligations under s 430(1)(c) to make findings of fact in relation to Mr Zheng's claims of past persecution. 2. The Tribunal had erred in law in its understanding of the notion of persecution on religious grounds drawing, it was submitted, a false distinction between religious beliefs and practices on the one hand and religious governance on the other. 3. The failure of the Tribunal to make adequate findings of fact as to past persecution precluded the Tribunal from properly applying the test to be found in the decision of the High Court in Minister for Immigration & Ethnic Affairs v Guo (1997) 191 CLR 559, namely whether there was a real chance that the applicant seeking refugee status would be persecuted for a Convention reason. In some ways this third submission is but a restatement of the first as indeed the Tribunal and counsel for Mr Zheng accepted. 21 The learned primary judge accepted the first of these three submissions finding that the Tribunal had failed to make factual findings on the three events of detention in March 1984, January 1987 and early 1989, the latter involving torture, mistreatment and a three year term in a labour camp, which was the foundation of Mr Zheng's case. The learned primary judge said: "The way in which the RRT approached these factual claims was to refer to the three specific claims, and then to say that the applicant was consistent and credible in his accounts of them and that they stood 'uncontroverted by any direct evidence'. This is a significant conclusion. There is then a reference to the RRT considering it significant that the Bishop did not mention any past difficulties which the applicant had with the authorities, but only referred to 'difficulties' in the future tense. It is pointed out by the RRT that the Bishop did not spell out the grounds for his concerns as to the nature and extent of the difficulties on the applicant's return. It then says that a decision-maker could only speculate whether the Bishop's concerns stem from prior difficulties. The decision-maker then says that he has some doubt whether the applicant in fact had a history of problems but concedes apparently with some reluctance that the benefit of the doubt has been given to the applicant. The applicant is entitled to more than this. He is entitled to a finding if the evidence so requires. There is then the statement that the RRT 'accepts that the applicant suffered sanctions at the hands of the authorities'. If this is a reference to the imprisonment and torture claimed by the applicant it is somewhat of an understatement. There is no description as to what specific sanctions were 'accepted' by the RRT, albeit with some doubt. There is no specific finding as to whether any of the incidents occurred or whether the conclusion reached was that the applicant suffered some other sanctions. The reader is not given the benefit of know the nature, extent and seriousness of the 'sanctions' found. The position is further shrouded in doubt because the account of the applicant is referred to as credible and uncontroverted by any direct evidence." 22 In his Honour's view therefore there was a failure to make essential findings as to each or any of the three incidents and because these matters were of primary importance it was said that the failure amounted to a breach of s 430(1)(c) requiring the decision to be set aside. 23 It should be noted here that it was not suggested on behalf of the Minister before the learned primary judge that failure to give reasons was not a ground of review. Indeed it was conceded. 24 The learned primary judge then turned to the question whether the Tribunal had erred in law in finding persecution. In his Honour's view because the Tribunal had made no findings in respect of the specific three events the Tribunal could not properly perform its task and assess the prospects of persecution on return. His Honour did not consider the question whether the inability to practise religion in the underground church itself constituted persecution. 25 Finally, his Honour turned to the real chance test submission. In his Honour's view because the findings of fact were so generalised and ambiguous the Tribunal could not properly have performed its duty to determine whether there was a real chance of persecution. 26 From this decision the Minister appealed to the Court. The Minister's submission on the appeal 27 At the commencement of the appeal the Minister sought leave to submit, for the first time, that the failure to make findings of material fact was not a ground of review in the Court. It was said that this question had been argued before at least one Full Court and that judgment was reserved. An application for special leave to argue the matter had been lodged with the High Court in another application. The Court noted that depending upon the result of the decision which had been reserved the Court might relist the matter, if necessary, for further submissions on this point. It was accepted that it would be some time, if at all, before the High Court would consider the question. 28 Subject to that submission it was submitted on behalf of the Minister that the learned judge had erred for two reasons. First it was submitted that the Tribunal had made findings for the purposes of s 430(1)(c). Second, it was submitted that, if it had not, the respondent's claims to past mistreatment were not material for the purposes of s 430(1)(c) as the Tribunal had found that Mr Zheng's current fears of persecution were not well-founded. Respondent's submissions on the appeal 29 Counsel for Mr Zheng opposed the granting of leave to argue that the failure to make adequate findings of fact was a ground of review. He maintained the finding of the learned primary judge that there had been a failure to find the facts and in addition submitted that inability to practise religion in the underground church was such as to give a well-founded fear of persecution on grounds of religion. Should leave be granted to argue whether the failure to make findings on the material questions of fact constituted a ground of review? 30 Since the appeal was argued two decisions of Full Courts of this Court have been given. In the first, Minister for Immigration & Multicultural Affairs v Yusuf [1999] FCA 1681 (unreported, Heerey, Merkel and Goldberg JJ) it was held that the ground of review to be found in s 476(1)(a) of failure to observe procedures comprehended failure to comply with the provisions of s 430(1) including the obligation to give reasons and make findings on material questions of fact. In coming to this conclusion that Full Court was influenced by what it referred to as a uniform line of Full Court authority conclusive against the argument of the Minister. 31 Subsequently, another Full Court comprising Whitlam, RD Nicholson and Gyles JJ handed down judgment in Xu v Minister for Immigration & Multicultural Affairs [1999] FCA 1741. By majority, Whitlam and Gyles JJ held that failure to comply with s 430 fell outside the permissible grounds of review in s 476(1)(a) of the Act. Nicholson J was of the view that the appeal could be resolved without deciding that issue and specifically did not join with the other members of the Court in deciding whether a failure to comply with s 430 of the Act gave rise to a ground of review pursuant to s 476(1)(a) of the Act. In his Honour's view more thorough argument was necessary before that question should be decided. 32 The majority in Xu noted that, after its reasons had been substantially prepared, a copy of the decision in Yusuf had been received. No reference was made to the important rule that a Full Court should as a matter of comity follow the decision of another Full Court unless convinced that the other decision is clearly wrong: State of Western Australia v Wardley Australia Ltd (1991) 102 ALR 213 and see Transurban City Link Ltd v Allan [1999] FCA 1723. However a reading of the judgment makes it clear that their Honours were convinced that it was. 33 The matter is of some considerable importance given that it is substantial point in the appeal, although not the only one, I would be of the view that if, as the learned primary judge held, there was a failure to comply to s 430 of the Act, the question of whether failure to comply with s 430 was a ground of review would need to be dealt with once more by a Full Court of this Court. This would mean that the whole question would need to be re-argued and a decision made whether to follow Xu or to follow Yusuf. 34 Accordingly, I propose to consider the grounds of appeal on the assumption that failure to comply with s 430(1)(c) is a ground of review. Failure on the part of Mr Zheng to succeed on that point makes the question whether failure to comply with s 430 constitutes a ground of review entirely academic. Was there a failure to make findings of fact concerning the three occasions between March 1984 and September 1992? 35 The passage complained of, which I have set out in para 16 is certainly not well expressed. The expression is not helped by the use of the word "sanctions", which his Honour noted was, if reference to imprisonment and torture, rather an understatement. 36 However it is also important to bear in mind, what the High Court said in Minister for Immigration & Ethnic Affairs v Wu Shan Liang (1996) 185 CLR 259 at 271-2. In particular two propositions flow from that discussion. The first, a corollary of the restraint on judicial review not descending into matters of fact is that the reasons of the Tribunal should be given a "beneficial construction" and the Court should not be concerned in "the language ... nor with unhappy phrasing of the reasons". The second, which is related to the first, is that reasons for decision are not to be construed minutely "with an eye keenly attuned to the perception of error". As Brennan CJ, Toohey, McHugh and Gummow JJ said at 272: "These propositions are well settled. They recognise the reality that the reasons of an administrative decision-maker are meant to inform and not to be scrutinised upon over-zealous judicial review by seeking to discern whether some inadequacy may be gleaned from the way in which the reasons are expressed. In the present context, any court reviewing a decision upon refugee status must beware of turning a review of the reasons of the decision-maker upon proper principles into a reconsideration of the merits of the decision." 37 While the use of the word "sanctions" may perhaps be unfortunate, in my view, the meaning of the passage complained of is tolerably clear. However, reluctantly and notwithstanding its doubt, the Tribunal accepted the claims of the applicant that he had been arrested, detained and variously punished on the three occasions. Ultimately the meaning of the relevant passage must be discerned from the words used by the Tribunal accepting that a pedantic and over-critical approach should not be adopted. The matter is one of impression and I have the misfortune of disagreeing with the learned primary judge in the conclusions he reached about it. 38 In my view there was no failure on the part of the Tribunal to make findings of fact in respect of these matters. It is therefore not necessary to consider the Minister's second submission that the particular matters in question were not on the Tribunal's reasons material. However, it must be said that the Tribunal found that those reasons did not in any way preclude the Tribunal from finding at the relevant date; ie. at the date of the hearing, that the fear of the applicant was well-founded. 39 That suffices to deal with the matters dealt with by the learned primary judge but leaves for further consideration the submission that failure to be permitted to practise one's religion is itself persecution on grounds of religion. 40 This submission turns upon the question whether the Tribunal found that the practical underpinning of the submission in fact existed. 41 For my part I am prepared to accept that the prohibition legally to practise one's religion could, and probably would, constitute persecution on religious grounds for the purposes of the Convention. But did the Tribunal find that Mr Zheng was prohibited from practising his religion? 42 There was evidence before the Tribunal which was accepted by it that, while problems were encountered by members of the underground Catholic church, there was not prohibition upon Catholics practising their religion. The fact that religious congregations were required to register was not itself persecution as the Tribunal held. The Tribunal was of the view that there was no doctrinal difference in religious practice between the underground church on the one hand and the open registered Catholic church on the other. The difference between them lay only in the need for registration, what the Tribunal referred to as "the governance of the church". Put another way, the country information showed that the recognised or patriotic Catholic church was required to be self-supporting and self-propagating with choice of bishops being left to Chinese authorities rather than the Vatican but the underlying religious faith was the same. 43 In my view it was open to the Tribunal to reach the conclusion it did on the evidence before it and it follows that the decision of the Tribunal discloses no reviewable error. 44 In the circumstances I would therefore allow the appeal, set aside the decision of the learned primary judge and in lieu thereof affirm the decision of the Tribunal. The respondent will be ordered to pay the appellant's costs of the appeal and at first instance. I certify that the preceding forty-four (44) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment herein of the Honourable Justice Hill. Associate: Dated: 10 February 2000 IN THE FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA NEW SOUTH WALES DISTRICT REGISTRY N 607 OF 1999 On appeal from a Judge of the Federal Court of Australia BETWEEN: MINISTER FOR IMMIGRATION AND MULTICULTURAL AFFAIRS APPELLANT AND: MING XIONG ZHENG RESPONDENT JUDGES: HILL, WHITLAM & CARR JJ DATE: 10 FEBRUARY 2000 PLACE: SYDNEY REASONS FOR JUDGMENT WHITLAM J: 45 I agree with Hill J that, however infelicitous its language, the Tribunal made findings of fact concerning the claims by Mr Zheng about his arrest, detention and punishment between 1984 and 1992. On any view of the meaning of the expression "material questions of fact" in s 430(1) of the Migration Act 1958, the requirements of that subsection have been observed. 46 So far as the decisions in Yusuf and Xu are concerned, unsurprisingly, I adhere to what Gyles J and I so recently said in Xu. The two decisions were given practically contemporaneously. In "not following" Yusuf, the usually important considerations of predicability and certainty in the law (which are referred to in Transurban City Link Ltd v Allan [1999] FCA 1723) were entirely absent in Xu. In any event, in the present case the question whether failure to comply with s 430 constitutes a ground of review becomes entirely academic. 47 I also agree with Hill J and with Carr J that it was open to the Tribunal, on the material before it, to conclude that Mr Zheng was not prohibited from practising his religion. 48 The appeal should be disposed of in accordance with the orders proposed by Hill J. I certify that the preceding four (4) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment herein of the Honourable Justice Whitlam. Associate: Dated: 10 February 2000 IN THE FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA NEW SOUTH WALES DISTRICT REGISTRY N 607 OF 1999 On appeal from a Judge of the Federal Court of Australia BETWEEN: MINISTER FOR IMMIGRATION AND MULTICULTURAL AFFAIRS Appellant AND: MING XIONG ZHENG Respondent JUDGE: HILL, WHITLAM & CARR JJ DATE: 10 FEBRUARY 2000 PLACE: SYDNEY REASONS FOR JUDGMENT CARR J: 49 Hill J, in his reasons for judgment, has set out the details of the factual and procedural background of this matter. I am grateful to him for saving me from having to do the same. I can proceed directly to outlining how I would dispose of this appeal. 50 In short, I think that the learned primary judge was correct in his decision that there had been a failure to comply with s 430(1)(c) of the Migration Act 1958 ("the Act") on the Tribunal's part, by failing to set out its findings on a material question or questions of fact. 51 The material question of fact (it may be a composition of more than one such question), as I see it, was whether, as the respondent alleged, he had been persecuted by being deprived of his liberty on three occasions for (a) a period of 15 days, (b) most of 1987 and (c) 3 years, respectively, and on the third occasion by being tortured. For the Tribunal to say that "… the applicant suffered sanctions at the hands of the authorities" does not, in my view, constitute setting out the findings on that material question of fact. 52 In that regard, I differ respectfully from the assessment made by Hill and Whitlam JJ. I am, acutely, conscious of the restraints imposed by law on a court of review as explained by the High Court of Australia in Wu and referred to in Hill J's reasons at paragraph 36. 53 The question, in my opinion, is one of degree. I happen to think that this Tribunal decision falls on the wrong side of the line which separates reasons which do set out findings on a material question of fact and those which do not. 54 It may well be that the Tribunal, in the passage to which I have referred above, intended to express its acceptance that, as a material fact, the appellant had been imprisoned on three occasions and tortured on one of those occasions because of his religious activities. But that conclusion depends largely on inference from its use of the word "sanctions". In my view, as the primary judge observed, the respondent was entitled to a clear finding on such a material matter as the very serious persecution which he alleged. 55 I would reject the appellant's argument that, in this matter, it was permissible for the Tribunal, as in Jones v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1995) 63 FCR 32, to make a generalised finding of this type. The present case is not one where the Tribunal said that it was unable to make any findings at all. Jones was a very unusual case in which none of the witnesses could be believed i.e. the witnesses brought by either side. This is a different case. The indications were that the Tribunal accepted most of what was put to it by the respondent until it came to the critical question of the three gradually-ascending (in order of seriousness) punishments. 56 Then it was put by the appellant that even if there had been non-compliance with s 430, that did not matter. It did not matter, so the appellant argued, because the Tribunal had moved on to examine the situation in China as at 1996 when the respondent departed. I would reject that submission on the basis that until there had been a clear finding on the respondent's situation in 1994 when he came out of prison on the last occasion, it did not have a proper basis for assessing whether there was a real chance that he would be persecuted for a Convention reason – see the discussion in Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Guo (1997) 191 CLR 559 at 574-575. 57 Like Hill J, I would accept that a prohibition legally to practise one's religion could, and probably would, constitute persecution on religious grounds for the purposes of the Convention. I agree with Hill J's reasoning that it was open to the Tribunal, on the evidence, to reach the conclusion that there was no such prohibition in fact. 58 That leaves the question whether leave should be granted to the appellant to argue whether a failure to comply with s 430 constitutes a ground of review. 59 In my view, the appellant should be granted leave so to argue. 60 My provisional view is that Yusuf was correctly decided in accordance with a long line of authorities and that, with all due respect, Whitlam and Gyles JJ may have fallen into error in Xu in declining to follow Yusuf and those authorities. However, I am open to persuasion that my provisional view is wrong. I certify that the preceding twelve (12) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment herein of the Honourable Justice Carr. Associate: Dated: 10 February 2000 Counsel for the Appellant: Mr T Reilly Solicitor for the Appellant: Australian Government Solicitor Counsel for the Respondent: Mr S Lloyd Solicitor for the Respondent: Legal Aid Commission of New South Wales Date of Hearing: 25 November 1999 Date of Judgment: 10 February 2000